ACCA Advanced Audit & Assurance (AAA)

(INT)

Education Book
(SAMPLE)
Introduction to This Book

ACCA is a professional qualification for an accounting career. Having this is an indication

that you are a good fit to fill the roles of experts in auditing, banking, management,
consulting, and accounting. However, you need to pass the exam.

The pass rates of Advanced Audit and Assurance exams are only between 32% and 35%.
This is a problem—the low pass rate is an indication that something has to be done to
improve the pass rate of students who take the exam. If you succeed, you have better
chances of taking senior roles in accounting firms.

Our book is a great fit for those who need support for Advanced Audit and Assurance
(AAA) exam. After talking to many students, we realised that they needed more practical
examples of what they have learned in theory.

As such, the book has:

• Many illustrated examples of IFRS and auditing problems

• Practical application of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs)

• More details about accounting and auditing theories

• Exercise questions in preparation for the exam

In this book, you will be studying ACCA—you will receive a refresher training in the
fundamentals of what you have learned in school. We have combined several principles
and theories that you will find helpful in preparing you for your exam.

This book contains lots of practical examples of how accounting and auditing principles
are applied in practice - something that some educational institutions miss.

We structured the book in such a way that the range of questions asked is done in a way
similar to an exam. If you are a student, you will be able to familiarise yourself with how
exams are presented to you by the time you take a certification test.

To give you a better perspective, here are some of the contents of the book:

• Sketch – a refresher on what chapter knowledge is, what it is used for, and what
industries you can apply these principles to. This book has simplified the latest
International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) and International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS) in a chart, and this is easy for students to learn.

• Exam rehearsal question – these are interactive resources where you get sample
tests. These tests emulate what you will go through in your actual exam. These tests
 will help you identify your key strengths and your opportunities before you take the
exam.

• Computer based exam – we have restructured each exam question to build in the
latest computer based exam functions and elements to make students feel that
each attempted question is similar to the actual exam environment.

We collaborated with several experienced accounting experts, all of whom had

experience in accountancy. They all have a long history of expertise in the field.

The book is also reviewed by a body of professional examiners, thus giving credibility to
the theories and content of the lessons.

Throughout the training, we hope to enrich the skills that you already have. We have
presented several tips to help you become successful, and you can visit the other
resources that we recommend to help you further improve your skillset.

Overall, you should be adequately prepared to take the exam by the time you are done.
More power to you!
Contents

Exam .......................................................................................................................... 5
Exam Techniques ..................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1 Audit procedures for different accounting areas (IFRS).................. 11
Chapter 2 Regulatory Environment ..................................................................... 40
Chapter 3 Professional and ethical Considerations ........................................... 79
Chapter 4 Quality control and practice ............................................................. 98
Chapter 5 Planning and conducting an audit of historical financial information
............................................................................................................................... 131
Chapter 6 Completion, review and reporting ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 7 Other assignments .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 8 Current Issues .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Mnemonics in this paper .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 Exam

Format: Computer based exam, with ‘Excel’, and ‘Word’ functions given, along with
multiple exhibits in each question.

Duration: 3 hours and 15 minutes (195 min)

Exam summary: (All questions are compulsory)

⚫ Section A – one question – 50 marks (with 40 technical marks and 10 professional marks)
Professional marks:
o Communication
o Analysis and evaluation
o Scepticism and judgement
o Commercial Acumen
⚫ Section B – two questions – 25 marks each (with 20 technical marks for each question
and 5 professional marks for each question)
Professional marks:
o Analysis and evaluation
o Scepticism and judgement
o Commercial Acumen

Total marks: 100, with 50 passing marks

Time management: 2.4 min/marks (195 min/80 marks)

Questions in the exam:

Areas to be tested/Question Technical marks Professional marks
Section A – Q1 (50 marks)
• Risks of Material 18 marks 10 marks
Misstatements/Audit
Risks
• Business risks * 10 marks
• Audit procedures 6 marks
• Ethical and professional 6 marks
issues
Section B – Q2 (25 marks)
• Ethics and practice 20 marks 5 marks
management
Section B – Q3 (25 marks)
• Completion and 20 marks 5 marks
reporting

*Some students may not get the business risk question in the exam.
Useful links:

1. AAA’s past exam questions:

https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-
exams-study-resources/p7/past-exam-papers.html

2. Technical articles:
https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-
exams-study-resources/p7/technical-articles.html

3. Examiner’s reports:
https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-
exams-study-resources/p7/examiners-reports1.html
 Exam Techniques

Introduction:
In the AAA exam, examiner will expect quality in students’ answer rather than quantity.
Therefore, students are not expected to write too many points in this exam. Instead,
students are expected to include different components in each paragraph in their answer.

After years of experience of teaching AAA, we have summarised the approach we have
been using to help you solve each type of AAA question.

Evaluate advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (drawbacks):

⚫ Step 1: What – could be a sub-heading
⚫ Step 2: Describe the benefit or drawbacks – with common sense.
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 4: Case information – relate to the case.

Explain the impact:

⚫ Step 1: What – could be a sub-heading.
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 3: The impact of this, ie so what...
⚫ Step 4: Case information – relate to the case.

Describe matters to be included in the tendering document:

In each paragraph, the following steps should be followed:
Step 1 – your point
⚫ …………………………..

Assess issues to be considered in the engagement:

⚫ What – clues from the case (usually 0 marks)
⚫ Standard AND whether this is followed (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ How – further action needed to correct the wrong thing (usually 0.5 marks)

Explain reasons:
⚫ Step 1 – Potential impact (both sides such as decrease in revenue and costs)
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 3 – Additional matters to consider (for example, additional procedures)
Comparison question:
⚫ Step 1: Your description
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ however…; this is because…)

Discussive question - examiner expects students to answer the question from both positive
and negative perspectives:
⚫ Step 1: Your description
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ however…; this is because…)

To evaluate ethical issues:

⚫ Step 1 – State threats from the case; - 1 mark
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 3 – Recommend actions or safeguards. – 1 mark

Explain reasons why analytical procedures are performed:

⚫ Step 1 – Example of how analytical procedure can be performed.
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 4 – How the procedure helps with auditor, ie focus on these elements, design
further procedures, stay alert during the audit.

Business risks – usually 2 marks/point, (with another 0.5 marks/trend or ratio calculation,
but usually max of 2 marks in total for such calculation in a single question):
⚫ Step 1 – What – clues from the case – 0.5 marks
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ or liquidity problems, damage reputation due to non-compliance, problems
in …………………………..
⚫ resources) – 1.5 marks

Audit risks (with detection risk) – usually 3 marks/point, with another max of 3 marks for
materiality calculation for a 20-mark question (with 1 mark per materiality calculation),
and 0.5 marks per trend or calculation (max of 2 marks in total):

For analytical procedures:

⚫ Step 1 – What – clues from the case
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 3 – There is a risk that elements in accounts (such as assets, liabilities, income,
expense) in SFP or P/L are over or understated, or under disclosure.

For other IFRS related items:

⚫ Step 1 – What – clues from the case
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 3 – IFRS requirement, the IFRS number is not required
⚫ Step 4 – There is a risk that the IFRS requirement is not followed resulting in
What …………………………..
⚫ to be understated, overstated, under disclosure.

Additional note – for new audit client, explain detection risk (difficulties in identifying
potential material misstatements), and additional considerations regarding the opening
balance to be audited.

Going concern assessment:

Step 1 – Clues from the case, ie changes in profitability, funding (short term and long term)
⚫ …………………………..
Step 3 – Possible impacts on client’s future (going concern indicator)

Explain the reasons why matters need further investigation:

⚫ Step 1 – Potential impact (both sides such as decrease in revenue and costs)
⚫ …………………………..
⚫ Step 3 – Additional matters to consider (for example, additional procedures)

Professional marks (20 marks):

Section A – Q1: (4 marks being the communication marks and 6 marks for other
professional skills marks)
• Communication skills (only in Question 1 in Section A) – only 4 marks
• …………………………..
• Tailor your answer to the case – 1 mark
• Style of your answer (leave a line for each paragraph), language (being
professional, ie accurately quote the requirement from relevant standards), clarity
(easy to understand your answer – quite subjective here) – 1 mark

Analysis and Evaluation: Q1, Q2 and Q3

• Supporting calculations – such as calculating ratios, and materiality level.
⚫ Identify whether further analysis is needed - for example, understanding the
basis …………………………..
 • appropriate audit evidence in the circumstances.
• …………………………..
• statements, candidates need to be able to explain the implications on the
auditor’s report.

Scepticism: Q1, Q2 and Q3

• A conclusion about ROMM/Audit risks (in Q1) – Candidates should be prioritising
the most significant risks first, and in a brief conclusion, justifying their decision.
• …………………………..
• is sufficient to support a decision or information in an auditor’s report.

Commercial Acumen: Q1, Q2 and Q3

• Cases may be coming from private or public sectors organisations.
• …………………………..
• using practical information from the scenario.
 Chapter 1 Audit procedures for different accounting areas (IFRS)

Referenced syllabus: Part D 3 (a)

Covered IFRS:

IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements

IAS 2 Inventories
IAS 7 Statement of cash flows
IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors
IAS 12 Income Taxes
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (PP&E)
IAS 19 Employee Benefits
IAS 20 Government grants and disclosure of government assistance
IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
IAS 23 Borrowing costs
IAS 33 Earnings Per Share
IAS 36 Impairment of assets
IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets
IAS 38 Intangible assets
IAS 40 Investment Property
IAS 41 Agriculture
IFRS 2 Share based payment
IFRS 3 Business Combinations
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement
IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
IFRS 8 Operating Segments
IFRS 9 Financial instrument and International Auditing Practice Notes (IAPN) 1000 Special
considerations in auditing financial instruments
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
IFRS 16 Leases

Tutorial note:
This paper heavily focuses on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
applications to many auditing cases. You are expected to learn detailed contents of IFRSs
so that you can apply them to different auditing questions including at the planning stage,
at the testing stage, at the review stage as well as at the audit report stage.
General audit procedures:

Tutorial note:
⚫ ………………… HOW + WHAT (detailed and practical item or what to do) + WHY (to
ensure…).
⚫ You can ……………… specific examples to ensure this could be implemented by
auditors.

Examples:

Obtain the schedule of transactions (receipt, payments, income, expenses) and

recalculate this to confirm accuracy.

Perform analytical procedures to compare balances with the prior year’s ones to ensure
this ……………………………….. does not match with increase in revenue, and this may
suggest inventory could be potentially impaired.)

Enquire with management to confirm:

⚫ Accounting estimates are reasonable;
⚫ The …….. as disputes;
⚫ Any planned procedures such as stock count.

Inspect:
⚫ board minutes (to confirm acquisition, disposal of major non-current assets,
planned redundancy);
⚫ …………….om government);
⚫ disclosure, presentation and classification (to confirm this is in line with accounting
policy);
⚫ documents (such as PP&E valuation report, title deeds to confirm accuracy and
rights/obligations of the item).

Agree:
⚫ accounting records (general ledger of sales, purchases, bank etc) with source
document (GDN and sales order, GRN and purchase order, bank statement) to
confirm occurrence;
⚫ source document with accounting records to confirm completeness.

Request management to provide written representation to confirm completeness of

disclosure of accounting policies and estimates.
IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements

IFRS summary:
IAS 2 Inventories

IFRS summary:
IAS 7 Statement of cash flows

IFRS summary:

IAS 7

Format:
Cash flows from operating activities (direct or
indirect method)
Cash flows from investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities
Cash and cash equivalents changes
Opening cash and csah equivalents
Closing cash and cash equivalents

Cash flows from operating activities: Cash flows from financing

Cash flows from investing activities:
Direct method - shoing cash in and out activities:
from operations Income from non-current assets, such
as interest income received, dividend Proceeds or repayment from
Indirect method - Start with Profit before income received. long term loan, or shares.
tax from P/L and adjust for working Dividend payment from
capital changes, and non-cash items Proceeds or cash paid for non-current
assets such as PP&E, Investment ordinary shares.
such as depreciation.
property, intangible assets.

Audit procedures:

Cast the statement of cash flows, ie operating plus investing and plus financing activities
cash flows, agree this with the movement of cash and cash equivalents to ensure this is
accurate.

Agree profit before tax adjusted for non-cash items and changes in working capital,
with ……………..cash flows are the same under direct and indirect methods.

Agree cash receipts from the cash book to the receivables control account.

Agree ………. payables control account and the payroll control accounts.

Inspect company’s accounting policy regarding how to treat interest received, ie

into …………. according to the correct accounting policy.
IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors

IFRS summary:
IAS 12 Income Taxes

IFRS summary:
………………
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (PP&E)

IFRS summary:
IAS 19 Employee Benefits

IFRS summary:

………………………..
IAS 20 Government grants and disclosure of government assistance

IFRS summary:
IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

IFRS summary:
…………………….
IAS 23 Borrowing costs

IFRS summary:
IAS 33 Earnings Per Share

IFRS summary:
……………………
IAS 36 Impairment of assets

IFRS summary:
IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets

IFRS summary:
……………….
IAS 38 Intangible assets

IFRS summary:
……………………………..
IAS 40 Investment Property

IFRS summary:
……………………..
IAS 41 Agriculture

IFRS summary:
…………………………..
IFRS 2 Share based payment

IFRS summary:
IFRS 3 Business Combinations

IFRS summary:
………………………….
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement

IFRS summary:
IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations

IFRS summary:
…………………….
IFRS 8 Operating Segments

IFRS summary:
……………….
IFRS 9 Financial instrument

IFRS summary:

………………

Audit procedures – referred to IAPN 1000:

International Auditing Practice Notes (IAPN) 1000 Special considerations in auditing

financial instruments

Overview:

IAPN are not auditing standards, however, they are practical guidance on specific areas
for auditors.

IAPN 1000

High audit risk:

Value changes per market conditions IAPN specifically states,
- pressure on management to 'professional sceptisism is
manage and accounting for these needed' when auditing
correctly. financial instruments.
Complex accounting and disclosure
requirement.

Audit planning stage Audit procedures

General procedures Procedures for valuation

Audit planning stage:

Matters to be considered:
………..

Understand the following matters:

1. ………
2. ……………(risk of changes in value, liquidity risks – particularly for futures contract) of
 financial instruments.
3. Client’s internal control for financial instruments and roles of internal audit
department, ie risk management procedures to manage risks of financial
instruments ………………….helps decide the extent of reliance to be placed on their
internal controls.
4. Whether client uses a service organisation to deal with financial instrument, ie using
the third party ………….. contract daily.

Audit procedures:

General procedures Procedures for valuation

Agree …………... Enquire with …………..quirements.

Inspect reconciliations of statement with Develop a point estimate or a range to

entity’s own records. assess management's point estimate, eg
the auditor can make their own estimate of
the fair value.

Inspect ………….ts (including quantitative Determine ……………… regarding the

and qualitative disclosures) to confirm they accounting estimate, ie there are might be
are in line with IFRS. impairment indicators.
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS summary:

…………..
IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS summary:
 Chapter 2 Regulatory Environment

Contents:

Session 1: Framework and Audit Committee

Session 2: Using the work of others
Session 3: Fraud and error
Session 4: Money laundering
Session 5: Laws and regulations

Syllabus reference: A - Regulatory environment 123

Referenced ISA:
⚫ ISA 250 Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements
⚫ ISA 610 Using the work of internal auditors
⚫ ISA 620 Using the work of an auditor’s expert
⚫ ISA 402 Audit considerations relating to an entity using a service organisation
⚫ ISAE 3402 Reporting on Controls at a Service Organisation requirements
⚫ ISA 240 Auditor responsibility in respect of fraud
Session 1: Framework and Audit Committee

Regulatory
environment

Why regulation on auditors:

1. Maintain accountancy profession Public Interest Entities:
confidence Public ..............
2. Protect public interest Financial institution - large banks
3. Ensure auditors competence and
objectivity

Ethical codes:
The Comapnies Act: International
Corporate standards: IESBA co...... and
In different National regulation:
governance code: ACCA code
jurisdiction, ie UK - IFRS and ISA
legilation on audit, For ............status
Professional ............O
appointment and listed companies on
versight Board
removal of auditors. the main board
 Audit Committee

Composition requirement:
1. All NEDs
2. Minimum of 3 NEDs
3. Chairman should not sit in the
commitee
4. One of NEDs should have recent and
relevant financial experience

Roles: (Mnemonics: IE FR)

1. Monitor Internal audit
department effectiveness Provision of non-audit services: (Not
2. Monitor External auditor Audit committee ensures external auditor's allowed)
objectivity effectiveness: 1. Prepare accounts
3. Monitor Financial 1. Approve external auditor’s remuneration 2. .................., or recruitment of key
Statements probity and 2. Meet with .................auditor’s work (findings, management to have significant
internal financial controls major issues during the audit, impacts on accounts preparation
4. Monitor Risk judgements, ........) 6. Internal audit (finance) outsourcing,
management system 5. Assess ............... or designing and implementing
effectiveness controls

Provision of non-audit
services (allowed):
1. Internal audit (non-
Independence consideration: financial) outsourcing -
1. Fees from audit ............... if ...........not involved in the
internal audit.
4. Personal relationship between
auditors and client? 2. Design and implement
non-financial internal
controls - clients
make ..............are not
involved in the process.
Session 2: Using the work of others

Overview in this session:

Using the work of others

ISA 402 Audit considerations relating

to an entity using a service
ISA 610 Using the work of internal ISA 620 Using the work of an organisation
auditors auditor’s expert AND
ISAE 3402 Reporting on Controls at a
Service Organisation requirements
ISA 610 Using the work of internal auditors

Overview of the standard:

ISA 610

Indirect assistance: Direct assistance:

Use the work from IA Involve IA in external audit

Evaluate reliability of internal auditors: (Mnemonics: PICA)

Circumstances where IAs are not allowed
1. Professional - Quality ...........evidence before the conclusion in the EA work:
is reached.)
1. Law disallows
2. Independence - Whether IA is independent of other
departments (Report to audit committee? Free to audit any 2. Significant threats to IA's objectivity (IA
areas in the business) has shares, ...............sales revenue again)

3. Competence - Training, qualification, experience and 3. IA is not competent to do the work.

reputation.
4. Areas - Scope of work to be overlapped (Internal controls
review over ...............net realisable value); Value For Money
Audit (Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness); Review of business
policies; Special investigation (Fraud investigations,
compliance review)

Procedures that IA should not perform (if

they are allowed to involve in EA work):
1. Making ............those higher assessed
ROMM (such as stage of completion on
construction contract)
2. Work that IA has been involved.

Other considerations:
If internal auditors are realible (meet PICA), the following
matters should be considered:
1. External .............this with those charged with governance.
2. Reports from IA should be read to understand their Requirements when IA are used to
performed procedures and findings, ie whether conclusion provide direct assistance:
given by IA is consistent with .................are resolved by IA (such
as when some sales orders were not properly authorised and 1. Obtain ...........client's management to
the control deficiency is properly resolved by IA). allow IA to follow EA's guidance.
3. EA should discuss the planned use of IA work with IA - work 2. Obtain written agreement that IA has
from IA is used to coordinate (as partial substitution) with EA's informed EAs about their threats to
work, ie high risky braches visit, inventory and cash count - objectivity.
however, EA should not rely 100% on IA's work, ie EAs should still 3. EA ..............all the above considerations.
need to test items on their own.

Areas of indirect assistance:

1. Interim audit:
a. Risk .............business risk, fraud, compliance issues of client.
b. Internal .............system notes (flowchart, narrative) and
perform walkthrough tests on those notes; IA's assessment of
internal contorl and branches.
2. Final audit:
a. Use IA's attendance of invento.........- substantive
procedure
b. Use IA's substantive tests (make limited use of them)
Outsourcing internal audit function:

Co-sourcing:
Client can ………………….here is co-sourcing, ie client still has chief internal auditor to
oversee the internal audit function.

Impacts:

Impact on CLIENT if IA is outsourced Impact on EXTERNAL AUDITORS if IA is

outsourced
Roles assigned – ………………partments. Audit strategy – ………….t) leads to less
substantive testing and fees.
External expertise – if client has no Ability to get access to working papers by
qualified ……….. the work; access to new IA – for ………… service provider.
methods; perhaps lower costs.
Focus – if ……………… many things at the The extent to rely on IA – more reliance,
moment; release management time. more ………… audit fees charged.
More independent – reduces threats Practical considerations – if IA
to ………… self interest threats. suggests ………….. notes and it may be
time consuming.
ISA 620 Using the work of an auditor’s expert

Overview of the standard:

Sketch:
Auditor’s expert is an individual or organisation which has expertise in a filed, but that
expertise should not ……………….. and appropriate audit evidence during the audit.

ISA 620

Stage 3:
Stage 1: Stage 4:
Stage 2: Evaluate relevance and
Before engaging an expert - Reference of expert's work
Agreement with an expert reasonableness of expert's
(Mnemonics: OCC) in audit report
work

No reference of expert's
Set out what work in auditor's report.
1. Objectivity - Independent Relevance of work -
work, ...........(format, ie The use of expert's work
from ...........options in client.) whether ..........the pre-
report needed) and does ......auditor's
agreed scope.
confidentiality agreement. responsibility in expressing
2. Competence: the opinion.
a. Experience - deal with
similar situations before
Common scope of work:
b. Qualification -
professional body member 1. PP&E or investment Reasonableness of work: Unless the reference is
(follow code of ethics) property valuation (fair required by law, no
value); 1. Model/method used by
c. Reputation - previous expert - ..........m reference shall be made.
punishment by authorities? 2. Valuation of inventory appropriateness, such as
work in progress; BSOP model in valuing share
3. Determine stage of options.
3. Capability - expert is
completion for construction 2. ....... used by expert -
available in terms of
contract; based on latest or average
location, time and resource
to do the work? 4. Specialist inventory price to determine fair
valuation such as wine and value for the property.
biological assets. 3. .........data - match data in
5. Pension scheme valuation; expert's calculation with
source data.
6. Financial instruments such
as derivatives valuation; 4. Recalculations - to
confirm expert's calculation
7. Likelihood and outcome
is correct.
of the court case.
5. Any potential subsequent
events - for example, when
there is a permanent
decrease in property prices
after the year end, it qualify
as an adusting event and
the fair value determination
will need to change.
ISA 402 Audit considerations relating to an entity using a service organisation

AND ISAE 3402 Reporting on Controls at a Service Organisation requirements

Concept of user entity, service organisation, user auditor and service auditor:

⚫ Our client’s (user entity) activities may be outsourced to the third party company
(known ……………..).
⚫ Our firm (external auditor) is called ‘user auditor’ in this standard.
⚫ The service ……………… auditor for the service organisation), called ‘service auditor’,
to provide an assurance report on the internal controls (only) of the service
organisation. The report could either be type 1 (description of internal controls) or type
2 report (description and opinion on evaluation of effectiveness of the internal
controls).

Outsourced activities:

Outsourced activities could either be relevant or irrelevant to audit:

 Irrelevant to audit – marketing, maintenance of building and distribution services
which might not involve ………. accounting records.
 Relevant to audit – outsourced payroll preparation (affect administrative
expenses); sales …………… sales revenue and purchases); accounting records
maintenance; credit control (affect receivables); pensions accounting; treasury.

Benefits to service organisation of having type 1 or 2 report from the service auditor:
Per International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3402, Assurance Reports
on Controls at a Service Organization

 Service organisation can build trust with its customer such as the user entity – as it
demonstrate ……..rnal controls.
 Multiple audit requests from different entities could be avoided – by having the
current service …………… controls.
Requirements in ISA 402:

1. Are outsourced •No - no need to audit.

activities material to •Yes - significant transaction
client's accounts? cycle, step 2

•Some ........areas.
2. We perform tests •If all internal controls are not kept in
of .............. client business, but they are kept in
(may skip step 2 if service .......ns, we will skip step 2
controls are kept only and move on to step 3.
in service organisation)

3. User auditor needs to

conduct test ............of user •If user auditor could not perform
entity (if available), if not, test of control ............on scope', ie
request reports from the qualified audit opinion may be
service auditor. issued.

4. When results are sent back by

service .............check if there are
procedures to ensure processing
at service organisation is
complete and accurate.

•For example, enquire with

management about any
controls, such as review by
management, over reports
received from service
organisation.

Additional substantive procedures required:

⚫ In addition to ………….. auditor shall carry out substantive procedures on source
documents and accounting records of the outsourced activities which are relevant
to audit.
 For example:
⚫ Perform analytical procedures on the account items to find out any material
misstatements.
⚫ Agree a sample of transactions from the service organisation report to
source documents.

Placing reliance on service auditor:

⚫ User auditor is not required to consider matters before placing reliance on service
auditor such as reputation and ethics.
⚫ However, we should consider whether service auditor’s report is prepared in
accordance with ISAE 3402 - Reporting on Controls at a Service Organisation
requirements, ie responsibilities of service organisations, service auditors, description
of internal controls, evaluation of effectiveness of internal controls (if type 2 report is
issued), and opinion (if type 2 report is issued.)
Session 3: Fraud and error

ISA 240 Auditor responsibility in respect of fraud

Overview of the standard:

ISA 240

Four types of frauds: (only the first two are

Definition: covered in this standard): *
Fraud is an intentional act by one or 1. .........frauds
more .................third parties (customers, 2. Misappropriation of assets frauds
suppliers, dealers), involving the use of
deception to obtain an unjust or illegal 3. Bribery ........frauds
advantage. 4. Cyber frauds

Auditor's responsibilities Limitation for external

Management's when fraud is identified or auditors to identifying
responsibilities: suspected: frauds:
Presumption:
Primarily responsible 1. ........size to check. 1. Audit tests are done on
Auditors shall presume the
for .........strong internal a sample basis.
risk ..........to be a low risk 2. Report to management
controls and create a 2. Client's override
area, auditors shall fully and .........with governance.
honesty culture. of ..........may be
document it with reasons.
Auditor's responsibilities:** 3. Report findings in the manipulated.
Why a high risk area: management letter.
Only responsible 3. ............may be material
Management target 4. ..........to the audit report
for ...........Financial at a later date.
to .........involved in stage opinion.
Statements. 4. Audit evidence is more
of completion for long
5. ..........hether to continue persvasive rather
term contracts; risk of cash
as the auditor. than ............client is in
sales being stolen.
breach of laws and
regulations.
*Types of frauds (covered in this standard):

Financial reporting frauds Misappropriation of assets frauds

Examples: Examples:
⚫ Early recognition of revenue; Thefts – …………ersonal bank accounts),
⚫ ……….ing expenses; companies’ non-current assets.
⚫ Liabilities are not recorded.
Audit procedures:
Audit procedures: ⚫ Physically check those assets.
⚫ Perform cut off tests (agree last day goods ⚫ Inspect ………….. the amount of
delivery note (for sales, with year end sales cash balances.
order …………….. order and invoices), to
confirm revenue or purchases have been
correctly recognised in the correct
accounting period.
⚫ Inspect supplier statement reconciliation to
identify any liabilities which are not
recorded.

Examples: Example:
…………. full disclosure; or with little or no Payment to fictitious supplier.
disclosures.
Audit procedures:
Audit procedure: ⚫ Agree …………ay book, goods
⚫ Inspect disclosures of accounting policies received note and purchases order
and estimates to confirm they are fully to confirm existence.
disclosed per IFRS requirement. ⚫ Perform ……….. account to identify
significant differences.
⚫ Inspect board minute,
capital ……….. asset acquisition has
been approved.

Example: Examples:
Violate IFRS. Unauthorised refunds or discounts to
customers.

Examples: Examples:
To ……….. window dress the Financial Use company’s assets for personal use
Statements. purpose – use ……………. party or for the
personal loan.
Audit procedures:
⚫ Agree sales ………….livery note and sales
order to confirm existence.
⚫ Perform analytical procedures by
 comparing gross profit margin with last
year’s account to identify significant
differences.

Example:
Ghost employee – employees who do
not exist but get paid by company.

Audit procedures:
⚫ Check starter and leaver by
comparing personnel files with
payroll records, to identify any
employees who are getting paid did
not join the company or did left the
company.
⚫ Agree payroll records to personnel
files, in particular, identify any staff
who did not take any leaves as they
are more likely to be suspected
ghost employees.

**Auditor’s responsibilities regarding frauds:

⚫ External auditor is responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance that the accounts
as a whole are free from material misstatements, whether due to fraud or error.
⚫ External auditor only has secondary responsibility for detecting frauds, and
responsibilities include:
 Perform risk ………………. controls where fraud could take place; Dishonesty –
either due to personal or business cultural factors).
 Perform appropriate audit procedures to detect frauds – fictitious sales or
expenses; unrecorded liabilities; ghost employees; missing cash sales.
 Maintain professional scepticism during the audit – consider business rationale for
transactions ……….. accounting estimates are developed.
 Discuss the ………….. audit team members.
 Obtain written ………….. have been disclosed fully to auditors.
Exam rehearsal question – Mac Co (outsourcing internal audit, fraud, audit committee)

Exhibits Background

1. Notes of meeting held Mac Co is a large, private company, whose business

with Lindsay Montana activity is events management, involving the organisation
of conferences, meetings and celebratory events for
2. Legal action and companies. Mac Co was founded 10 years ago by Danny
audit committee Hudson and his sister, Stella, who still own the majority of
the company’s shares. The company has grown rapidly
Requirements and now employs more than 150 staff in 20 offices.

Requirements (22 marks) You are a manager in the business advisory department
Response options of Flack & Co. Your firm has just been engaged to provide
the internal audit service to Mac Co. In your initial
conversation with Danny and Stella, you discovered that
currently there is a small internal audit team, under the
supervision of Lindsay Montana, a recently qualified
accountant. Before heading up the internal audit
department, Lindsay was a junior finance manager of the
company. The members of the internal audit team will be
reassigned to roles in the finance department once your
firm has commenced the provision of the internal audit
service.

Mac Co is not an existing client of your firm, and to gain

further understanding of the company, you held a
meeting with Lindsay Montana. Notes from this meeting
are shown below.

Requirement ( marks)
(a) Evaluate the benefits specific to Mac Co of outsourcing its internal audit function. (6
marks)

(b) Explain the potential impacts on the external audit of Mac Co if the decision is taken
to outsource its internal audit function. (4 marks)

(c) Recommend procedures that could be used by your firm to quantify the financial
loss suffered by Mac Co as a result of the fraud. (4 marks)

(d)
(i) Compare the responsibilities of the external auditor and of management in
relation to the prevention and detection of fraud; and (4 marks)
 (ii) Assess the benefits and drawbacks for Mac Co in establishing an audit
committee. (4 marks)

Exhibit 1 Notes of meeting held with Lindsay Montana

The internal audit team has three employees, including Lindsay, who reports to the
finance director. The other two internal auditors are currently studying for their
professional examinations. The team was set up two years ago, and initially focused on
introducing financial controls across all of Mac Co’s offices. Nine months ago the
finance director instructed the team to focus their attention on introducing operational
controls in order to achieve cost savings due to a cash flow problem being suffered by
the company. The team does not have time to perform much testing of financial or
operational controls.

In the course of her work, Lindsay finds many instances of management policies not
being adhered to, and the managers of each location are generally reluctant to
introduce controls as they want to avoid bureaucracy and paperwork. As a result,
Lindsay’s recommendations are often ignored.

Three weeks ago, Lindsay discovered a fraud operating at one of the offices while
reviewing the procedures relating to the approval of new suppliers and payments
made to suppliers. The fraud involved an account manager authorising the payment of
invoices received from fictitious suppliers, with payment actually being made into the
account manager’s personal bank account. Lindsay reported the account manager
to the finance director, and the manager was immediately removed from office. This
situation has highlighted to Danny and Stella that something needs to be done to
improve controls within their organisation.

Exhibit 2 Legal action and audit committee

Danny and Stella are considering taking legal action against Mac Co’s external audit
provider, Manhattan & Co, because their audit procedures did not reveal the fraud.

Danny and Stella are deciding whether to set up an audit committee. Under the
regulatory framework in which it operates, Mac Co is not required to have an audit
committee, but a disclosure note explaining whether an audit committee has been
established is required in the annual report.

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

(a) Evaluate the benefits specific to Mac Co of outsourcing its internal audit function
Tutorial note:
To evaluate benefits or drawbacks of an issue, students need to demonstrate their
business sense. The following steps could be followed:
⚫ Step 1: What – could be a sub-heading
⚫ Step 2: Describe the benefit or drawbacks – with common sense.
⚫ Step 3: Why this is a benefit or drawback – it helps or harms…
⚫ Step 4: Case information – relate to the case.

Quality (Step 1 - What)

The service provider will have good quality staff with experience of financial reporting,
auditing techniques and commercial and business awareness (Step 2 – Description).
This will enhance the credibility and efficiency of the work they are performing (Step 3
- Why). Lindsay, being only recently qualified, may have limited experience, and the
more junior members of her team who are studying for their professional examinations
may not be technically competent in all of the areas that the internal audit team are
responsible for (Step 4 – Case information).

Authority (Step 1 - What)

If the recommendations come from an independent source, which has authority and is
supported by ………………… manager before heading the internal audit function, and
because she is recently qualified (Step 4 – Case information).

Resources (Step 1 - What)

Outsourcing the function will allow an immediate increase in the resource base (Step 2
– Description). This means ………………… is currently under-resourced, as there are
only three people to provide internal audit for a growing company, with multiple
locations (Step 4 – Case information).

Focus/range of work (Step 1 - What)

Outsourcing the function will provide as many staff as necessary (cost permitting) to
cover a range of ………………… ce director, who has changed the focus from
financial reporting controls to operational controls, and it seems the team is too small
to do both (Step 4 – Case information).

Reallocation of staff (Step 1 - What)

Internal controls are more likely to become embedded in the organisation as the
finance function will have more knowledge and experience of developing and
implementing controls (Step 2 – Description). The finance team may benefit from extra
resources if the …………………

Tutorial note:
Credit will be awarded for discussion of other, relevant benefits, e.g. Flack & Co
employees ………………… internal audit function may serve as a preventative and
detective control to make frauds less likely in the future.

(b) Explain the potential impacts on the external audit of Mac Co if the decision is
taken to outsource its internal audit function.

Tutorial note:
To explain the impact, the following steps could be followed to demonstrate business
sense.
⚫ Step 1: What – could be a sub-heading.
⚫ Step 2: Describe your point.
⚫ Step 3: The impact of this, ie so what...
⚫ Step 4: Case information – relate to the case.

Reliance and fee (Step 1 - What)

Manhattan & Co should consider the extent of reliance they may wish to place on the
work of Flack & Co, ………………… of cash, the fee could be an important
consideration for the company (Step 4 – Case information).

Time to implement recommendations (Step 1 - What)

The internal auditors may suggest changes to accounting systems and controls (Step 2
- Description). When these changes occur, the external audit firm will need to
document and ………………… could be an important consideration for the company
(Step 4 – Case information).

Control environment (Step 1 - What)

The control environment is likely to be improved over time (Step 2 - Description). This
means that ………………… information).

Working papers (Step 1 - What)

Manhattan & Co will need to consider access to records and working papers held by
Flack & Co (Step 2 - ………………… to ensure conclusions about control systems made
by Flack & Co are reasonable and this potentially affect their fees charged (Step 4 –
Case information).

Tutorial note:
The external audit providers, Manhattan & Co should assess the impact of the
outsourcing ………………… to ISA 610 (UK and Ireland) Using the work of internal
auditors, and ISA 402Audit considerations relating to an entity using a service
organisation

(c) Recommend procedures that could be used by your firm to quantify the financial
loss suffered by Mac Co as a result of the fraud.

A review of the ………………… by the account manager.

A review of the payments approved by the manager, and a comparison of the

suppliers paid ………………… the amounts paid to them.

Computer-assisted audit techniques could be used to identify any suppliers with the
same bank account details as the account manager, and then to trace payments
made to them.

Review the ………………… will not have supplied a statement.

For each supplier………………… e invoice and supplier is likely to be fictitious (does not
exist).

A review of the ………………… potential reimbursement will reduce the loss suffered
by the company.

A discussion ………………… ager, in the event that he is prosecuted successfully.

(d)

Tutorial note:
For comparison question, students are expected to answer Differences and Similarities.
For each paragraph, it is important to include:
⚫ Step 1: Your description
⚫ Step 2: Explain the detail (with key words such as this means that…; or for
example…; however…; this is because…)

(i) Responsibilities of the external auditor and of management in relation to the

detection of fraud

Primary responsibility for management

The primary ………………… for fraud to take place, and establish a culture which
should persuade individuals not to commit fraud due to the likelihood of detection
and punishment.

Recommendations by auditors
The external ………………… ls. However, it is not their responsibility to put the
recommendations into practice.
Auditors focus on ROMM
The auditor’s ………………….

Materiality
A fraud with an immaterial impact may not be detected by audit procedures. This is
because external ………………… ted. This is possibly why the fraud relating to supplier
payments has remained undetected (Tutorial note – with application to the case).

Similarity
A similarity is that both management and the external auditor should assess the
strength of ………………… agement should continually be monitoring the strength of
the entity’s control environment and systems.

(ii) Assess the benefits and drawbacks for Mac Co in establishing an audit committee

Tutorial note:
Steps are the same with part (a) requirement.
⚫ Step 1: What – could be a sub-heading
⚫ Step 2: Describe the benefit or drawbacks – with common sense.
⚫ Step 3: Why this is a benefit or drawback – it helps or harms…
⚫ Step 4: Case information – relate to the case.

Benefits:

FS trusts (Step 1 - What)

Improved credibility of the financial statements should result from the various activities
of the audit ………………… may reveal those frauds in advance which build more trusts
in FS (Step 4 – Case information).

Stronger control environment (Step 1 - What)

A stronger control environment will be encouraged by the presence and actions of an
audit committee (Step ………………… rather than to the finance director, as is
currently the situation, strengthens their independence within the company, and
should add weight to their recommendations, which currently are sometimes ignored
(Step 4 – Case information).

Raising finance (Step 1 - What)

This improved credibility and control environment could be important for a large and
growing private company like Mac Ltd (Step 2 - Description) to raise further finance
(Step 3 - Why). Mac ………………… and possibly cheaper to raise finance if there is a
perception of good governance created by the presence of an audit committee
(Step 4 – Case information).
Competence (Step 1 - What)
The audit committee ………………… source of external experience could prove
invaluable. Also it will enable the executive directors to devote their attention to
management (Step 3 – Why and Step 4 – Case information).

Drawbacks:

Members recruitment (Step 1 - What)

It can be difficult to recruit appropriate members to the committee (Step 2 -
Description). In ………………… are quite specialised. But, with appropriate advertising
and by offering a reasonable fee, it should be possible to recruit some non-executive
directors with experience in the hospitality business (Step 4 – Case information).

Fees (Step 1 - What)

The expense for recruiting members in the audit committee could be an issue (Step 2 -
Description). The ………………… eir level of experience and knowledge, so the fees may
be significant (Step 3 - Why). This could be an issue for Mac Ltd due to its cash flow
problem (Step 4 – Case information).

Conclusion
It’s recommended ………………… e set up.
 Exam rehearsal question – York Co (ISA 240 Concepts)

Exhibits According to ISA 240 The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating

to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements. The
1. Requirement from ISA requirement is included in the exhibit 1.
240

Requirements

Requirements (7 marks)
Response options

Requirement ( marks)
Discuss why the auditor should presume that there are risks of fraud in revenue
recognition and why ISA 240 requires specific auditor responses in relation to the risks
identified. (7 marks)

Exhibit 1. 1. Requirement from ISA 240

‘When identifying ………………… n a presumption that there are risks of fraud in revenue
recognition, evaluate which types of revenue, revenue transactions or assertions give
rise to such risks.’

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
For discussive question, examiner expects students to answer the question from both
positive and negative perspectives.
Steps for such questions:
⚫ Step 1: Your description
⚫ Step 2: Explain the detail (with key words such as this means that…; or for example…;
however…; this is because…)

There are only 7 marks for this question, and therefore, only 4 points are required. Please
make sure your answer is split into two sub-requirements per the question.
 Word Processor

Reasons to assume risks in revenue recognition:

Incentive to overstate revenue

Managers of companies are often under pressure to overstate revenue so that to
achieve certain ………………… g an incentive for management to use earnings
management techniques which often exists in public companies.

Incentive to understate revenue

In other companies ………………… ed companies where management may not be
under such pressure to achieve revenue based targets.

High volume transactions

There is also usually a high volume of revenue transactions during a financial period.
This is because as ………………… ional, sample based auditing techniques also
increases.

Managers may ………………… n is proper or by creating fictitious revenues due to a

high volume of transactions.

Subjective area
Revenue ………………… f services in determining the stage of completion.

Complex area
Revenue recognition can also be a complex issue for sales with multiple elements, and
this increases manipulation risks. For example, the sale of goods and the separate sale
of related maintenance contracts and warranties.

Risks of theft
A high proportion of ………………… ion of recorded revenues to conceal this crime.

Revenue may be a low risk area

While revenue recognition in general may be considered a high risk area, it is not always
the case. This is because companies with simple revenue streams or a low volume of
transactions may be considered at low risk of fraud through revenue manipulations.

Reasons that ISA 240 requires specific auditor responses in relation to the risks identified:

Auditors need to presume that risks of revenue recognition to be high per ISA. (Tutorial
note: ISA 240 The Auditor’s Responsibility Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial
Statements) and specific audit procedures shall be planned in place to check those
balances.

However, if auditors believe that revenue recognition is a low risk area, reasons must be
fully documented. For example, simple revenue streams would be where a company
leases properties for fixed annual amounts over a fixed period of time.
Session 4: Money laundering

Overview:

Money
Laundering

Ethical
guidance -
Confidentiality

Definition and Indicators of Politically

Stages of Reporting Procedures
sources of money Offences exposed
money requirements relating to
illegal money laundering persons
laundering - anti-money
placing, laundering
layering and activities/Inter
integration nal controls in
the firm

Definition and Sources of illegal money:

Money laundering is process where true sources of illegal money is concealed.

Sources of illegal funds:

⚫ Tax fraud – tax evasion
⚫ ………………… d corruption
⚫ Drugs and theft

Stages of money laundering: (Mnemonics: PLI)

Stage one – Placing (Place cash):

Obtain illegal cash from criminal activity and spend it into the financial institutions,
usually cash based businesses such as banks, cinema, casinos, retailers etc.
Examples include:
⚫ Pack illegal cash into a suitcase and move it to another country;
⚫ Use ………. cards;
⚫ Use illegal money to buy gambling chips;
⚫ Use illegal money ………..;
⚫ Use illegal ………….. of illegal and legal sales receipts.
Stage two – Layering (Transfer cash):

Passing illegal money through complex transactions to make it hard to trace the true
source.
Examples include:
⚫ Change money’s currency further after the stage one;
⚫ Several ………………. or across different countries;
⚫ Launch ‘shell’ companies to conduct transactions among different entities.
⚫ Buying artwork, gold, bitcoins etc.

Stage three – Integration (Bring cash back to business, ie Dr Cash, or then use cash
received to buy legitimate assets such as properties):

To move illegal funds back into the legal form.

Examples include:
⚫ Use the above cash (after illegal money is placed into the financial institutions and
layered) …………works. Criminals can also directly take the cash out.

Indicators of money laundering:

⚫ Unexpected business growth.

⚫ Suspicious reactions – defensive attitude to questioning; no explanations from
management; transactions secrecy.
⚫ Large ……………… introduced.
⚫ International money transfers.

Offences:

⚫ Auditor commits money laundering activities, such as handling criminal activity

proceeds.

⚫ Auditor helps client to establish money laundering system, such as recommending

client of how to use the proceeds.

⚫ Do not have adequate internal controls in the audit firm relating to money laundering.

⚫ Audit team member fails to report money laundering suspicious activities to the Money
Laundering Reporting Officer (MLRO), or MLRO fails to report these activities to the
relevant authority.
To report suspicious money laundering transactions:
⚫ Audit team member (juniors or seniors) report to MLRO – in the form of
 Suspicious Activity Report including reasons, amounts and name of the
suspect.
⚫ MLRO reports to the relevant authority promptly – forward the above
report to the Financial Intelligence Unit of the authority (in the UK, this is
known as National Crime Agency).

⚫ Tipping off (this is an offence, but it can be defenced)

- Client is informed by auditors (auditor suddenly cease to act as an auditor without
reasonable explanations; or aggressively questioning about client’s suspicious
activities) about the potential money laundering investigation conducted by other
departments, and this interrupts the investigation process.
- To reduce risk of tipping off, when unusual transactions are detected, such as
unusual money transfer, auditors should ask about the rationale of the transaction
from the client, and disclose such information to the MLRO.

Procedures relating to anti-money laundering activities:

⚫ Due diligence review ……………… address, directors register, original source of funding
for trusts; ownership (shareholders and directors identify); sources of cash flows.
⚫ Records for Client Due Diligence shall be kept at least 5 years after the relationship
with client ends.
⚫ Appoint a Money Laundering Reporting Officer (MLRO) to deal with money laundering
activities – verify money laundering evidence (review working papers to check if client
is involved in …………….ndering activities); maintain Client Due Diligence records;
receive Suspicious Activity Reports; train staff regarding money laundering issues.
⚫ Train all relevant staff to recognise money laundering issues – Client Due Diligence
procedures; Risk factors in money laundering; Tipping off and reporting procedures.

Politically exposed persons:

⚫ Any person entrusted …………t political party officials; relatives, close friends and their
spouses of the above persons.
⚫ Risk for money laundering is about fraud, bribery and embezzlement of public funding.

For auditors:
1. Spot Politically exposed persons in the client business.
2. If these persons ask audit firm to handle their funds, ensure the source is clean, ie not
from corrupt source.
Exam rehearsal question - Thomasson & Co (Anti-money laundering programme and
indicators of money laundering activities)

Exhibits You are an audit manager in Thomasson & Co, a firm of

Chartered Certified Accountants. You have recently
1. Review of audit been assigned to the audit of Clean Co for the year
working papers ended 30 September 20X8. Clean Co is an unlisted
company and has been an audit client of your firm for a
Requirements number of years.

Requirements (10 marks) Clean Co is a national distributor of cleaning products.

Response options The company buys the cleaning products from
wholesalers and employs a team of approximately 750
sales staff around the country who sell the company’s
products to both domestic households and small to
medium-sized businesses. Around 75% of Clean Co’s sales
transactions are cash-based and each of the company’s
sales staff prepares a cash sales report on a monthly basis.
According to Clean Co’s chief executive, Simon Blackers,
and in order to foster ‘an entrepreneurial spirit’ amongst
his staff, each staff member (including the senior
management team) is encouraged to make cash sales
and is paid on a commission basis to sell the company’s
products to friends and family. Mr Blackers leads the way
with this scheme and recently sold cleaning products with
a value of $33,000 to a business associate of his. He has
transferred these funds directly into an off-shore bank
account in the company’s name on which he is the sole
signatory.

Requirement (10 marks)

(i) Discuss the policies and procedures which Thomasson & Co should have in place in
relation to an anti‑money laundering programme; and (4 marks)

(ii) Evaluate whether there are any indicators of money laundering activities by either
Clean Co or its staff. (6 marks)

Exhibit 1. Review of audit working papers

Your review of the audit working papers and an initial meeting with Mr Blackers have
identified the following potential issues:

Following your review of the audit engagement letter and the working papers of the
taxation section of the audit file, you have established that Thomasson & Co performed
 the taxation computation for Clean Co and completed the tax returns for both the
company and Mr Blackers personally. All of the taxation services have been invoiced
to Clean Co as part of the total fee for the audit and professional services. Mr Blackers’
personal tax return includes a significant number of transactions involving the purchase
and sale of properties in various international locations. The taxation working papers
include a detailed review of a number of off-shore bank accounts in Mr Blackers’ name
which identified the property transactions.

During your initial meeting with Mr Blackers, he informed you that Clean Co is planning
to develop a new website in order to offer online sales to its customers. He has asked
Thomasson & Co to provide assistance with the design and implementation of the
website and online sales system.

As a result of your audit review visit at the client’s premises, you have learned that the
audit team was invited to and subsequently attended Clean Co’s annual office party.
The client provided each member of the audit team with a free voucher worth $30
which could be redeemed at the venue during the party. The audit senior, Paula
Metcalfe, who has worked on the audit for the last three years has informed you that
the audit team has always been encouraged to attend the party in order to develop
good client relations.

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
For discussive question, examiner expects students to answer the question from both
positive and negative perspectives.
Steps for such questions:
⚫ Step 1: Your description
⚫ Step 2: Explain the detail (with key words such as this means that…; or for example…;
however…; this is because…)

For evaluation question, the following four-step approach should be used:

⚫ What – clues from the case (usually 0 marks)
⚫ Standard AND whether this is followed (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ Why, or implications if wrong thing continues (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ How – further action needed to correct the wrong thing (usually 0.5 marks)

Word Processor

(i) Policies and procedures for anti-money laundering programme

MLRO
Firm should have appointed a money laundering reporting officer (MLRO) with an
appropriate level of experience and seniority. This means that internal reporting lines
should be established so that any suspicions could be reported to MLRO.

Report and training

Thomasson & Co will probably have a standard form which should be used to report
suspicions of ………….. whereabouts of the laundered cash. Staff should receive
appropriate training on compliance with the anti-money laundering requirements and
how to report issues to the MLRO.
…………………
Exam rehearsal question - York Co (Money laundering implications to firm and actions
to be taken)

Exhibits You are the manager responsible for the audit of York Co,
a chain of health and leisure clubs owned and managed
1. Cash transfers by entrepreneur Phil Smith. The audit for the year ended
30 November 2015 is nearing completion and the draft
Requirements financial statements recognise total assets of $27 million
and profit before tax of $2·2 million. The audit senior has
Requirements (7 marks) left the following file notes for your consideration during
Response options your review of the audit working papers:

The note is included in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (7 marks)
Evaluate the implications for the completion of the audit, recommending any further
actions which should be taken by your audit firm.

Exhibit 1. Cash transfers

During a review of the cash book, a receipt of $350,000 was identified which was
accompanied by the description ‘BD’. Bank statements showed that the following day
a nearly identical amount was transferred into a bank account held in a foreign
country. When I asked the financial controller about this, she requested that I speak to
Mr Smith, as he has sole responsibility for cash management. According to Mr Smith, an
old friend of his, Brian Davies, has loaned the money to the company to fund further
expansion and the money has been invested until it is needed. Documentary evidence
concerning the transaction has been requested from Mr Smith but has not yet been
received. (7 marks)

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Implications for completion of audit:

Money laundering indicator

This unusual, unexplained cash transfer into a foreign bank account may indicate that
Phil Smith is using York Co to carry out money laundering. Money laundering activities
are illegal and appropriate procedures shall be followed to ensure this is dealt with in
an appropriate way. Otherwise, firms are breaching the relevant law. For example,
reporting this to the money laundering reporting officer (MLRO).

Layering
It is possible that the proceeds of criminal activity have been placed into York Co’s bank
account to enable them to transfer the funds into a foreign account, ie layering (Step 1
- What), thus it looks legal and it is difficult to trace the original source (Step 2 – Explain
it further).

Weak control system to facilitate illegal activity

The fact that Mr Smith retains sole control over cash management and that the financial
controller has no oversight or involvement in this indicates weak controls over cash
(Step 1 - What), for example, there appears to be no segregation of duty which may be
the intention of Mr Smith to facilitate illegal activity (Step 2 – Why weak controls). That
he has failed to provide any documentary evidence, despite the request to do so by
the audit team, only arouses suspicion further (Step 3 and 4 – with further action and
implications).
……………….
Session 5: Laws and regulations

ISA 250 Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial

Statements

Overview of the standard:

Sketch:
Non Compliance with Laws And Regulations (NOCLAR) comprises acts of omission or
commission, intentional or unintentional, committed by a client, or by those charged with
governance, by management or by other individuals working for or under the direction of
a client (staff or agents) which are contrary to the prevailing laws or regulations.

ISA 250

Management's Auditor's Difficulties

general responsibilities when (limitations) of
Auditor's general
responsibilities: NOCLAR are identifying all
responsibilities:
identified or NOCLAR
1. Ensure 1. Understand client's suspected*:
compliance legal and regulatory
(operations and framework.
Finance)
2. Exercise professional
2. Prevent and scepticism during the 1. Audit tests are
detect NOCLAR audit to spot NOCLAR. 1. Take legal advice. done on a sample
3. Obtain basis.
2. Report to
written ...........suspected management and 2. ........may be
NOCLAR to auditors those charged with manipulated.
when accounts are governance.
prepared. 3. Many regulations
3. ..........authority. may not have direct
effect on client's
4. ......(if in group
accounts.
audit)
4. Audit evidence is
5. Report findings in
Laws and regulations Laws and regulations more
the management
with DIRECT effect on without DIRECT effect persvasive ............cli
letter.
accounts: on accounts: ent is in breach of
6. Consider audit laws and regulations.
1. Mandatory 1. Health and safety report implications.
pension laws;
contributions - 7. Consider whether
deduction 2. Data ......- GDPR; to resign as an
calculation; 3. Environmental laws; auditor.
2. Tax laws - income 4. Money laundering
taxes law.

Auditor shall perform limited

specified audit procedures to
Auditor shall obtain identify NOCLAR:
sufficient and 1. Enquire ........situations of non-
appropriate audit compliance.
evidence relating to
2. Inspect correspondence with
NOCLAR.
relevant authorities to identify
NOCLAR.
3. Inspect fines paid in the cash
book during the period.
*Auditor's responsibilities when NOCLAR are identified or suspected:

1. Take legal advice – consult with lawyers to confirm NOCLAR did occur.

2. Report to management and those charged with governance.

⚫ Management – ………. mitigated.
⚫ Those charged with governance – allow them to understand the matter, take
actions to mitigate consequences, and to investigate into the matter to quantify
the financial outcome.
⚫ However, if client is suspected with ……………….erwise, this is an example of
‘tipping off’.

3. Advice client to report to the relevant authority – if management refuses to do so, a

written presentation shall be obtained.

4. Consider reporting to other parties:

⚫ ……… audit – communicate NOCLAR …………….. component auditor if this is
identified by the group auditor.
⚫ Appropriate authority – if client is the Public Interest Entity – public interest is the
most important factor to consider when NOCLAR is found.
⚫ …………arance – communicate this with the new auditor if the current audit firm
decides to resign from an auditor.

5. Report findings in the management letter – including control deficiencies, implications

and recommendations.

6. Consider audit report implications:

⚫ Nature – misstatements (……………d appropriate audit evidence (limitation imposed
by management).
⚫ Extent – material or material and pervasive (management integrity is questioned, such
as when client’s control is override by management with collusion to hide the fact).

7. Consider whether to resign as an auditor – when management and those charged with
governance’s integrity is questioned.
Exam rehearsal question - Dasset Co (Firm’s responsibilities and actions regarding
NOCLAR)

Exhibits Dasset Co operates in the coal mining industry. The

company owns ten mines across the country from which
1. Note - Accident at coal is extracted before being sold onto customers who
the Ledge Hill Mine are energy providers. Coal mining companies operate
under licence from the National Coal Mining Authority, an
Requirements organisation which monitors the environmental impact of
coal mining operations, and requires coal mines to be
Requirements (6 marks) operated in compliance with strict health and safety
Response options regulations.

You are an audit manager in Burton & Co, responsible for

the audit of Dasset Co and you are reviewing the audit
working papers for the year ended 31 August 2013. The
draft financial statements recognise profit before tax of
$18 million and total assets of $175 million. The audit senior
has left a note for your attention which is included in the
exhibit 1.

Requirement ( marks)
In relation to management’s decision not to report the accident to the National Coal
Mining Authority, discuss Burton & Co (Audit firm)’s responsibilities and recommend the
actions which should be taken by the firm. (6 marks)

Exhibit 1. Note - Accident at the Ledge Hill Mine

On 15 August 2013, there was an accident at the Ledge Hill Mine, where several of the
tunnels in the mine collapsed, causing other tunnels to become flooded. This has
resulted in one-third of the mine becoming inaccessible and for safety reasons, the
tunnels will be permanently closed. However, Dasset Co’s management thinks that the
rest of the mine can remain operational, as long as improvements are made to ensure
that the mine meets health and safety regulations.

Luckily no one was injured in the accident. However, the collapse caused subsidence
which has damaged several residential properties in a village located above the mine.
A surveyor has been commissioned to report on whether the properties need to be
demolished or whether they can be safely repaired. A group of 20 residents has been
relocated to rental properties in the local area and Dasset Co is meeting all expenses
in relation to this.
 The Ledge Hill Mine was acquired several years ago and is recognised in the draft
statement of financial position at $10 million. As no employees were injured in the
accident, Dasset Co’s management has decided not to report the accident to the
National Coal Mining Authority.

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
For discussive question, examiner expects students to answer the question from both
positive and negative perspectives.
Steps for such questions:
⚫ Step 1: Your description
⚫ Step 2: Explain the detail (with key words such as this means that…; or for example…;
however…; this is because…)

Word Processor

Responsibilities to report the accident to the National Coal Mining Authority

Management’s responsibilities
Dasset Co operates in a highly regulated industry, it is management’s responsibility to
ensure that operations are conducted in accordance with relevant law and regulations
(Tutorial note: per ISA 250). However, the auditor is expected to obtain a general
understanding of the applicable legal and regulatory framework and how the entity is
complying with that framework.

Management informs authority

The accident may have been caused by using unsafe equipment or mining methods
which failed to meet the authority’s strict requirements. However, management has not
informed the authority, which may be for a belief that there is no need to make a report
concerning the accident, or it could be because management has something to hide
and does not wish to come under the scrutiny of the authority.

Auditor shall understand the nature

If the auditor becomes aware of information concerning an instance of non-
compliance or suspected non-compliance with laws and regulations, the auditor shall
obtain an understanding of the nature of the act and the circumstances in which it has
occurred; and further information to evaluate the possible effect on the financial
statements. Further audit procedures will therefore be necessary.
……………..
Exam rehearsal question - Adder Group (NOCLAR implications to audit, and auditor’s
responsibilities)

Exhibits The Adder Group (the Group) has been an audit client of
your firm for several years. You have recently been
1. Findings from the assigned to act as audit manager, replacing a manager
audit who has fallen ill, and the audit of the Group financial
statements for the year ended 31 March 2015 is
Requirements underway. The Group’s activities include property
management and the provision of large storage facilities
Requirements (9 marks) in warehouses owned by the Group. The draft
Response options consolidated financial statements recognise total assets
of $150 million, and profit before tax of $20 million.

The audit senior left the following note for your attention
during the audit which is included in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (9 marks)
Discuss the implications of the audit senior’s note for the completion of the audit,
commenting on the auditor’s responsibilities in relation to laws and regulations, and on
any ethical matters arising. (9 marks)

Exhibit 1. 1. Findings from the audit

‘I have been working on the audit of properties, including the Group’s storage facility
warehouses. Customers rent individual self-contained storage areas of a warehouse, for
which they are given keys allowing access by the customer at any time. The Group’s
employees rarely enter the customers’ storage areas.

It seems the Group’s policy for storage contracts which generate revenue of less than
$10,000, is that very little documentation is required, and the nature of the items being
stored is not always known. While visiting one of the Group’s warehouses, the door to
one of the customers’ storage areas was open, so I looked in and saw what appeared
to be potentially hazardous chemicals, stored in large metal drums marked with warning
signs.

I asked the warehouse manager about the items being stored, and he became very
aggressive, refusing to allow me to ask other employees about the matter, and
threatening me if I alerted management to the storage of these items. I did not mention
the matter to anyone else at the client.’
Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Management’s responsibilities
It is management’s responsibility to ensure that operations are conducted in
accordance with relevant law and regulations (Tutorial note: per ISA 250). However, the
auditor is expected to obtain a general understanding of the applicable legal and
regulatory framework and how the entity is complying with that framework. Therefore
the auditor should ensure a full knowledge and understanding of the laws and
regulations relevant to the storage of items in the Group’s warehouses is obtained,
focusing on health and safety issues and the implications of non-compliance.

Auditor shall understand the nature

If the auditor becomes aware of information concerning an instance of non-
compliance or suspected non-compliance with laws and regulations, the auditor shall
obtain an understanding of the nature of the act and the circumstances in which it has
occurred; and further information to evaluate the possible effect on the financial
statements. Further audit procedures will therefore be necessary, for example, to
identify any further instances of non-compliance in the Group’s other warehouses.

Management informs authority

Management may not be aware that the warehouse manager is allowing the storage
of these potentially hazardous items. ISA 250 requires the matter to be discussed with
management and where appropriate with those charged with governance. The
auditor must therefore ignore the warehouse manager’s threats and communicate the
suspected non-compliance as required by ISA 250.
……………
Exam rehearsal question - Fern & Co (Ethical considerations regarding NOCLAR)

Exhibits You are a manager working in the public sector audit

department of Fern & Co. You are responsible for the
1. The matter audit of Moosewood Hospital, for the year ended 31
March 2017. You have recently visited the audit team,
Requirements who are currently on site performing the fieldwork, to
review the work performed to date and to discuss their
Requirements (10 marks) progress. During your visit the audit senior informed you of
Response options the matter, and this is included in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (10 marks)

Identify and explain the ethical and professional issues raised and recommend any
actions which should be taken in respect of the matter described by the audit senior.

Exhibit 1. The matter

During a review of the valuation of medical inventories, including medicines used in a
variety of treatments at the hospital, it was noted that a number of items had passed
their recommended use by dates. These were recorded on an inventory spreadsheet
maintained by the financial controller and were easy to spot because they were
highlighted in red. One member of the audit team inspected a sample of the inventories
in question and confirmed that their use by dates had expired. When asked about this,
the financial controller stated that the audit team must be mistaken. The audit team
requested to look at the spreadsheet again but he refused. The next day the finance
director confronted the audit team accusing them of extending their investigations
‘beyond their remit’. He also threatened to remove them from the premises if they
continued to ask questions which were not relevant to the audit of the hospital’s
financial statements. Since then the audit team have been unable to complete their
audit of medical inventories. They have also noted that the room where the inventories
were previously kept has been emptied.

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor
Non-compliance
It appears that Moosewood Hospital is storing and maybe using medicines that have
passed their recommended use by date. This may be illegal, and it may breach the
terms of agreement with their suppliers and, most significantly, this may lead to patient
harm or ineffective treatment. The auditor should document the findings and discuss
them with management.

Nature of the event

The audit team should seek appropriate legal advice in relation to the use of out of date
medicines. If this is a breach of regulations then the auditor may have a statutory duty
to report this incident to the relevant regulator.

Suspected non-compliance
The audit team should attempt to obtain more information about the suspected non-
compliance, but because the actions of the financial controller, who is denying access
to the relevant source of information and the attempt to intimidate the audit team by
the finance director. Therefore, this will be difficult.

Management’s responsibility to make the disclosure

If Fern & Co concludes that the matter should be reported to a regulator they should first
communicate this belief to the board of Moosewood Hospital and request that they
make a disclosure. They should clearly state the reasons why Moosewood Hospital
should make the disclosure and that if the board fails to comply, that Fern & Co will be
compelled to make the disclosure themselves.
…………
 Chapter 3 Professional and ethical Considerations

Contents:

Session 1: Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

Session 2: Professional liability

Syllabus reference: B - Professional and ethical considerations 1.2.3

Referenced ISA:
⚫ ACCA’s Code of Ethics and Conduct
⚫ IESBA’s International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants
Session 1: Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

Sketch - Code of Ethics and Conduct:

⚫ The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) (from IFAC)
developed an International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants.
⚫ The ACCA Code of Ethics and Conduct is included in Section 3 of the ACCA’s
Rulebook.
⚫ ACCA members, fellow members, affiliates and students need to follow this.

Overview:

Code of Ethics and Conduct

Threats to objectivity:
Five Principles: Self interest, review, Managing ethical threats in
intimindation, familiarity, different situations
Professional behaviour
management threats
.......care
Confidentiality
Objectivity
Session 1: Five Fundamental principles

Professional behaviour: (Mnemonics: CCD)

Principles:

⚫ Comply with law - An auditor should comply with relevant laws and regulations.

⚫ …………. behave with courtesy and consideration towards all with whom the
auditor comes into contact in a professional capacity.

⚫ Not ……….. claims for services or qualifications they can offer or have; make
unsubstantiated comparisons to others’ work.

Integrity:

Principles:

⚫ Straightforward and honest - An auditor should be straightforward and honest

in all professional and business relationships, ie declare potential conflicts of
interests to clients and how safeguards are applied; protect client’s
information and will not use this for private gains.

⚫ Do not lie in the audit report – If client’s accounts are materially misstated,
auditor’s report shall reflect this, otherwise, auditor is lacking integrity.

Professional competence and due care:

Principles:

⚫ Knowledge and experience - An auditor has a continuing duty to maintain

professional knowledge and skill at the level required to ensure that a client or
employer receives competent professional service based on current
developments in practice, legislation and techniques, ie

 An auditor should not accept an audit appointment if the auditor does

not have necessary expertise or resource to perform the audit effectively.

 An auditor should ensure sufficient and competent audit professionals are

assigned to carry out the audit.

⚫ CPD - The maintenance of professional competence requires a continuing

awareness and an understanding of relevant technical, professional and
business developments. Continuing professional development (CPD) enables
professional accountant to develop and maintain the capabilities to perform
competently within the professional environment.
⚫ Act per the standard - An auditor should act diligently and in accordance with
applicable technical and professional standards when providing professional
services. Diligence encompasses the responsibility to act in accordance with
the requirements of an assignment, carefully, thoroughly and on timely basis.

⚫ A specific area - Opinion shopping (second opinion) - when client

approaches a new audit firm to ask to provide a second audit opinion. New
auditor shall gather all facts about this through professional clearance
procedures, otherwise, it creates threats to professional competence and due
care.

Confidentiality:

Principles:

⚫ Confidential information: no personal or 3rd party advantage - Auditors shall not

use client’s confidential information for personal advantage or for third party’s
advantage; and

⚫ Confidential information: no disclosure - Auditors shall not disclose client’s

confidential information to third party.

⚫ Disclosure of ……….. (obligatory)– when client involves in terrorist offences,

money laundering activities or other situations required by laws.

⚫ Disclosure of confidential information (……….) – defend in court, situations in

conflict with public’s interest such as client’s activities damaging the
environment.

Objectivity:

Objectivity: An auditor should not allow bias (self interest, review, familiarity,
management threats to objectivity), conflict of interest or undue influence of
others (intimidation threat to objectivity) to override professional or business
judgments.

Independence: ………air objectivity.

⚫ ………., when making professional judgment, the auditor considers the facts
and the evidence and does not allow personal relationship or emotion to
unduly influence the judgment.

⚫ Independence in appearance: Relationships that bias or unduly influence the

professional judgment of the member should be avoided. For instance, an
auditor should not audit a company’s accounts if the chief accountant
responsible for the accounts is an immediate family member.
Conflicts of interest:

Situation 1. Conflicts between members' and clients' interests - A conflict between

members' and clients' interests might arise if members compete directly with a client,
or have a joint venture or similar with a company that is in competition with the client.
This may threaten the member's objectivity.

Situation 2. Conflicts between the interests of different clients - Conflicts of interest

can arise when a firm has two (or more) audit clients (usually competitors), both of
which have reason to be unhappy that their auditors are also auditors of the other
company.

Auditor should not accept audit appointment unless the conflicts of interests can be
managed in the following ways:

⚫ Inform the potential client and the existing client of the conflict of interests.

⚫ Obtain consent to act from the both the potential client and client.

⚫ Assign two different audit teams with two different audit engagement partners
to perform audit.

⚫ Implement control procedures to ensure client’s confidential information is

adequately protected, including:

 Physical and password controls to ensure audit working paper are

segregated such that one audit team will not be able access the working
papers for the audit for another client.

 Emphasise the need for protecting client’s confidential information

including refraining from discussing client’s matters with members outside
the audit team.

 Requiring audit engagement team to sign confidentiality agreement.

Session 2: Threats to objectivity

Any threats to objectivity must be avoided or reduced to an acceptably low level.

1. Self-interest threat - occur as a result of the financial or other interests of an auditor

or of an immediate or close family member.

⚫ Auditor’s interest - The fear of losing fee income may cause auditor to issue an
unqualified opinion (ie the financial statements are true and fair) when in fact
the financial statements contained material misstatements.

⚫ Close family member’s interest (job security) - If the auditor’s immediate family
member is the finance manager of an audit client, the auditor may not report
material misstatements detected to protect the career of the immediate family
member.

⚫ Other examples:

 A financial interest in a client or jointly holding a financial interest with a

client;

 Undue dependence on total fees from a client (should not exceed 15%
income of the firm);

 A close business relationship with a client;

 Client’s potential employment;

 Contingent fees relating to an assurance engagement;

 A loan to or from an audit client or any of its directors.

2. Self-review threat - when members review their own work or advice as part of an
assurance engagement, ie auditor prepares accounting records or Financial
Statements, and then audits them.

3. Advocacy threat - occur …….y may be compromised.

⚫ Examples:

 Auditor promoting shares in a listed entity when that entity is a financial

statement audit client.

 Auditor ……..l listing of the shares on a stock exchange will give the
impression that the auditor supports the listing.

 Auditor acting as an advocate on behalf of an audit client in litigation or

disputes with third parties.
4. Familiarity threat - due to a long or close relationship with a client or employer, a
professional accountant will be too sympathetic to their interests or too accepting
of their work

⚫ Examples:

 A member of the engagement team having a close or immediate family

relationship with a director, or key management of the client;

 A former audit partner of the firm becomes finance director or key

management in accounting of the client;

 Auditor ………..d as self interest threat);

 Long association of senior personnel (ie audit partner or manager) with the
audit client.

5. Intimidation threat - occur when an auditor may be deterred from acting

objectively by actual threats or perceived threats from audit client.

⚫ Examples:

 Auditor being threatened with dismissal, or replacement in relation to an

audit engagement;

 Auditor being threatened with litigation;

 Auditor ……….der to reduce fees;

 Management’s aggressive behaviour towards auditor.

6. Management threat - auditors assume management responsibilities.

⚫ Examples of management responsibilities:

 Determine strategy;

 Authorise transactions;

 Report to those charged with governance on management’s behalf;

 …………..;

 Design and maintain internal control system.

Audit firm makes a management decision on behalf of the client’s company may run a
risk that the client’s company would fail. To reduce the liability to this, audit firm may
issue an audit opinion which is not objective.
Session 3: Managing ethical threats in different situations

Overall principles:

⚫ Before accepting clients, auditors must assess any ethical threats and either put
appropriate safeguards in place or resign / reject appointment.

⚫ During the audit, ethical threats to objectivity shall be considered all the time with
appropriate safeguards being put in place.

Cases/Situations:

⚫ Case 1: Auditor owning shares in audit client

⚫ Case 2: Auditor having indirect financial interests in audit client

⚫ Case 3: Loan ………….. with audit client

⚫ Case 9: Audit client senior personnel joins audit firm

⚫ Case 10: Auditor serving as audit client director

⚫ Case 11: Auditor is invited to attend board’s meetings or board level committee
meetings on a regular basis

⚫ Case 12: Long association of senior personnel with audit clients

⚫ Case 13: Providing non-audit services

⚫ Case 14: Preparing Accounting Records and Financial Statements

⚫ Case 24: Low balling in audit tender

⚫ Case 25: Contingent fee (prohibited)

⚫ Case 26: Gift and hospitality

⚫ Case 27: Actual or Threatened Litigation

…………
Case 1: Auditor owning shares in audit client:

Issue:

⚫ Own shares - If audit team member or its immediate family member own shares in
the audit client - significant self-interest threat.

Safeguards to remove the threat:

⚫ Removal - Remove the member from the audit engagement, ie assign another
person to the audit team.

Case 2: Auditor having indirect financial interests in audit client:

Issue:

⚫ If audit team ……… client - significant self-interest threat.

Safeguards to reduce or remove the threat:

⚫ Sell shares - Dispose of the indirect financial interest in total or dispose of a sufficient
amount of it so that the remaining interest is no longer material prior to the individual
becoming a member of the audit team; or

⚫ Removal - Remove the member from the audit engagement.

Case 3: Loan from/to audit client:

Issues:

Situation 1 - Loan from an audit client that is a bank – self interest threat but can be
managed:

A bank providing loan is normal course of business. A loan to the firm from an audit client
that is a bank or a finance company, would not create a threat to independence if:

 the loan is made under normal lending procedures, terms and requirements and;

 the loan is immaterial to both the firm and the audit client.

Safeguards: do not obtain loan from audit client (bank) if:

⚫ The amount is material; or

⚫ The loan is not based on commercial term.

Situation 2 - Loan from audit client that is not a bank - Significant self-interest
threat …………..
 Exam rehearsal question - Ryder & Co (Fundamental principles)

Exhibits You are a manager in Ryder & Co, a firm of Chartered

Certified Accountants, and you have taken on the
1. Tender responsibility for providing support and guidance to new
members of the firm. Ryder & Co has recently recruited a
Requirements new audit junior, Sam Tyler, who has come across several
issues in his first few months at the firm which he would like
Requirements (5 marks) your guidance on. Sam’s comments and questions are
Response options shown in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (5 marks)
Respond to the audit junior, explaining the ethical and professional matters arising from
the audit junior’s comments. (5 marks)

Exhibit 1. Tender
Crow Co is tendering for an important contract to supply Hatfield Co. I know that
Hatfield Co is also an audit client of our firm, and I have heard that Crow Co’s
management has requested our firm to provide advice on the tender it is preparing.
What matters should our firm consider in deciding whether to provide advice to Crow
Co on the tender?

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
To explain the impact, the following steps could be followed to demonstrate business
sense.
⚫ Step 1: What – could be a sub-heading.
⚫ Step 2: Describe your point.
⚫ Step 3: Further explain your point, ie so what…
⚫ Step 4: Case information – relate to the case.

Word Processor

Conflict of interest (Step 1 – Sub-heading)

A conflict of interest may create potential threats to objectivity and confidentiality to
comply with ACCA code (Step 2 – Description). A potential conflict between the interest
of two audit clients arises from Ryder & Co offering advice to Crow Co on the tender
being presented to Hatfield Co (Step 3 – Further explain; Step 4 – Relate to the case).

Objectivity (Step 1 – Sub-heading)

Ryder & Co faces the problem of potentially giving advice to one audit client in relation
to another audit client (Step 2 - Description), which threatens objectivity (Step 3 – Further
explain). This means advice given to one client (Hatfield Co) may be unfavourable to
another client (Step 4 – Relate to the case).

Confidentiality (Step 1- Sub-heading)

There may also be problems to do with confidentiality of information (Step 2-
Description), as ………. team may be used to ensure confidentiality issue can be solved
(Step 4 – Relate to the case).
….
 Exam rehearsal question - Leopard & Co (Threats to objectivity)

Exhibits You are a manager in one of the assurance departments

of Leopard & Co, a large firm of Chartered Certified
1. Representatives Accountants. You are currently assigned to a due
diligence engagement for one of your firm’s audit clients,
Requirements Cheetah Co, a manufacturer of bespoke furniture. The
audit of Cheetah Co is conducted by a team from a
Requirements (8 marks) different department; you have never been involved in
Response options the audit of this client.

The issue is contained in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (8 marks)
Comment on the ethical and professional issues raised, and recommend any actions
which should be taken in respect of the request from the management team of Cheetah
Co. (8 marks)

Exhibit 1. Representatives
The management team of Cheetah Co has also approached Leopard & Co to ask
whether representatives of the firm would be available to attend a meeting with the
company’s bankers, who they are hoping will finance the acquisition of Zebra Co, to
support the management team in conveying the suitability of the acquisition of Zebra
Co. For the meeting the bank requires the most up-to-date interim accounts of Cheetah
Co with the accompanying auditor’s independent interim review report. Your firm is due
to complete the interim review shortly and the management team of Cheetah Co has
requested that the interim review is completed quickly so that it does not hold up
negotiations with the bank, stating that if it does, it may affect the outcome of the next
audit tender, which is due to take place after the completion of this year’s audit.

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
To evaluate ethical issues, the following four step approach should be followed:
⚫ Step 1 – State threats from the case; - 1 mark
⚫ ……………
⚫ Step 3 – Recommend actions or safeguards. – 1 mark

Word Processor
Issues:

Advocacy threat
Accompanying the client to a meeting with their bankers will create an advocacy
threat to objectivity as Leopard & Co may be perceived to be representatives of
Cheetah Co. The threat is relevant since the bank may wish to establish a number of
facts relating to the suitability of providing finance to Cheetah Co. For example, they
may ask for representations that the company will continue as a going concern and
that any forecast cash flows presented are accurate.
………..
Exam rehearsal question - Thornhill & Co (Professional scepticism)

Exhibits You are an audit manager at Thornhill & Co responsible

for the audit of Northwest Co, a subsidiary of Valerian Co.
1. Audit of Northwest Co A different audit firm is responsible for the audit of Valerian
Co and the Valerian Group financial statements.
Requirements
The issue is contained in the exhibit 1.
Requirements (6 marks)
Response options

Requirement (6 marks)
Discuss how professional scepticism should be applied to the statements made by the
management and auditors of Valerian Co regarding the outstanding legal case. (6
marks)

Exhibit 1. Audit of Northwest Co

The audit of the financial statements of Northwest Co for the year ended 31 July 20x6 is
nearing completion, but the following issues require your attention before the auditor’s
report is signed and your final communication is made to the group auditor in response
to their request for information. The draft financial statements of Northwest Co recognise
a loss before tax of $50,000.

Northwest Co has been loss making for several years and it generates insufficient cash
to meet its significant debt obligations. The company relies on support from Valerian Co
in order to continue trading. The management of Valerian Co has confirmed verbally
that it will continue to support Northwest Co, but has not provided a formal letter of
support despite a number of requests.

You are aware that Valerian Co is the subject of a major lawsuit following an industrial
accident which resulted in significant pollution of local agricultural land and, most
seriously, loss of life. You attempted to discuss the matter with the directors of Valerian
Co but they refused, saying that it had already been investigated by the group auditor.
The group auditor informed you that the case is ongoing and that they have obtained
satisfactory representations from both management and legal advisers stating that they
were confident of successfully defending the claim. When you asked for copies of the
representations, the group auditor refused saying it was a matter relevant to the parent
company and that it was not relevant to the audit of Northwest Co.

Shortly after making your enquiries, you received a phone call from the group
engagement partner who said that the board of Valerian Co was concerned that you
might modify the auditor’s report of Northwest Co. He also said that, as the only person
with full oversight of audit matters relating to the Valerian Group, he did not think that it
would be necessary to modify the auditor’s report of Northwest Co and that he would
oppose any attempt to do so. He suggested that if the debt in the financial statements
of Northwest Co was the reason for seeking parental support that he would transfer it to
the Group and the letter of support would no longer be necessary.

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Potential for material misstatement

Without support from the parent, it is unlikely that Northwest Co would be considered a
going concern. There is …y circumstances which may cause the financial statements
to be materially misstated especially in relation to going concern matters.

Internally generated evidence

To reach a satisfactory conclusion in this matter, it is important to receive formal
confirmation of support from Valerian Co. The auditor must be sceptical of this form of
evidence because it is prepared by management and this sort of internally generated
evidence is not as reliable as other forms of externally generated evidence.

Use of judgement
The ability to provide support to Northwest Co is also a matter of judgement. The
management of Valerian Co would need to forecast their own cash flows and make a
judgement as to whether they will have sufficient capacity to meet Northwest Co’s
obligations in the event that the subsidiary cannot, however, these forecasts are
uncertainty and subjective. The auditor must therefore remain sceptical when
considering management’s pledge of support to Northwest Co.
….
Session 2: Professional liability

Auditor's
liability

Prove Four
Criminal Reducing Expectation
Civil liability factors to sue Joint liabilities
offences liabilities gap*
an auditor

Help client Shareholders 1. Duty of care to Knowledge,

launder or company shareholders/third Performance,
money, sues auditors - 1. Strict due diligence on
party (reasonable Evolution Gap.
evade taxes, Contract law If director client - allocate appropriate
proximity, ie
obstruce manipulates .. resources
evidence that
justice, insider ........internal As gaps exist,
auditors know third 2. .......and review
dealing Third parties control auditor firm
party exists, or 3. Disclaimer clause - in
(Banks, procedures, may limit its
audit report is other matter paragraph in
creditors or and auditors liability.
stated that the the auditor's report per ISA
other failed to
third party can rely 706
individual detect them.
on)
shareholders) 4. Professional Indemnity
- Tort law 2. Negligence Insurance (PII) - A MUST
(breach duty of Shareholders required by ACCA (usually
care, either can sue all of linked with annual fee
intentionally or them, ie each income)...
unintentionally) party is held
liable to a (LLA) - specifically state the
3. Cause losses report is not used by a
particular
4. Losses can be amount of pparticular party, such as
quantifiable liabilities. employee.
6. Register Limited Liability
Partnership business.

Examples of auditor’s liabilities:

Required:
Determine whether the auditor should be held liable for the client’s losses in the
following situations?

Case 1 - An employee from the bank applied the loan from the bank without
authorisation ………….. management and those charged with governance about this,
and there is no implication on auditor’s report.

Answer: Yes, because auditor knows bank and shareholders will use the audit report
and this is a breach of duty of care to those parties.

Case 2 – A finance company significantly changes the nature of the loans, and
 therefore, employees from the finance company makes loans to different customers
but this is not per the regulation/policy of the company.

Answer: Yes, because auditor knows finance company and shareholders will use the
audit report and this is a breach of duty of care to those parties.

Case 3 – Company’s profits after tax have been overstated, however, when auditors
check the ……………... Now company wants to chase money back from the auditor.

Answer: Yes, because ………uty of care to those parties.

………..

*Expectation gap

The expectation gap includes knowledge, performance and evolution gap.

Knowledge gap – a gap between what public thinks auditor should do and what auditors
actually do. Examples:
⚫ Auditors are thought to hold primary responsibility for accounts – management should
do this.
⚫ Auditors …….. assurance is given.
⚫ Auditors should give early warnings about possible business failure – auditors only
include potential going concern problems in the audit report in the ‘Material
Uncertainty related to Going Concern paragraph’ or ‘Key Audit Matter paragraph’ if
the going concern problems indicators are concluded not going to take place.

Performance gap – This is a ………..amples could be complexity in applying auditing and

accounting standards as they involve lots of judgments which can not be easily
understood by the public.

Evolution gap – This is the gap between what auditors are thought to perform, and what
public wants auditors to perform. Examples:
⚫ Auditor ………..ponsibly.
⚫ Auditors should assure investors that client’s strategy is fine – management’s
responsibilities.
Exam rehearsal question – Grimes Ltd (Methods to reduce auditors’ liabilities)

Exhibits You are the partner responsible for the audit of Grimes Ltd,
for the year ended 30 April 20x0. Grimes Ltd’s main
1. Auditor’s liability operating activity is property development. The
management of Grimes Ltd have asked that the audit
Requirements report be issued by no later than 25 June 20x0, and you
are aware that Grimes Ltd is hoping to secure finance
Requirements (4 marks) based on the audited financial statements.
Response options

Requirement (4 marks)
Explain FOUR methods that may be used by an audit firm to reduce exposure to litigation
claims. (4 marks)

Exhibit 1. Auditor’s liability

You are also responsible for providing guidance to more junior members of the audit
department of your firm on technical matters. Several recent recruits have asked for
guidance in the area of auditor’s liability. They are keen to understand how an audit
firm can reduce its exposure to claims of negligence.

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Client acceptance procedures

Firms should carefully assess the risk associated with potential audit clients. Screening
procedures should be used to identify matters that create potential exposure for the
audit firm. For example, it would be unwise to take on a new client with significant going
concern problems. (Alternative point: The issue is that a client should only be accepted
if the associated risk can be managed to an acceptably low level given the skills and
resources of the audit firm.)

Proper use of engagement letters

The engagement letter should be used to clearly state the responsibilities of the auditor,
and of management. As it forms a contract between the audit firm and the client, it
should be updated on an annual basis, with care being taken to ensure the client is fully
aware of any changes in the scope of the audit, or the reporting responsibilities of the
audit firm.
…………
 Chapter 4 Quality control and practice

Contents:
Session 1: Quality control
Session 2: Audit sampling and audit documentation
Session 3: Advertising, Fees and Tendering
Session 4: Professional appointments

Referenced syllabus: C.1.2.3

Referenced ISA:
⚫ ISQC 1 Quality control for firms
⚫ ISA 530 Audit Sampling
⚫ ISA 230 Audit Documentation
⚫ ISA 220 Quality control for an audit of Financial Statements
⚫ ISA 210 Agreeing the terms of audit engagements
Session 1: Quality control

Overview of the standard:

Quality Control

For an audit of Financial Statements

ISA 220 Quality control for an audit of

For firm as a whole Financial Statements
The engagement partner shall be
ISQC 1 Quality control for firms satisfied with human resources;
leadership; ethics; cold review; and
monitoringtatements

1. Human resources
2. Leadership
3. Ethics
4. Cold review
5. Monitoring
Key words For FIRM as a whole For an audit of Financial
Statements
1. Each engagement is led by an engagement Engagement partner should ensure:
partner. ⚫ Team as a whole (not necessarily

Human 2. Appropriate staff are assigned to perform being individual) has competence,

resources engagement. capabilities, knowledge of relevant

industry, time and IT knowledge.

1. Set up quality control policies. Engagement partner should ensure:

2. Cultivate culture to recognise and rewards ⚫ Comply ….), quality control
high quality audit work. policies and procedures.

Leadership 3. Allocate …rk. ⚫ Maintain professional scepticism

4. Partners’ attitude about quality control should throughout the audit.
be above commercial considerations.

Policies should be set up in line with IESBA code: Engagement partner should ensure
⚫ Require new personnel to declare immediate team members comply with the IESBA
and close family members, and any code.
shareholdings on joining the firm. Firms need to

Ethics update this annually.

⚫ Written …….. comply with firm’s policies and
procedures on independence.
⚫ Require engagement partners and senior staff
on all engagements to be rotated.

1. Review high risk files and normal risk files. Engagement partner should ensure cold

Cold review 2. Review every audit partner. review results on other audits should be
3. To learn from deficiencies when performing considered in the current engagement.
audits on engagements.

1. Proper direction ……….. daily progress) and Engagement partner should ensure:
review (hot review, second partner review, ⚫ Direction, supervision and review
Engagement Quality Control Review*) of are done – called Hot Review.
engagement shall be done. ⚫ Undertake appropriate
2. Consider consulting with experts on technical consultation on technical and

Monitoring and complex matters. ethical matters, and follow advice.

3. Audit …….. opinion is resolved, ie conflict in ⚫ Opinion ………..ment Partner.
opinions given by partner, and the ⚫ Engagement Quality Control
Engagement Quality Control Reviewer, then Review is done.
this matter should be brought to the
engagement partner to decide which
opinion to be issued.
*Engagement Quality Control Review: (ACCA Syllabus Updates – from 2024)

⚫ Audit firms shall …………..ield; has a level of authority in the firm who can challenge
decisions from other partners.
⚫ The ……ent.
⚫ Audit report can be issued - Only until the completion of the Engagement Quality
Control Review.
⚫ Areas ………… communicated with those charged with governance appropriately
(significant internal control deficiencies, Non compliance with laws and regulations,
fraud and audit report modification).
Session 2: Audit Sampling and Audit Documentation

ISA 530 Audit Sampling

Overview of the standard:

ISA 530

Definition:
Audit sampling is to apply audit procedures to select less
than 100% population before drawing a conclusion about
the entire population.
Sampling risk:
Audit sampling may lead to projection made by auditor is
not correct. ...population is tested, and therefore,
sampling risk is eliminated.
Two conclusions from sampling risks - 1. wrong opinion on
accounts; 2. additional audit work is needed.
Non-sampling risk:
This is unrelated to sampling risk, ie due to inappropriate
audit procedure or auditor's incompetency, so that a
wrong conclusion is drawn upon.

Sampling in substantive tests: Sampling Methods:

Sampling in tests of control:

1. Audit objective - Interest expenses 1. Statistical sampling:
have been ........rest being expensed to
1. Audit objective - all GDNs are matched P/L. Random sampling
with sales invoices. 2. Sample size - 10 journal entries. Systematic sampling
2. ........, detection risk (sampling risk) should 3. Randomly select samples. Monetary unit sampling
be reduced by increasing the sample size.
4. Test samples (also known as sampling
3. Randomly select samples. units) - number of entries to be selected 2. Non-statistical sampling:
4. Test samples (also known as sampling units) and carry out tests of details.
Haphazard sampling
- number of items to be tested and carry out 5. Extend ........be extended.
tests of control. Block selection
6. Confirm whether errors are one off
5. Extend the sample - ie, chosen item (GDN) error (due to human error), or recurring
is cancelled, then select another one; more error (due to weak internal controls) Other terms:
errors occurred than expected, so that
7. Calculate projected misstatements. Stratification:
sample size could be extended.
For example, Total interest expenses are Stratification is the process where
6. Confirm whether ..........or recurring error
$800,000, the sample value selected is a ..................making the sample
(due to weak internal controls)
$200,000. Within $200,000, the $30,000 more focussed, overall sample size
7. Calculate Projected Deviation Rate (PDR) interests were in correctly capitalised due could be reduced, making the
and compare this with the Tolerable Error (TE). to human error, and $15,000 due to weak audit more efficient. For example,
8. If PDR > TE, follow up on deficiencies (*) by internal control. a sample of 50 could be divided
testing the related errors, with substantive Therefore: into 25 Wednesday invoices and 25
procedures on final audit. However, if PDR < Friday invoices.
$15,000/($200,000-$30,000) = projected
TE, it's fine.
misstatement/($800,000-$30,000).
9. Consider further actions (ISA 265 Therefore, the projected misstatement = Extrapolation:
Communicating .............> TE: $67,941. Extrapolation (Projection) is the
a.Discuss deficiencies with management - Both $67,941 (projected mistatement) process of taking the result of a
mere deficiencies and the $30,000 (due to human error, ie sample ..........totals $1million, then
b.........deficiencies factual error) should be included in the 10% of the total has been tested. If
step 8, ie the Summary of Uncorrected errors totalling $50,000 are found in
c.Consider management letter, ie Misstatements. the sample, it could be suggested
summarising deficiencies with suggested that the population has errors of
improvements. 8. Include projected misstatements into
Summary of Uncorrected Misstatements. $500,000.
*Follow up on deficiencies:

⚫ Example – Internal control on sales system.

⚫ Audit objective – to confirm all sales orders are authorised.

Original sample Extend sample Follow up

Using RANDOM selection Using RANDOM selection NOT using random

selection, but by
selecting sales orders
with ‘Tomji Ltd’ for a
quarter (let’s say)
Sales order Authorized or Sales order Authorized or Sales Authorized
number not? number not? order or not?
number
….. Yes … Yes … No – Tomji
Ltd

Projected Deviation Rate (PDR) = 4/200 = …….

Sampling methods:

1. Statistical sampling:

Random selection:
Samples are selected based on numbers generated from random number generators or
random number tables. Each item in a population has an equal chance of selection.

Systematic selection:
Population is divided by the number of samples to determine a sampling interval.
Samples are selected based on this sampling interval, ie every 40th item is selected. The
first sample is determined randomly.

Monetary Unit Sampling (MUS):

This is a type of value-weighted selection based on monetary amounts. This is also known
as value-weighted sampling, this method picks every 25th dollar, rather than every 25th
item. For instance, there are four invoices:

Invoice Value Cumulative value

1 $100 $100
2 $1,000 $1,100
3 $600 $1,700
4 $800 $2,500
 5 $1,300 $3,800

Say the business wants to check every 3th item, therefore, by dividing $3,800 into 3, it gives
us every $1,267th item should be selected.

The business can choose the first item at random, let’s say $80. Therefore, when it hits the
cumulative value of $1,347 ($80+$1,267), the item should be selected, in this case, it is the
3rd invoice (as the cumulative value of $1,700 > $1,347). The next item to be selected is
the 5th invoice ($3,800>$2,614).

2. Non-statistical sampling:

Haphazard selection:
The auditor selects the sample without following a structured technique. The auditor must
ensure that no conscious bias or predictability arises.

Block/Sequence selection:
The population is divided into small blocks. When a block is selected, all the items in the
box are selected. An example of block selection is where the auditor may examine all the
remittances from customers in the month of February. Similarly, the auditor may only
examine remittance advices that are numbered 310 to 350. Block sampling may produce
samples that are not representative of the population as a whole, particularly if errors only
occurred during a certain part of the period.
ISA 230 Audit Documentation

Overview of the standard:

ISA 230

Documentation include: Benefits:

Planning working papers; Help with planning, quality control,
Performed audit procedures - for audit training, next year's audit for highlighted
evidence obtained; matters, lawsuit.
Conclusions.

Ownership and
Confidentiality and
Types of audit files retention of
Security
working papers

Owned by
Keep client
auditors, not
information
Permanent audit file (information to be used in management or
confidential
every audit): shareholders
1. .........etc.
2. Company Articles Lock paper files
3. Any long ......agreements) Kept at least 5
Set passwords for years
4. An .....t the company. digital files

Current audit file (information to be updated in

every audit):
1. Include planning, evidence and conclusion
sections.
2. Assembly of this file should be finished within
60 days after the a.......udit report is issued, ie
delete or ........to working papers, sign off
completion checklists.
3. After 60 days, no one is allowed to access to
working papers ........ound (before AGM).
Exam rehearsal question - Rockwell & Co (Quality control procedures)

Exhibits You are an audit manager at Rockwell & Co, a firm of

Chartered Certified Accountants. You are responsible for
1. Audit findings the audit of the Hopper Group, a listed audit client which
supplies ingredients to the food and beverage industry
Requirements worldwide.

Requirements (4 marks) The audit work for the year ended 30 June 2015 is nearly
Response options complete, and you are reviewing the draft audit report
which has been prepared by the audit senior.

The audit findings are included in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (4 marks)
Discuss the quality control procedures which should be carried out by Rockwell & Co
prior to the audit report on the Hopper Group being issued. (4 marks)

Exhibit 1. Audit findings

During the audit, we found out that in management’s calculation of goodwill on the
acquisition of the new subsidiary, the directors have failed to recognise consideration
which is contingent upon meeting certain development targets, ie violation of IFRS 3
Business Combinations.

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Reviewer
An engagement quality control reviewer shall be appointed for audits of financial
statements of listed entities per ISA. (Tutorial note: ISA 220 Quality Control for an Audit of
Financial Statements and ISQC 1 Quality Control for Firms that Perform Audits and
Reviews of Historical Financial Information, and Other Assurance and Related Services
Agreements)

Discussion
The audit engagement partner then discusses significant matters arising during the audit
engagement with the engagement quality control reviewer.

The engagement quality control reviewer and the engagement partner should discuss
the failure to recognise the contingent consideration and its impact on the auditor’s
report.
……….
Exam rehearsal question - Kennel & Co (Evaluate matters relating to quality control,
ethics and other professional matters)

Exhibits Kennel & Co, a firm of Chartered Certified Accountants, is

the external audit provider for the Retriever Group (the
1. Comments from the Group), a manufacturer of mobile phones and laptop
audit team computers. The Group obtained a stock exchange listing
in July 2012. The audit of the consolidated financial
Requirements statements for the year ended 28 February 2013 is nearing
completion.
Requirements ( marks)
Response options You are a manager in the audit department of Kennel &
Co, responsible for conducting engagement quality
control reviews on listed audit clients. You have discussed
the Group audit with some of the junior members of the
audit team, one of whom made the following comments
about how it was planned and carried out. These
comments are included in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (13 marks)

In relation to the audit of the Retriever Group, evaluate the quality control, ethical and
other professional matters arising in respect of the planning and performance of the
Group audit. (13 marks)

Exhibit 1. Comments from the audit team

‘The audit has been quite time-pressured. The audit manager told the juniors not to
perform some of the planned audit procedures on items such as directors’ emoluments
and share capital as they are considered to be low risk.

He also instructed us not to use the firm’s statistical sampling methods in selecting trade
receivables balances for testing, as it would be quicker to pick the sample based on
our own judgement.

‘Two of the juniors were given the tasks of auditing trade payables and going concern.
The audit manager asked us to review each other’s work as it would be good training
for us, and he didn’t have time to review everything.

‘I was discussing the Group’s tax position with the financial controller, when she said that
she was struggling to calculate the deferred tax asset that should be recognised. The
deferred tax asset has arisen because several of the Group’s subsidiaries have been loss
making this year, creating unutilised tax losses.
 As I had just studied deferred tax at college I did the calculation of the Group’s deferred
tax position for her. The audit manager said this saved time as we now would not have
to audit the deferred tax figure.

‘The financial controller also asked for my advice as to how the tax losses could be
utilised by the Group in the future. I provided her with some tax planning
recommendations, for which she was very grateful.’

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note – Exam technique:

To evaluate quality control issues, the following four step approach should be followed:
⚫ What – clues from the case (usually 0 marks)
⚫ Standard AND whether this is followed (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ Why, or …………… (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ How – further action needed to correct the wrong thing (usually 0.5 marks)

To illustrate the exam technique, in each paragraph below, we will include four sentences
to follow the above four steps.

To evaluate ethical issues, the following four step approach should be followed:
⚫ Step 1 – State threats from the case; - 1 mark
⚫ Step 2 – Level of threats and whether per code of ethics, this is banned; - 1 mark
⚫ Step 3 – ………. mark

Word Processor

Time
The audit has been quite time-pressured and this may lead to low quality work to be
performed. The team leader should have supervised progress throughout the audit,
however, we are not sure whether enough audit work is performed within the deadline.
The purpose is to ensure adequate time to be spent so that sufficient appropriate audit
evidence could be obtained so that to reduce risks of giving a wrong audit opinion. The
engagement partner shall discuss the matter with client to extend deadline.

Related party
The audit manager told the juniors not to perform some of the planned audit procedures
on items such as directors’ emoluments and share capital because they are deemed
to be low risk, and this significantly increase the risk of giving a wrong audit opinion.
Director emoluments should be audited in detail as they fall in the scope of related
party transactions, and risks for these transactions are generally considered to be
significant, however, ………….. audited in more detail.

Sampling methods
Manager told not to use ………… is biased by focusing on balances which are easy to
audit. The purpose is to ensure sample is representative of the population so that sample
results can be extrapolated to the population. We should review the appropriateness of
the sample juniors selected.
Exam rehearsal question - Davis Co (Quality control issues, implications and
communications with those charged with governance)

Exhibits The audit of Davis Co’s financial statements for the year
ended 30 November 2017 is nearing completion and the
1. Note for review auditor’s report is due to be signed next week. Davis Co
manufactures parts and components for the aviation
Requirements industry.

Requirements: You are conducting an engagement quality control

1. (4 marks) review on the audit of Davis Co which is a listed entity and
2. (6 marks) a significant new client of your firm.
3. (6 marks)
4. (4 marks) You have identified the issue relating to quality control as
Response options a result of your review and this is included in the exhibit 1.

Requirement (4,6,6,4 marks)

Evaluate the quality control issues and the implications for the completion of the audit
including any further actions which should be taken by your audit firm. Your answer
should include the matters to be communicated to management and to those charged
with governance in relation to the audit of Davis Co.

Note: The split of the mark allocation is shown against each issue described above.

Exhibit 1. Note for review

(i) The planned audit approach to trade payables was to place reliance on purchasing
controls and keep substantive tests to a minimum. During controls testing on trade
payables, from a random statistical sample, the audit team identified three purchase
orders which had not been authorised by the procurement manager. On review of the
supporting documentation, the audit team concluded that the items were legitimate
business purchases and therefore concluded that no additional procedures were
required. (4 marks)

(ii) Following a review of petty cash transactions, the audit assistant identified that the
petty cashier paid for taxi fares for personal, non-business journeys with a total value of
$175. Following discussions with the audit assistant, you have ascertained that he did
not report the matter further as the amount is immaterial. The audit assistant also
commented that the petty cashier is his brother and that he did not want to get him
into trouble. (6 marks)
(iii) Cut-off testing on revenue has identified two goods despatch notes, dated 2
December 2017, for items sent to Chinn Co, with a combined sales value of $17,880
which had been included in revenue for the year ended 30 November 2017. The client’s
financial controller, David Mount, has explained that Chinn Co does not order on a
regular basis from Davis Co. In the absence of a regular payment history with Chinn Co
therefore, and in order to minimise the receivables collection period from this particular
customer, the sales invoice is raised and sent to the customer on the same day that the
sales order is received. The average time period between the receipt of an order and
despatching the goods to the customer is approximately one to two weeks. The audit
working papers have concluded that no further investigation is necessary. (6 marks)

(iv) The finance director, Leslie Gray, has not completed the tax computation for the
year ended 30 November 2017. He has recently asked the audit assistant to calculate
the company’s tax payable for the year on the basis that as a recently qualified
chartered certified accountant, the audit assistant was more up to date with recent
changes in tax legislation. (4 marks)

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

(i) Controls testing on payables:

Quality control issues:

Three purchase orders were not authorised by the procurement manager although they
are legitimate purchases, and this suggests control system is weak. Proper controls shall
be in place such as authorisation of purchases, otherwise this increases control risks if no
other procedures are performed on controls over procurement. There is a risk that there
might be other purchase orders which were not authorised and not legitimate. This
matter should be reported to manager and partner immediately.

Implications for the completion of the audit:

Prior to finalising the audit, the audit team needs to assess the extent and significance
of the internal control deficiency and should consider increasing the original sample size
and extending the audit testing.

Further actions:
If the extended testing identifies further exceptions in the effective operation of the
control, the auditor should review whether a controls based approach is appropriate
and consider whether more substantive testing on the payables component is required.
……………
Session 3: Advertising, Fees and Tendering

1. Advertisement and publicity:

Advertising and Publicity

ACCA rule book requirements Cross selling

Evidence backed up
No criticisms on others
Definitely clear
Ensure to comply with laws
Fundamental ethics
Other practical issues including fees

Per the ACCA rule book about advertising: (Mnemonics: BCDEF)

Rules Explanation
Evidence Any comments about the scale of the firm should be backed up with
backed up numbers such as number of offices.

No criticisms on The advertising should not reflect adversely on the member, the ACCA,
others the accountancy profession as a whole or making unflattering
references to services of others.

Definitely clear Advertisements can’t be too vague or misleading, for example, to

improve business efficiency; or if the firm only has one overseas branch,
it may not be appropriate to call itself ‘international firm’.

Ensure to comply Advertisement can’t break the local laws and regulations.
with laws
Fundamental Advertisements should be professional, do not post the advertisement in
ethics the supermarket.
Other practical issues:

Issues Explanation
Member descriptions ACCA members = ACCA, Fellow members = FCCA.
If the member belong two or more accountancy bodies, they
should use all designatory letters on their business card after their
name, or none at all.

Practice descriptions An accountancy firm can be called ‘A firm of Chartered Certified

Accountants’, or ‘a firm of Certified Accountants’, or an ‘ACCA
practice’ if:
1. at least ……………….. or directors hold at least 51% voting rights.

Sole practitioner who obtains appropriate certificate can use

‘Chartered Certified Accountants’, ie plural form. It can also use ‘&
Co’ in its name, ie ‘Samuel & Co’.

ACCA logo The ACCA logo can only be used if the firm has at least one ACCA
member as partner.

Fees ⚫ Lowballing – setting a low fee (even nil fees – but usually only
for the first year, otherwise, audit firm may not survive) at the
start to secure the business. This is allowed unless audit quality is
maintained.
⚫ Contingent fee – fee ………….llowed in audit but it is allowed in
non-audit works.
⚫ Fixed fee quotation – to quote the client on a fixed fee,
however, ethical issues should be considered such as whether
it creates self interest threat if the audit work is not profitable.
⚫ Referral fees – for the …………. otherwise, it creates self interest
threat.

Cold calling 1. Cold calling the new client will be subject to laws in local
jurisdictions.
2. Cold calling existing clients for additional services is allowed.

Description of Such as tax advisor – if the firm is competent and this is allowed.
specialism
Cross selling:

⚫ This is where audit staff introduce non-audit services (advisory on strategy, corporate
governance, corporate finance, M&A) to their audit client.
⚫ Cross selling is ALLOWED by ACCA Code, however, there are two situations:

Cross selling:
...........staff

To Partners
(Engagement partner, To Managers
Quality Control Review
Partner)

Not allowed: Allowed to receive a Not allowed to evaluate

special ........sold to audit manager's performance
Shall not be evaluated client based ..........clients
based on the success
of ......services that
introduced

Safeguards shall be Alternatively, it is more

applied to review that prudent of not to offer
manager's work by such bonus scheme at
Create a self interest another team all
threat to objectivity, ie to
keep the non-audit
services, unlikely to
modify audit report

2. Tendering:

Tendering is the procedure to quote a fee for work before it starts. The form of tenders
includes formal tendering documentation and an oral presentation.

Contents in the proposal:

⚫ Our background, ie outline of …….., quality control procedures
⚫ What does the client require, ie audit or non-audit services
⚫ The proposed audit approach, such as by whom, when, geographical coverage etc
⚫ Legal …………. ISAs
⚫ Fees …………; Location of client.)

Steps in tendering:
1. Audit firm is invited to submit tender for the audit engagement.
2. Audit firm …………… and doubts over client’s management, firms shall not submit the
tender document), and if yes:
3. Client evaluates the tender, and if the firm wins the tender:
4. Audit firm accepts the decision and hold initial meeting with client to confirm the
engagement term, signing the Engagement Letter, planning the engagement and
 starting the work.

Rules in the UK:

⚫ It requires all UK public ……… audit tender at the 10 years midpoint, although the
statutory auditor can be rotated after a maximum of 20 years period.
⚫ Key audit partner must be rotated after 7 years.
⚫ Mandatory …………… by new auditors more carefully. However, there is an increase
in cost for the audit client as the new firm needs time to build up the new audit file.
 Exam rehearsal question - Monet & Co (Advertising rules)

Exhibits You are a manager in Monet & Co, a firm of accountants

which has 12 offices and 30 partners, 10 of whom are
Advertisement members of ACCA. As an expert in ethics and professional
conduct, you have been asked to advise the partners on
Requirements the following issues, which were raised at a recent
meeting.
Requirements (7 marks)
Response options An advertisement has been drafted as part of the firm’s
drive to increase the number of clients. It is suggested
that it should be placed in a number of quality national as
well as local newspapers. The advertisement is included in
the exhibit 1.

Requirement (7 marks)
Evaluate the issue described above, commenting on the ethical and professional issues
raised and recommend any actions necessary in response to the issues identified.

Exhibit

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
To evaluate the issue, the four-step approach should be adopted.
⚫ What – clues from the case (usually 0 marks)
⚫ Standard AND whether this is followed (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ Why, or implications if wrong thing continues (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ How – further action needed to correct the wrong thing (usually 0.5 marks)
 Word Processor

“Accountant charging you too much for poor quality services?”

This reflects in a negative way on other firms and it seems to imply that they charge a
lot for poor quality audit work. The ACCA advertising rules state that advertisements
should not discredit services offered by other firms through claiming superiority for firm's
own services, and it seems the rule is not followed. It is important to be professional.
Therefore, the statement should be taken out.

“Most comprehensive range of finance and accountancy services in the country”

This is misleading regarding the firm size as Monet only has 12 offices and 30 partners,
hence it is not possible to offer the most comprehensive range of services. The ACCA
advertising rules state advertisements should not be misleading and it seems this is not
followed. It is important to be professional. Therefore, the statement should be taken out.
…………….
Exam rehearsal question - Dragon Group (Tendering)

Exhibits The Dragon Group is a large group of companies

operating in the furniture retail trade. The group has
1. Meeting notes expanded rapidly in the last three years, by acquiring
several subsidiaries each year. The management of the
Requirements parent company, Dragon Co, a listed company, has
decided to put the audit of the group and all subsidiaries
Requirements (10 marks) out to tender, as the current audit firm is not seeking re-
Response options election. The financial year end of the Dragon Group is 30
September 2009.

You are a senior manager in Unicorn & Co, a global firm

of Chartered Certified Accountants, with offices in over
150 countries across the world. Unicorn & Co has been
invited to tender for the Dragon Group audit (including
the audit of all subsidiaries). You manage a department
within the firm which specialises in the audit of retail
companies, and you have been assigned the task of
drafting the tender document. You recently held a
meeting with Edmund Jalousie, the group finance
director, in which you discussed the current group
structure, recent acquisitions, and the group’s plans for
future expansion.

Requirement (10 marks)

Recommend and describe the principal matters to be included in your firm’s tender
document to provide the audit service to the Dragon Group. (10 marks)

Exhibit
Meeting notes – Dragon Group

Group structure
The parent company owns 20 subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. Half of the
subsidiaries are located in the same country as the parent, and half overseas. Most of
the foreign subsidiaries report under the same financial reporting framework as Dragon
Co, but several prepare financial statements using local accounting rules.

Acquisitions during the year

Two companies were purchased in March 2009, both located in this country:

(i) Mermaid Co, a company which operates 20 furniture retail outlets. The audit opinion
 expressed by the incumbent auditors on the financial statements for the year ended 30
September 2008 was qualified by a disagreement over the non-disclosure of a
contingent liability. The contingent liability relates to a court case which is still on-going.

(ii) Minotaur Co, a large company, whose operations are distribution and warehousing.
This represents a diversification away from retail, and it is hoped that the Dragon Group
will benefit from significant economies of scale as a result of the acquisition.

Other matters
The acquisitive strategy of the group over the last few years has led to significant growth.
Group revenue has increased by 25% in the last three years, and is predicted to increase
by a further 35% in the next four years as the acquisition of more subsidiaries is planned.

The Dragon Group has raised finance for the acquisitions in the past by becoming listed
on the stock exchanges of three different countries. A new listing on a foreign stock
exchange is planned for January 2010. For this reason, management would like the
group audit completed by 31 December 2009.

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
In each paragraph, the following steps should be followed:
Step 1 – your point
…………….

Word Processor

Brief outline of Unicorn & Co

This should include a short history of the firm, a description of its organisational structure,
the different services offered by the firm (such as audit, tax, corporate finance, etc), and
the locations in which the firm operates. The geographical locations in which Unicorn &
Co operates will be important given the multi-national structure of the Dragon Group.

Specialisms of the firm

Unicorn & Co should describe the areas in which the firm has particular experience of
relevance to the Dragon Group. It would be advantageous to stress that the firm has an
audit department dedicated to the audit of clients in the retail industry, as this
emphasises the experience that the firm has relevant to the specific operations of the
group.
Identification of the needs of the Dragon Group
The tender document should outline the requirements of the client, in this case, that
each subsidiary is required to have an individual audit on its financial statements, and
that the consolidated financial statements also need to be audited. Unicorn & Co may
choose to include here a brief clarification of the purpose and legal requirements of an
audit. The potential provision of non-audit services should be discussed, either here, or
in a separate section of the tender document.
………..
Session 4: Professional appointments

ISA 210 Agreeing the terms of audit engagements

Overview of the standard:

ISA 210

Audit engagement letter is sent by

auditor to client before audit starts.

It forms the basis of audit contract

between client and audit firm.

Contents: Factors to consider:

Recurring audit:
1. Audit scope - reference to ISA. Time to build up knowledge
Annual review of the engagement
2. Disclaimer - risk based approach, not letter is ...........following situations, a Expertise
100% audited. new engagement letter should be .........system
3. Audit objective - responsible for giving sent.
opinion. 1. Significant change in business
Opening balance of financial statement
4. Management responsibilities (pre- oeprations, management, legal Management style
conditions) - prepare FS; sound internal requirement, ownership of the
control (control procedures and business. Existing client’s relationship - (conflict of
information system); give auditors access interest)Pressure on fees
2. Revised terms of the engagement
to all information for auditing purposes. letter. Reputation of client
5. Auditors responsibilities - obtain Advocacy threat
sufficient and appropriate audit
evidence. Integrity
6. Format - audit report, reasonable Risks of material misstatement
assurance.
7. Estimated fees - the basis of fees
calculation, with any billing
arrangements.
Acceptance considerations:

The following matters should be considered to determine:

⚫ Workload and time spent

⚫ Risks to be taken, such as impact on ethics, reputation and punishment by laws
⚫ These will affect fees calculation

Factors to Explanation
consider
Time to build up Tight audit deadline – consider resources available to build up
knowledge client’s understanding.

Expertise ……….. be used.

Client’s control Client’s internal control system has an impact on our audit
system approach, ie reliance on tests of control or full substantive tests as
it affects audit workload and fees quotation.

Opening balance A ………..lso need to consider the competence of previous year’s

of financial auditor.
statement
Management style Aggressive management style will affect our potential working
relationship, ie future communication and recommendation may
not be accepted by management and this increases difficulties
during the audit.

……..ship Conflicts between existing clients’ interests, or member’s interest

(conflict of and client’s interest (such as we set up a similar company to
interest) compete with clients) shall be considered.

Auditor should not accept audit appointment unless the conflicts

of interests can be managed in the following ways:
⚫ Inform the potential client and the existing client (if
applicable) of the conflict of interests.
⚫ Obtain consent to act from the both the potential client and
client.
⚫ Assign two different audit teams with two different audit
engagement partners to perform audit.
⚫ Implement control procedures to ensure client’s
confidential ……………..rotected, including such as using
physical and passwords controls to audit working papers.

Pressure on fees Potential intimidation and self interest threats to objectivity.

 From business’s perspective, we need to consider whether we can
recover costs through fees quoted.

Reputation of If the ………dit firm’s reputation as well.

client
…….. We may not accept engagement when client is involved in
ongoing investigations such as by tax authorities.

Integrity Frauds and potential money laundering activities

…………ement Risks of accounts manipulation to obtain finance will increase

ROMM and our audit workload as well as difficulties inn audit.
Exam rehearsal question - Mitchell & Co (Acceptance decisions)

Exhibits You are a senior audit manager in Mitchell & Co, a firm of
Chartered Certified Accountants. You are reviewing
1. Meeting with Finance some information regarding a potential new audit client,
Director Ricardo Feller Medix Co, a supplier of medical instruments. Extracts from
notes taken at a meeting that you recently held with the
2. Comments by Mick finance director of Medix Co, Ricardo Feller, are shown in
the exhibit 1.
3. Press release cut
After receiving permission from Medix Co, you held a
Requirements discussion with the current audit partner of Medix Co, Mick
Evans, who runs a small accounting and audit practice of
Requirements (10 marks) which he is one of two partners. Mick made the
Response options comments in the exhibit 2.

An extract from the press release is included in exhibit 3.

Requirement (12 marks)

Assessing the professional, ethical and other issues to be considered in deciding
whether to proceed with the appointment as auditor of Medix Co.

Exhibit 1. Meeting with Finance Director Ricardo Feller

Medix Co is a provider of specialised surgical instruments used in medical procedures.
The company is owner managed, has a financial year ending 30 June 20x8, and has
invited our firm to be appointed as auditor for the forthcoming year end. The audit is
not going out to tender. Ricardo Feller has been with the company since January 20x8,
following the departure of the previous finance director, who is currently taking legal
action against Medix Co for unfair dismissal. Now it is the last month of the financial year.

Company background:
Medix Co manufactures surgical instruments which are sold to hospitals and clinics. Due
to the increased use of laser surgery in the last four years, demand for traditional metal
surgical instruments, which provided 75% of revenue in the year ended 30 June 20x7,
has declined rapidly. Medix Co is expanding into the provision of laser surgery
equipment, but research and development is at an early stage. The directors feel
confident that the laser instruments currently being designed will eventually receive the
necessary licence for commercial production, and that the laser product will replace
surgical instruments as a leading source of revenue.

There is currently one scientist working on the laser equipment, subcontracted by Medix
Co on a freelance basis. The building in which the research is being carried out has
recently been significantly extended by the construction of a large laboratory.

A considerable revenue stream is derived from agents who are not employed by Medix
Co. The agents earn a commission based on the value of sales they have secured for
Medix Co during the year. There are many suppliers into the market and agents are
used by all manufacturers as a means of marketing and distributing their products.

The company’s manufacturing facility is located in another country, where operating

costs are significantly lower. The facility is under the control of a local manager who visits
the head office of Medix Co annually for a meeting with senior management. Products
are imported via airplane. The overseas plant and equipment is owned by the company
and was constructed 12 years ago specifically for the manufacture of metal surgical
instruments.

The company has a bank overdraft facility and makes use of the facility most months.
A significant bank loan, which will carry a variable interest rate, is currently being
negotiated. The terms of the loan will be finalised once the audited financial statements
have been viewed by the bank.

Exhibit 2. Comments by Mick

‘Medix Co has been an audit client for three years. We took over from the previous
auditors following a disagreement between them and the directors of Medix Co over
fees. As we are a small practice with low overheads we could offer lower fees than our
predecessors. We could also do the audit very quickly, which pleased the client, as they
like to keep costs as low as possible.

During our audits we have found the internal systems and controls to be quite weak.
Despite our recommendations, there always seemed to be a lack of interest in making
improvements to the accounting systems, as this was seen to be a ‘waste of money’.
There have been two investigations by the tax authorities, which we did not deal with,
as we are not tax experts. In the end the directors sorted it all out, and I believe that the
tax matter is now resolved.

We never had a problem getting access to accounting books and records. However,
the managing director, Jon Tate, once gave us what he described as ‘the wrong cash
book’ by mistake, and replaced it with the ‘proper version’ later in the day. We never
found out why he was keeping two cash books, but cash was an immaterial asset so
we didn’t worry about it too much.

We are resigning as auditors because the work load is too much for our small practice,
and as Medix Co is our only audit client we have decided to focus on providing non-
audit services in the future.’
 Exhibit 3. Press release cut
Extract from local newspaper – business section, 2 June 20x8

It appears that local company Medix Co has breached local planning regulations by
building an extension to its research and development building for which no local
authority approval has been given. The land on which the premises is situated has
protected status as a ‘greenfield’ site which means approval by the local authority is
necessary for any modification to commercial buildings.

A representative of the local planning office stated today: ‘We feel that this is a serious
breach of regulations and it is not the first time that Medix Co has deliberately ignored
planning rules.

The company was successfully sued in 20x3 for constructing an access road without
receiving planning permission, and we are considering taking legal action in respect of
this further breach of planning regulations. We are taking steps to ensure that these
premises should be shut down within a month. A similar breach of regulations by a
different company last year resulted in the demolition of the building.’

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:
To explain the issue, the following steps should be followed:
⚫ What – clues from the case (usually 0 marks)
⚫ Standard AND ……….. (usually 0.5 marks)
⚫ ……..
⚫ How – further action needed to correct the wrong thing (usually 0.5 marks)

Word Processor

Time to build up knowledge

It is currently the last month of the financial year. We need to perform proper audit
planning to reduce risks of giving an audit opinion, ie gain a better understanding of
Medix, and we need to confirm whether there is enough time to do this. This needs to
be specifically considered in Medix because it operates in a reasonably specialist and
highly regulated industry. Therefore, we need to consider whether our firm has sufficient
resources to put together an audit team so quickly without detracting from other client
work currently being conducted.
……….
Exam rehearsal question - Newman & Co (Acceptance decisions for assurance other
than audit)

Exhibits You are a manager in Newman & Co, a global fi rm of

Chartered Certified Accountants. You are responsible for
1. Notes from meeting evaluating proposed engagements and for
with audit manager, Ali recommending to a team of partners whether or not an
Monroe engagement should be accepted by your firm.

Requirements Eastwood plc is an existing audit client and is an

international mail services operator, with a global network
Requirements (12 marks) including 220 countries and 300,000 employees. The
Response options company offers mail and freight services to individual and
corporate customers, as well as storage and logistical
services.

Eastwood plc takes its corporate social responsibility

seriously, and publishes social and environmental key
performance indicators (KPIs) in a Sustainability Report,
which is published with the financial statements in the
annual report. Partly in response to requests from
shareholders and pressure groups, Eastwood plc’s
management has decided that in the forthcoming
annual report, the KPIs should be accompanied by an
independent assurance report. An approach has been
made to your fi rm to provide this report in addition to the
audit.

Your firm has recently established a sustainability reporting

assurance team based in Oldtown, and if the
engagement to report on the Sustainability Report is
accepted, it would be performed by members of that
team, who would not be involved with the audit.

Requirement (12 marks)

Identify and explain the matters that should be considered in evaluating the invitation
to perform an assurance engagement on the Sustainability Report of Eastwood plc.

Exhibit 1. Notes from meeting with audit manager, Ali Monroe

Newman & Co has audited Eastwood plc for three years, and it is a major audit client
of our fi rm, due to its global presence and recent listing on two major stock exchanges.
The audit is managed from our office in Oldtown, which is also the location of the global
headquarters of Eastwood plc.

We have not done any work on the KPIs, other than review them for consistency, as we
would with any ‘other information’ issued with the financial statements. The KPIs are
produced by Eastwood plc’s Sustainability Department, located in Fartown. We have
not visited Eastwood plc’s offices in Fartown as it is in a remote location overseas, and
the departments based there are not relevant to the audit.

We have performed audit procedures on the charitable donations, as this is disclosed

in a note to the financial statements, and our evidence indicates that there have been
donations of £9 million this year, which is the amount disclosed in the note. However,
the draft KPI is a different figure – £10·5 million, and this is the figure highlighted in the
draft Chairman’s Statement as well as the draft Sustainability Report. £9 million is
material to the financial statements.

The audit work is nearly complete, and the annual report is to be published in about
four weeks, in time for the company meeting, scheduled for 31 January 2011.

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Eastwood Co’s requirements

Assurance engagements can vary in terms of the level of work that is expected, and
the level of assurance that is required. This will clearly impact on the scale of the
assignment. For example, Eastwood Co may require specifi c procedures to be
performed on certain KPIs to provide a high level of assurance, whereas a lower level
of assurance may be acceptable for other KPIs. Newman & Co should also clarify the
expected form and content and expected wording of the assurance report itself, and
whether any specific third party will be using the Sustainability Report for a particular
purpose, as this may create risk exposure for the firm.

Time pressure
Since financial statements are scheduled to be published in four weeks, it is doubtful
whether the assurance assignment could be completed, and a report issued, in time
for it to be included in the annual report, particularly given the global nature of the
assignment. Therefore, Newman & Co may wish to clarify with Eastwood Co’s
management whether they intend to publish the assurance report within the annual
report, as they have done previously, or whether a separate report will be issued at a
later point in time, which would allow more time for the assurance engagement to be
conducted.

Competence
The audit firm’s sustainability reporting assurance team has only been recently
established, and the firm may not have sufficient experienced staff to perform the
assurance engagement. The fundamental principle of professional competence and
due care requires that members of an engagement team should possess sufficient skill
and knowledge to be able to perform the assignment. Some of Eastwood Co’s KPIs
appear quite specialised and it may require specialist knowledge and expertise.
Newman & Co could bring in experts to perform this work, if necessary, but this would
have cost implications and would reduce the recoverability of the assignment.
………
Chapter 5 Planning and conducting an audit of historical financial

information

Contents:
Session 1: Planning, materiality and assessing the risk of material misstatement
Session 2: Evidence and testing considerations
Session 3: Group audits

Referenced syllabus: Part D, 1,2,3 (except for (a)),4,5

Referenced ISAs:
⚫ ISA 200 Overall Objective of the Independent Auditor & the Conduct of an Audit in
⚫ Accordance with ISAs
⚫ ISA 330 The auditors’ responses to assessed risks
⚫ ISA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial Statements
⚫ ISA 320 Materiality in planning and performing an audit
⚫ ISA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement (Revised 2019)
⚫ ISA 520 Analytical Procedures
⚫ ISA 500 Audit Evidence
⚫ ISA 501 - Audit Evidence Regarding Specific Financial Statement Account Balances
and Disclosures
⚫ ISA 505 External Confirmation
⚫ ISA 540 (Revised 2018) Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related Disclosures
⚫ ISA 510 Initial Audit Engagements – Opening Balances
⚫ ISA 710 Comparative Information – Corresponding Figures
⚫ ISA 710 Comparative Information – Corresponding Figures
⚫ ISA 550 Related Parties
⚫ ISA 600 Special Considerations - Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the
Work of Component Auditors)
Session 1: Planning, materiality and assessing the risk of material misstatement

Overview in this session:

ISA 200 Overall Objective of the

Independent Auditor & the
Conduct of an Audit in
Accordance with ISAs

ISA 330 The auditors’ responses to

assessed risks

ISA 300 Planning an Audit of

Financial Statements

Planning, materiality and assessing ISA 320 Materiality in planning and

the risk of material misstatement performing an audit

ISA 315 Identifying and Assessing

the Risks of Material Misstatement
(Revised 2019)

ISA 520 Analytical Procedures

Joint and transnational audits

ISA 200 Overall Objective of the Independent Auditor & the Conduct of an
Audit in Accordance with ISAs

Overview of this standard:

ISA 200

Requirements to conduct the

Auditors objectives
audit Audit risks
(Mnemonics: CEO)
(Mnemonics: ACE s)

Audit standards - relevant Audit risk = Risks of material

Communication - with those misstatements x Detection
standards shall be applied
charged with governance risk
Care - exercise reasonable care
............ Risks of .......= Inherent risk x
when .......judgement based on
Opinion - Issue audit opinion accounting, auditing and ethical control risk
standards ROMM = at Financial
Ethical considerations - follow Statements level and at
IESBA code of ethics assertion level
Sceptisism - conduct the audit .........to ROMM
with professional sceptisism Detection risk = Sampling
and non-sampling risks

Auditors objectives:

Communication - with those charged with governance regarding the following issues:
⚫ ISA 240 - The Auditor's Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial
Statements, for example, current and prior period frauds.
⚫ ISA 250 - Consideration of laws and regulations in an audit of Financial Statements, for
example, money laundering activities.
⚫ …………….Governance and Management, for example, management override of
internal controls.
⚫ ISA 705 - Modifications to the opinion in the independent auditor’s report, for example,
potential modification to the audit report.

Evidence - obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence:

⚫ to reduce the audit risk to the acceptable level.
⚫ so that reasonable ………nd error could be provided.

Opinion - Issue audit opinion:

⚫ On the truth and fairness of the Financial Statements
Requirements to conduct the audit:

Audit standards - relevant standards shall be applied:

⚫ ‘Relevant’ means ……… to be considered for all clients. Examples include:

ISA reference Example

ISA 501 Audit Evidence—Specific Not considered if:
Considerations for Selected Items ⚫ the client has no inventory (service
provider);
⚫ no litigation and claims;
⚫ no … information (if it intends to
present the account on a stand-alone
basis).

ISA 510 Initial Audit Engagements― Considered if:

Opening Balances ⚫ The first year audit;
⚫ Change of auditor – become new
auditor of the client.

ISA … – Group audits Considered if this is a group audit

ISA 610 - … the Work of Internal Not …. if client does not have internal
Auditors auditors

ISA 620 - Using the Work of an Auditor's Not … if there is no …. on experts

Expert

Care - exercise ….in evidence and exercise professional judgement based on

accounting, auditing and ethical standards:
⚫ Reasonable care in relation to the application of training, knowledge and experience.

Ethical considerations – follow The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants
(IESBA) code of ethics:
⚫ Five fundamental principles including professional behaviour, integrity, professional
competence and due care, confidentiality and objectivity.

Sceptisism - ….. professional sceptisism:

⚫ To question the reliability of documents and conflicting information
⚫ Be alert to …. possible fraud and error and occur
⚫ Careful assessment of evidence in relation to risks of material misstatements
Audit risks:

Inherent risk:
⚫ Inherent risk is the …. misstatements (transaction – sales; account balances – assets,
liabilities or equity; disclosures – contingencies, going concern disclosure) could occur,
before considering the effect of internal controls.
⚫ Factors that increase inherent risk:
 Complicated balances (requirement significant judgement) – work in progress,
fair value….d payment), depreciation and residual value.
 Change in industry
 Problems:
1. Going concern problems – likely to window dress Financial Statements
2. Liquidity …. the liquidity position
3. Performance measurement based on profits – likely to manipulate profits
4. Highly regulated industry – provision liability may be understated
⚫ To assess inherent risk - Auditor obtains an understanding of the audit client, including
its nature of business and operations, its organisation structure and management, and
its external environment to assess the inherent risk.

Control risk:
⚫ Control risk Inherent risk is the probability that material misstatements (transaction –
sales; … liabilities or equity; disclosures – contingencies, going concern disclosure)
could occur, after considering the effect of internal controls.
⚫ Factors that increase control risk:
 Lack of personnel with appropriate accounting and financial reporting skills.
 Changes in key …..parture of key management.
 …ntrol, especially those not addressed by management.
 Installation of significant new IT systems related to financial reporting.
⚫ To assess control risk:
 Auditor ….. controls.
 Auditor performs test of controls to assess whether the internal controls are
operating effectively.

Detection risk:
⚫ Detection … audit procedures failed to detect material misstatements in the financial
statements.
⚫ Factors that increase detection risk:
 Sampling risks – incorrect sampling techniques and sample sizes selected.
However, if …. Analytics’, they would not face sampling risks as 100% data will be
sampled.
 Non-sampling risks – inappropriate audit planning, procedures, supervision and
review of …. audit personnel; facing tight deadline; new client; insufficient
resources to check client’s operations (such as a failure to attend client’s
inventory counts)
⚫ To reduce detection risk:
 Reducing sampling risk - ….ng sample size;
 Reducing non sampling risk – better quality control in relation to planning,
resource …, to apply professional sceptisism during the audit and to supervise and
review the audit work properly.

Relationships among risks:

⚫ To reduce the audit risk to th…. Detection risk.
ISA 330 The auditors’ responses to assessed risks

Overview of the standard:

ISA 330

Initial and subsequent

expectations of Risks of Using audit evidence
Material Misstatements obtained in previous audits
(ROMM)

Changes to control systems

No changes to control or new client:
At ....level
systems:
Test ....control system.
....control system every 3
years.
1. Initial and subsequent expectations of Risks of Material Misstatements (ROMM):

ROMM at Going concern;

Financial Manipulation
Overall responses
Statements (measures based
on profits or EPS)
Level

Individual
ROMM at Further audit
transaction or
Assertion Level procedures
balance

⚫ ROMM identification (find out risks) and assessment (focus on likelihood of risks
happening, and the …. place) should keep updating, ie a dynamic process.
⚫ Therefore, overall responses and further audit procedures to be used by auditors are
kept updating as well.
⚫ Overall responses – for ROMM at Financial Statements level:
 The use of more experienced staff.
 … with audit partner.
 Emphasize and maintain professional scepticism during the audit, ie consider
business …; inspect all year end journal entries; challenging assumptions made by
management in determining accounting estimates.
 Audit approach:
1. Combined approach (combine with control tests and minimum substantive
tests) – suited when ROMM is low.
2. Substantive approach (full substantive tests) – suited when ROMM is high.
⚫ Specific responses – for ROMM at assertion level:
 Analytical procedures and tests of details (based on their nature (error or fraud),
extent (….asive) and timing of procedures to be carried out) to respond to the
assessed ROMM at the assertion level.
⚫ Documentation of overall and specific responses:
 Audit work … stage shall be documented including risks of material misstatements,
overall and specific responses.
2. Using audit evidence obtained in previous audits:

⚫ If there are changes in …. audit client – all control systems should be tested.
⚫ If there are no change in the control system – external auditors should still perform
some control tests at …. evidence from previous audits (if previous audit shows that
the control system was good). However, auditors should at least test the entire system
once in every third year. (ISA 330 para. A37)
ISA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial Statements

Outline of the standard:

ISA 300

Planning activities
Involvement of Key
1. Should be updated as
Engagement Team .... .....
needed during the audit.
Members
2. Should be documented
including those changes.

Auditors shall understake 1. Previous working papers.

1. Help focus on highly
these activities at the start Audit strategy - scope,
risky areas and areas of 2. ....policies.
of the audit. timing and resources, and
significant risks (High 3. Quality control
probability and large direction of the audit.
procedures.
impact if it occurs). Mandatory audit planning
meeting should be held at 4. Additional resources.
2. Help meet deadlines.
the start of the audit. 5. Increase tests of details.
3. Help allocate resources
including team members,
budgets and experts. Audit plan -
4. Help with supervision 1. Pre-designed audit
and review. plans (....stionnaires and
checklists);
Activities include: 2. Tailored audit plans
1. Client's background - (further audit procedures
industry, laws and to respond to risk
management integrity assessment)
2. .....objectivity
3. Ri.....sks - business and
audit risks
Review plan - Hot treview;
4. Other considerations -
Second .....Quality Control
materiality, audit strategy,
Review; Pre/Post Issuance
documentation
Review.
Planning activities:

1. Audit strategy:

⚫ This sets the scope, timing and resources and direction of the audit.
⚫ Audit … (known as audit strategy document) and should be approved by the
engagement partner.

Scope of audit work

Elements Example
Applicable accounting ⚫ IFRS
standards
Applicable auditing ⚫ …
standards
Specific industry ⚫ The EU Non….nies for human rights information disclosure
requirement
Components of audit ⚫ Number of ….ches shall be visited every year whereas lowly
client and their risky branches can be visited at least every three years.
locations
Other information to be ⚫ Interim and annual reports
read ⚫ Internal auditors’ reports on internal controls
⚫ Evidence from external experts
Other considerations ⚫ External …e present at all material locations regarding the
inventory count whereas their internal auditors could .. to be
present at remaining locations.
⚫ Client’s internal audit work is reliable.
⚫ The use of …uring the audit (the impact of IT on audit).
⚫ The use of internal auditors (such as results from periodic
inventory … and administration expenses) or experts
(determine fair value, stage of completion of contract in
progress, valuation of work in progress).
⚫ Consider whether clients functions have been outsourced –
consider type one (description of internal control system) or
type two report (description and evaluation of internal
control … service provider’s internal auditor.
⚫ What evidence from previous audit could be used – if there
are no …ts internal control system.
Timing of the audit work
Elements Example
When to publish annual report By xx/xx/xxxx
Interim audit:
⚫ Set up audit strategy and detailed audit plan - By xx/xx/xxxx
⚫ Timing of ..hes visit - - By xx/xx/xxxx
⚫ Communication with those charged with governance - By xx/xx/xxxx
⚫ Meetings with the audit team or experts- By xx/xx/xxxx
⚫ Communication with the outgoing (previous) auditor- By xx/xx/xxxx
Final audit:
⚫ Review … work - - By xx/xx/xxxx
⚫ Submit audit report - By xx/xx/xxxx

Resources – such as personnel

Position Name Responsibilities
Audit partner xx ⚫ Sign …w
Audit … xx ⚫ Daily engagement
ma….gement
⚫ Coordination
Audit … xx ⚫ Audit evidence
Audit juniors xx ⚫ Audit evidence

Direction of the audit work

Elements Example
…iality Include .. materiality for particular
transactions.
Risks of material misstatements (ROMM) Inherent risks – complex accounting;
change in in..y and problem with client.
Control risks – change in accounting system.
Decide audit approach More . of details
2. Audit plan:

1. Pre-designed audit plans (standard questionnaires and checklists):

⚫ Internal Control Questionnaires (ICQ) – whether procedure has been done
⚫ ….uestionnaires (ICEQ) – evaluate whether control system is effective
⚫ Checklist on inventory counting
⚫ … events
⚫ Checklist on going concern assessment
⚫ Checklist on disclosure
⚫ .. of audit

2. Tailored audit plans:

⚫ These are .. figures (income, expense, asset, liability and equity); and the control
procedure (known as test of control).
⚫ These are … each client.
3. Review plan:

Perform audit
Engagement
Hot review Quality Control Pre/Post .....publi
(Three levels Review c interest entities
review), (Mandatory for (PIEs))
Second partner all listed clients)
review

Communicate
Draft audit ..... those Issue final audit
...off
report charged with report
governance

Hot review - The review is usually done in three levels:

ISA 220 Quality Management for an Audit of Financial Statements

⚫ Level one… review, usually on a daily basis, on the audit junior’s work and raise queries
of what work has not been done. Audit juniors shall answer queries raised by
accountant in charge.
⚫ Level … of what work has not been done. Accountant in charge shall answer queries
raised by accountant in charge.
⚫ Level … queries of what work has not been done where audit manager shall answer
these queries.

Second partner review:

⚫ This is usually .. partner in the same firm.
⚫ The aim is to seek the input on a risky and complicated area during the audit such as
a risky area arising … accounting or auditing standard.

Engagement Quality Control Review:

ISQC 1 (International … for Firms that Perform Audits and Reviews of Financial Statements,
and Other Assurance and Related Services Engagements
⚫ … all listed clients.
⚫ What …, significant and complex audit areas, communication with those charged
with governance.
⚫ Review by whom – internal auditor who is independent of the team.

Pre/Post Issuance Review:

The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) code
⚫ … Entities (Insurance companies, banks, public utilities companies) where their fees
are more than 15% of the firm’s total fees for two consecutive years. Both audit and
review clients apply.
⚫ …, significant and complex audit areas, communication with those charged with
governance.
⚫ Review … member of the firm.
ISA 320 Materiality in planning and performing an audit

Overview of this standard:

Materiality in planning

..., Planning materiality,

or materiality for Materiality for particular
Component materiality
Financial Statements as a transactions
whole)

Vary ... different clients

For ....
Performance materiality, ie and industries
usually 60%-70% of overall
materiality Group auditor determines
If exceed performance whether ...than 15% of group's.
materiality: - if any one suggests yes -
Financially significant
1. .... detailed testing
(substantive procedures)
Materiality for related
2. More evidence (larger party .. could be 0.
sample sizes)
3. More precise timing to
Materiality for contract
carry out audit procedures If the component is not financially
liability ...could be
different from the one for significant...group if the Financial
manufacturers. Statement item:
1. more than 0.5% of the group's
revenue, or
2. more than 5% of the group's
...1%-5% of overall profits before tax, or
materiality. 3. more than 1% of the group's
Trivial material total assets.
misstatements are not
aggregated in the
Summary of Uncorrected
Misstatements
 Materiality in performing an
audit

...rogresses Documentation

The rationale of materiality

When ..., ie client has revision....different from
liquidity problems anticipated ones should be
documented.

When ..period end results, ie

annualised financial results
based on interim ones are
different from actual ones.

Materiality definition:

….. on the basis of the Financial Statements.

Materiality in planning:

1. Overall materiality (also known as Preliminary, Planning materiality, or materiality for

Financial Statements as a whole):

⚫ Auditors shall …. when audit strategy is set up.

⚫ Performance materiality shall be determined to help the nature (whether it is subject
to more detailed testing such as substantive procedures), extent (whether larger
sample … precise timing when audit procedures shall be used). Performance
materiality is usually 60%-70% of the overall materiality.
⚫ …. the overall materiality level, this is deemed to be material misstatement.
⚫ However, those misstatements which are clearly trivial could be ignored. Trivial ..
materiality.
2. Determine overall materiality level in practice:

⚫ Overall materiality by amount (or by referring to benchmarks):

Statement Benchmark Percentage Statement Benchmark Percentage

of profit or Total 0….. of ….n Total assets 1% - 2%
loss revenue
Profits before 5% - 10%
tax

⚫ To determine materiality level, auditors should apply judgements regarding

benchmarks (either refer to total revenue or profit before tax), or regarding % (such
as 0.5% or 1% or somewhere between these two).
⚫ The selection of benchmark should refer to:
 The .. may be more likely to suffer from losses with substantial revenue because of
its business model.
 .. should be used based on past results, if the value is volatile.
⚫ To determine percentages:
 Professional judgement – the lower the risk, the higher the %.

Practical example:

Benchmark % - Interim Gross …../9 Confirmed % Value

Judgement accounts (9 months x
months) 12 months)
Revenue … $9 million … 0.5% …
Profits before … $3 million $4 million 7% …
tax
Total assets 1%-2% $12 million $16 million 1% $0.16
million

Conclusion:
At the planning stage, auditors set the overall materiality level as follows:
⚫ To P/L – … $0.06 million
⚫ To SFP – any amount exceeding $0.16 million

Per firm’s experience, it uses 65% of the above materiality level as performance materiality
to guide the nature, extent and timing of audit procedures. Therefore, the performance
materiality is as follows:
⚫ To P/.. = $0.039 million
⚫ To SFP – any amount exceeding $0.16 million x 65% = $0.104 million

The trivial materiality is 2% based on the overall materiality as this is the firm’s experience.
⚫ To P/L – any amount less than $0.06 million x 2% = $0.0012 million
 ⚫ To SFP – … million

3. Materiality for particular transactions:

⚫ This is .. materiality by nature.

⚫ Examples could be:
 Related party .. could be set at 0.
 Service companies – materiality for contract liability could be different from the
overall materiality set.
 .. set for particular issues relating to regulatory requirement, or compliance with
debt covenants as these may increase client’s going concern or other risks.
 Disclosures for future legal claim – separate materiality level could be set.
 Material fraud - separate materiality level could be set.
 Adjusted misstatements turning reported profits into losses, or a net asset position
into a net liability position – distort users’ understanding.

4. Component materiality (ISA 600, Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial

Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors)):

⚫ Components in the group include parent and subsidiary companies. Auditors . called
component auditors.
⚫ The group auditor is responsible for the audit of consolidated financial statements. The
group auditor could be the component auditor at the same time, if it is responsible
for the component company audit.
⚫ . may be material to the component’s account, however, when consolidate the
component’s account into the group, and if the component is significant to the group,
material misstatements in the component may also be material to the group
accounts.
⚫ The component is financially significant to the group if one the followings account for
more than 15% of the group’s ones:
 Component’s total revenue, or
 C. PBT, or
 Component’s total assets
⚫ If the component is not financially significant, component accounts are still material
to the group if the Financial Statement item:
1. more than 0.5% of the group's revenue, or
2. more . before tax, or
3. more than 1% of the group's total assets.
Practical example:

The group’s total assets are $500 million.

Subsidiary Alpha:
⚫ Total assets = $100 million.
⚫ PP&E = $25 million.

Consideration of subsidiary Alpha:

⚫ .. are 25% of the group’s assets – yes.
⚫ Therefore, it is a significant component to the group.

Subsidiary Beta:
⚫ Total assets = $50 million.
⚫ PP&E = $25 million.

Consideration of subsidiary Beta:

⚫ Financially .. assets – higher than 1%, - material.
⚫ Therefore, it is a significant component to the group.

Subsidiary Ceta:
⚫ Total assets = $50 million.
⚫ PP&E = $2.5 million.

Consideration of subsidiary Ceta:

⚫ Financially significant – assets are 10% of the group’s assets, less than 15% - no.
⚫ PP&E of $2…. assets – less than 1%, - not material.
⚫ Therefore, it is not a significant component to the group.
Materiality in performing an audit:

Revise materiality as audit progresses:

⚫ When new … risk assessment - ie client has liquidity problems, overall materiality
including performance materiality and trivial materiality, materiality for particular
transactions should be revised.
⚫ When financial … period end results - ie annualised financial results based on interim
ones are different from actual ones, materiality should be revised.

..:

⚫ The rationale of .., updating risks assessment, actual results different from anticipated
ones should be documented.

Conclusion:

⚫ Materiality should not be set at a maximum level – as this increases audit risk as less
balances are checked.
⚫ Materiality … to light, or actual financial results may be different from the expected
annualised results (as auditors usually determine materiality level based on the interim
reports).
⚫ Materiality should not … particular transactions such as related party transactions and
therefore, materiality should be different; different client has different level of risks and
therefore, the selection of percentage based on benchmarks such as revenue or
profits would vary among client to client.

Tips in the AAA exam:

You are required in Q1 to determine the materiality level. For example:

• Profit before tax is $500,000
• Sales revenue is $3,500,000
• Total assets are $800,000

By applying the judgement,

• Profit …
• Sales revenue is $3,500,000 x 0.5% = $17,500
• Total assets are $8,000,000 x 1% = $80,000

Materiality level can be set as follows:

• ..
• To SFP - $80,000
Trivial .. materiality levels can be applied by timing by the subjective % - this is not required
in the Q1.
ISA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement (Revised
2019)

Overview of the standard:

The objective of ISA 315 is to help auditor identify and assess ROMM (due to fraud and
error, both at the Financial Statements and assertion levels), so that auditors can provide
responses (ISA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial Statements) to those assessed ROMM.

ISA 315

Objectives:
1. ROMM
2. Further audit procedures
The following requirements help
meet with objectives.

Risk assessment procedures and

Understand client Identify and assess ROMM
related activities

1. Entity and environment

Risk assessment procedures: 2. ...... control system Whether ROMM are significant
Analytical procedure risks:
3. Applicable financial reporting
Enquiry framework 1. Whether ......, account balance
and disclosures are significant
Inspection 4. ...... risk factors classes? - whether assertions are
Observation affectved.
Data analytics 2. Whether likelihood and impact
of that risk are high? - refer to
inherent risks factors.

Related activities (Discussion

among team members):
Engagement partner and key If risks are significant, auditors
members shall discuss assessed should focus more on those risks:
ROMM and communicate to 1. Evaluate and test control
other members who are not system.
involved in the discussion.
2. Perform substantive tests and
Business risks information can also obtain more audit evidence.
be shared among team members.
3. Determine whether those
matters are key audit matters.
4. Communicate with those
charged with governance.
1. Risk assessment procedures and related activities:
⚫ Analytical procedure
⚫ Enquiry
⚫ Inspection
⚫ Observation
⚫ Data analytics

Analytical procedure (ISA520):

⚫ Analytical procedures should be performed throughout the whole audit process. If this
is carried . audit), it is known as preliminary analytical procedure.
⚫ Drawbacks of analytical procedures:
1. Often based on interim unaudited financial results or management accounts
which .
2. Need to understand client before analytical procedure could be applied in an
effective way.
⚫ This is to study the fluctuations and relationships, so that any inconsistencies with other
relevant information or forecasted amounts can be determined.
⚫ Objectives of preliminary analytical procedures include:
 To identify ROMM and business risks that client is facing.
 To identify potential going concern problems of the client.
⚫ Ways that analytical procedures can be carried out (Comparisons and Ratios):

Comparisons Ratios
1. . budget: forecasted results may not be trustable if Profitability ratios:
there is significant difference. ⚫ Margins and ROCE
2. Financial information with other financial information: Liquidity ratios:
⚫ Sales with costs of sales ⚫ Current and quick ratio
⚫ . provision Efficiency ratios:
⚫ Operating expenses ratio (operating ⚫ Receivables, inventory
expenses/sales) and payables days
⚫ Loan liability with finance costs Position ratios:
⚫ . Profits before tax to calculate effective tax rate ⚫ .d interest cover ratios
3. Financial information with other non-financial Investor ratio:
information: ⚫ EPS, P/E ratio
⚫ Production volume with monthly wages and
purchases
⚫ . wages
4. Client’s financial information with previous period
ones: to indicate whether the performance is impaired.
5. Client’s financial information with competitor’s: to
indicate further business risks.

Enquiry – with management, company’s lawyer, staff and internal auditors to get a better
understanding of the client.
Inspection – business plans, strategies, internal control manuals, quarterly management
reports, interim accounts, board minutes, accounting system notes indicating how it
operates, budgets, website and audit files (include permanent and prior year files).

Observation – visit client’s factories and premises to observe their business operations.

Data analytics – to analyse, model and visualise client’s data so that to find out any
potential inconsistencies and patterns. Examples could include:
 Net realisable value (NRV) checks – comparing the last time an inventory item was
purchased with the last time it was sold and at what price.
 Analysis .t or service and areas.
 Matching purchase orders to invoices and payments.
 Segregation of duties testing by identifying combinations of users involved in
processing transactions from the metadata attached to transactions.
2. Understand client

1. Entity and environment:

⚫ Organisational . and shareholders (governance); parent and subsidiaries and other

related companies in the group; where it is based.
⚫ ., wholesaler, retailer, import or export); targeted customers (online or face to face;
B2C or B2B; domestic or foreign customers); what products or services including its
competitive advantage; investment and financing activities; the use of IT.
⚫ Environment – Macro-environment (influence from government (laws and taxes), …,
technological impacts); Micro-environment (influence from competitors, customers,
suppliers and substitutes).
⚫ KPIs – what KPIs (internal and external factors) are used to assess the entity’s
performance.

2. Internal control system:

The aim of the internal control system is to help with reliable financial reporting, operation
effectiveness and compliance with laws and regulations.

Components in internal control system Ways to assess control risks*

Direct control components:
⚫ Control procedures  Ascertain
⚫ Information systems and communication  ..
 Walkthrough test
 Tests of control
Indirect control components:
⚫ Control environment  Ascertain
⚫ Risk ..  Document
⚫ Monitoring

*
⚫ Ascertain: find out what the entity has implemented - Enquiry of management;
Observation . by the client management and staff; Inspection of documents and
assets.
⚫ Document: record it – using narrative notes; ICQ; ICEQ; flowchart.
⚫ Walkthrough test – walkthrough the control procedure to confirm it’s fluent, ie to
confirm the documented controls are working effectively.
⚫ Tests of control – test the effectiveness of control procedure.
 Examples of poor internal control system Potential impacts
Finance director or key accountant left Financial Statements items may be
the business. misstated.

New IT system related to financial reports is Financial Statements items may be

installed. misstated.

Not enough supervisors in client’s business. Potential fraud and errors.

Lack .. list. Potential misstatement in revenue.

No segregation of duties among who: Potential fraud and errors.

⚫ Carry out the task – deliver goods
⚫ Accounting – book the entries
⚫ Authorisation – authorise sales

Poor credit control Potential overstatement in receivables

and sales.

No reconciliation between bank accounts Potential misstatement in bank balance.

and bank statements.

No inventory count held at the year end. Potential misstatement in inventory value.

No non-current asset register being Potential misstatement in non-current

maintained. asset value.

3. Applicable financial reporting framework:

⚫ What standards to follow – IFRS and … Reporting Directive which is applicable to large
companies for human rights information disclosure.
⚫ Any changes in accounting policies – to assess the reasonableness, ie whether it is
due to the change in IFRS (reasonable).

4. Inherent risk factors:

⚫ These are factors which may lead to misstatement to the assertion of a class of
transactions (sales and purchases), account balances (assets, liabilities and equity)
and disclosures, before considering any internal controls.
⚫ The likelihood and impacts of risks of material misstatements are affected by inherent
risk factors.
⚫ If both likelihood and impacts are high, these are known as ‘significant risks (ROMM)’,
 and therefore, auditors need to pay more attention to them.
⚫ Inherent risk factors include: (Mnemonics: UC SSC)

Inherent risk factors Examples

High uncertainties Accounting estimates:
⚫ NRV for inventory
⚫ Useful …. value for PP&E
⚫ Staff turnover estimates for share based payment
High complexity Complex mathematic models or complex regulation:
⚫ Fair value determination for financial assets;
⚫ Listed client is subject to complicated regulation relating
to timely disclosures.
High subjectivity Multiple acceptable accounting treatments:
⚫ Stage of completion for construction contracts (input or
output methods)
⚫ Depreciation methods (straight line or reducing balance)
⚫ Accounting models – cost or revaluation model for PP&E;
cost or fair value model for investment properties; FVTOCI
or FVTPL for financial assets.
High susceptibility Due to management bias:
⚫ Financial Statements manipulation, related parties
transactions disclosures (ISA 550 Related Parties)
Change Changes may affect accounting policies and estimates
selection:
⚫ ….
⚫ Change in group structure, such as merges and
acquisition.
⚫ Change in business model or environment factors.
Exam rehearsal question – Pale Co (Business risks, audit risks, audit procedures)

Exhibits Background:

1. Partner’s email Pale Co owns and manages several large timber

plantations. Approximately 5% of the trees are harvested
2. Notes from meeting each year. The company immediately processes the
timber which is harvested from felled trees in its own
3. Notes from phone call sawmills (a facility where trees are processed into logs and
other timber products). The processed timber, which is
Requirements mainly logs and planks of wood, is then sold to a range of
customers including construction companies and
Requirements (40 marks) furniture manufacturers. Approximately 30% of the timber
Response options is exported.

Your firm was appointed as auditor to Pale Co in March

20X5 following the resignation of the previous auditor,
Hare Associates. As part of your firm's client acceptance
procedures, communication was received from Hare
Associates indicating that their reason for resignation was
due to the retirement or the partner responsible for the
audit and that they had no issues to bring to your attention
regarding the audit.

Pale Co has a small internal audit department with two

staff who report to the company's CFO, as the company
does not have an audit committee.

It is 1 July 20X5. You are a manager in the audit

department of Chief & Co, a firm of Chartered Certified
Accountants. You are assigned to the audit of Pale Co
which has a financial year ending 30 September 20X5.

Pale manages timber plantations, its core business being

the management of timber plantations and the
production and sale of a range of timber products. It is not
currently a listed entity.

The following exhibits, available on the left-hand side of

the screen, provide information relevant to the question:

1. Partner’s email – an email which you have received

from Harvey Rebus, audit engagement partner.
2. Notes from meeting – summary of business
 developments discussed at a recent meeting between
the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and the audit
engagement partner.

This information should be used to answer the question

requirement within your chosen response option(s).

Exhibit 1. Partner’s email

To: Audit manager
From: Harvey Rebus. Audit engagement partner
Subject: Audit planning for Pale Co
Date: 1 July 20X5

Hello

I have provided you with some information which you should use to help you in planning
the audit of Pale Co for the financial year ending 30 September 20X5.

As you know, Pale Co is a new audit client of our firm. I hope you are looking toward to
working on this interesting new client which is the first timber company we have secured
as an audit client. You should also be aware that the management team is planning for
Pale Co to achieve a stock market listing within the next two years.

I require you to prepare briefing notes for my own use, in which you:
(a) Evaluate the business risks to be considered in planning the audit of Pale Co. (10
marks)

(b) Evaluate the audit risks to be considered in planning the audit of Pale Co (20 marks)

Note: In relation to the company's timber plantation asset, you are only required to
consider audit risks relating to changes in fair value. Any other relevant audit risks
relating to the timber plantation asset will be dealt with separately, later in the planning
stage of the audit.

(c) Design the audit procedures to be performed in relation to the change in fair value
of the timber plantation asset caused by the recent storms. Your procedures should
include those relating to the evaluation of the expert appointed by management and
the work they have performed. (6 marks)

Note: There are 4 professional marks in this question.

Thanks
 Exhibit 2. Notes from meeting
Meeting date: 10 June 20x5
Attendees: Harvey Rebus, audit engagement partner; Mark York. chief finance officer
(CFO)

Accounting policies

Mark York confirms that Pale Co applies the requirements of IAS 41 Agriculture as
follows:

▪ Standing timber, which means trees which are growing in the timber plantation prior
to being felled, are biological assets, measured at fair value less costs to sell. The change
in fair value less costs to sell is included in profit or loss for the period in which it arises.

▪ Felled trees are agricultural produce which are measured at fair value less costs to sell
at the point of harvest. Immediately alter felling, trees are processed, so that the value
of felled trees awaiting processing is minimal at any point in time.

▪ Processed timber such as logs are measured in accordance with IAS 2 Inventories.

A technical expert from the audit firm has confirmed that the accounting policies
outlined above appear appropriate in the context of Pale Co's activities.

International expansion
Pale Co's operations are currently all based in its home jurisdiction. However, the board
has recently approved the acquisition of several large areas of tropical rainforest in
Farland, a remote developing country. The expansion will allow the company to process
new types of timber for which there is significant demand from luxury furniture
manufacturers. The acquisition of the areas of the rainforest will cost $25 million and the
purchase is due to take place in August 20X5. The cost of $25 million is equivalent to the
fair value of the rainforest. Farland uses the same currency as Pale Co so the expansion
is not creating any foreign exchange risk exposure to the company.

The purchase is being funded through a share issue to existing and new shareholders,
who are mainly family members of the Pale family, who established the company 20
years ago. A share issue was the only option for funding the international expansion as
the company is at the limit of its bank borrowing agreement.

An international development agency has agreed to provide a grant of $20 million to

assist Pale Co in its Farland expansion, on condition that the expansion represents
sustainable and ethical business practice. The grant is provided specifically for training
the local workforce and building accommodation for the workforce in a town near to
the rainforest.
The grant is due to be received in September 20X5 and relevant expenditure will
commence in November 20X5. Mark York is planning to recognise half of the amount
received as income in this year‘s financial statements, on the basis that it 'Will cover
some of management's expenses in planning the international expansion".

Gold Standard
The company is proud to have recently been awarded an industry ‘Gold Standard'
accreditation for its sustainable timber management. To achieve the Gold Standard,
which denotes the highest possible level of sustainable timber management and
ethical business practice, the company must adhere to a number of strict standards.
This includes maintaining the biodiversity of the timber plantation, ensuring that rare
species of tree are not harvested, and that animal habitats within the timber plantation
are preserved. To maintain the Gold Standard accreditation, one condition is that at
least 80% of timber sold must be harvested according to the strict standards set by
industry regulators. The Gold Standard applies to all of the company’s activities,
including the Farland expansion.

Contract with Royal Co

The company’s revenue has increased this year, largely due to it signing a significant
contract with a new customer, Royal Co. The contract was signed on the basis of Pale
Co receiving the Gold Standard accreditation for its timber

Legal case
A group of employees has recently commenced legal action against the company,
claiming that breaches of health and safety guidelines regularly take place. The
company has made some redundancies this year, which has put pressure on the
remaining staff to work harder in order to maintain productivity; the employees are
alleging that this has caused an increase in the number of accidents at work, some of
which have resulted in fatalities. The company management and legal advisors believe
that the legal claim, which amounts to $19 million, is unjustified and will not be
successful. Mark York does not intend to recognise a provision for the claim or make any
disclosure in the financial statements in relation to this issue as it is at such an early stage
in the legal proceedings.

Use of expert - change in fair value due to recent storms

In the last month, several storms caused damage to some areas of timber plantation.
An independent expert has been appointed by management to determine the extent
of damage caused and to quantity any financial implications, including determination
of the change in fair value of the standing trees which have been damaged by the
storm. The expert's report indicates a large number of trees have been completely
destroyed, and many have been badly damaged. Based on the expert's report,
management has determined that a reduction in fair value of $70.5 million should be
recognised in respect of the timber plantation asset recognised in the statement of
 financial position.

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note:

1. Professional mark – …arks:

⚫ Heading – briefing note – 0.5 marks
⚫ To/… – 0.5 marks
⚫ Introduction – 1 mark
⚫ Structured answer (with headings) – 1 mark
⚫ Clarity … a conclusion at the end – 1 mark
⚫ .. mark

2. Business risks – usually 2 marks/point, (with another 0.5 marks/trend or ratio calculation,
but usually max of 2 marks in total for such calculation in a single question):
⚫ Step 1 …he case – 0.5 marks
⚫ Step 2 – It may …(go wrong), AND the impact (reduce profits or revenue, cash flows
or liquidity problems, damage reputation due to non-compliance, problems in ….
time and resources) – 1.5 marks

3. Risks of material misstatements or Audit risks (with detection risk) – usually 3 marks/point,
with another max of 3 marks for materiality calculation for a 20-mark question (with 1 mark
per materiality calculation), and 0.5 marks per trend or calculation (max of 2 marks in
total):
⚫ Step 1 – What – clues from the case
⚫ …
⚫ Step 3 – IFRS requirement, the IFRS number is not required
⚫ Step 4 – There is a risk that the IFRS requirement is not followed resulting in What
Financial …, income, expense) to be understated, overstated, under disclosure.

Additional note – for new audit client, explain detection risk (difficulties in identifying
potential material misstatements), and additional considerations regarding the opening
balance to be audited.

Briefing note

Briefing note
To: Harvey Rebus, Audit engagement partner
From: Audit manager
Date: 1 July 20X5
Subject: Audit planning in relation to Pale Co
Introduction
The briefing note covers business risks that client is facing, followed by audit risks
considerations and the recommended audit procedures regarding fair value changes
of company’s timber plantation following a recent storm.

(a) Business risks

International expansion
The expansion into Farland introduces a business risk in that the company will be
managing operations in a foreign country for the first time. Farland is remote, so it may
be difficult for Pale Co’s management team to plan regular visits to the new operations,
so establishing robust management oversight and controls could be difficult.

Farland may have different laws and regulations compared to the company’s home
jurisdiction, so there is a heightened risk of non-compliance.

Type of trees growing in the rainforest will be different, and management may not have
experience in their harvesting, processing and the sale of timber products. All of these
issues create a risk that the international expansion may not be successful, and at the
same time will represent a drain on management’s time and resources, and operations
in home country may suffer.

Gold Standard accreditation

There is a risk that the Gold Standard accreditation may not be renewed, with
implications for reputation, and more specifically for the new contract with Royal Co,
which largely accounts for an increase of 5·5% in the company’s revenue this year.

The Gold Standard is linked to ethical business practice, and there are some indications
that the company’s business ethics are questionable – for example, the legal case
being brought by employees and the incentive payment made to a government
official. If the Gold Standard accreditation is lost, Royal Co and other customers may
cancel contracts, resulting in a loss of revenue and cash flow.
….
Exam rehearsal question – Maple & Co (Materiality)

Exhibits Maple & Co is suffering from declining revenue, and as a

result of this, another audit manager has been asked to
1. Conversation consider how to improve the firm’s profitability. In a
conversation with you this morning he mentioned the
Requirements following and this is included in the exhibit 1.

Requirements (6 marks)
Response options

Requirement (6 marks)
Comment on the practice management and quality control issues raised by the audit
manager’s suggestions to improve the audit firm’s profitability. (6 marks)

Exhibit 1. Conversation
‘We really need to make our audits more efficient. I think we should fix materiality at the
planning stage at the maximum possible materiality level for all audits, as this would
reduce the work we need to do.

I also think we can cut the firm’s overheads by reducing our spending on training. We
spend a lot on expensive training courses for junior members of the audit team, and on
Continuing Professional Development for our qualified members of staff.

We could also guarantee our clients that all audits will be completed quicker than last
year. Reducing the time spent on each assignment will improve the firm’s efficiency
and enable us to take on more audit clients.’

Suggested Answer:

Word Processor

Materiality level is fixed at planning stage and not updated as audit progresses
This is inappropriate. Planning materiality should be updated as audit progresses and
this should not be fixed. The purpose is to adjust materiality level to update new
information about client to avoid under auditing. Hence fixing materiality level at the
planning stage may be too high and may result in fewer items be checked and
increases detection risk.

Materiality to be fixed at maximum possible level

This is inappropriate. The materiality level should be updated per year. The purpose is to
use judgement based on client’s accounts and present situations. Hence if materiality is
fixed at the maximum possible level, many account balances may not be checked
while these may contain material misstatements and increase detection risks.
………..
ISA 520 Analytical Procedures

Overview of the standard:

ISA 520

Types of analytical procedures

1. Preliminary analytical procedure 2. Substantive analyitical 3. Overall analytical

(ISA 315) and Mandatory procedure (ISA 502) and procedure
Planning Stage Not Mandatory
(ISA 502) and Mandatory

Objective:
Ways:
Objectives: As part of the substantive Ways: Way:
1. Trends procedure Objective:
1. Identify analysis - 1. Proof in Ratios
going concern compare with total - Help calculation
problems. the past ....value auditor ....as
2... periods. from to whether
Factors to consider 1: auditor's client's FS are
3. Assess Risks 2. Ratios experience in line with
of Material calculation ROMM asessment:
2. Trend auditor's
MIsstaments If ....only. understandin
analysis
If ROMM is low or high - g
3. Ratios
use .... calculation
If ROMM is very high,
only use tests of details.

Factors to consider 3:
Factors to consider 2:
If ....procedure can be
Sufficiently precise
used.
expectation:
for example, if client does
If yes - analytical
not disclose total asset
procedure can be used.
information into different
If monthly electricity braches or segments,
expense is known, proof in auditors could not use
total ....6 months expenses. analytical procedures to
- Total expenses (output) give a rough estimate of
has close relationship with each segment value.
inputs (monthly wages x 6)
…. total:

This is where …. and compare with client’s calculation to confirm whether information is
reasonable.

Examples of proof in total:

Examples Client’s information Proof in total by auditors

Example Number of products sold was 1 million Rough estimate of its total sales
one with $5 ………ut 20% - 30%. revenue = 1m x $5 x 70% or 80% =
$3.5m - $4m.

Example Wages for the last period was $300,000 Rough ……ses = $300,000/100 x
two with 100 employees. This year, the 120 = $360,000.
number of employees is 120.

Example Cost of PP&……. with 5 years remaining Rough estimate about

three useful life. depreciation expenses this year
would be $100,000/5 years =
$20,000.

Example Average ……….est rate being 4%. Rough estimate about finance
four costs in total would be $0.2m.
Exam rehearsal question – (Analytical procedures and audit risks)

Exhibits You are an audit manager in Montreal & Co, a firm of

Chartered Certified Accountants, and you are
1. Email from the audit responsible for the audit of the Vancouver Group (the
engagement partner Group). The Group operates in the supply chain
management sector, offering distribution, warehousing
2. Notes from meeting and container handling services. Its operations are wholly
with the Group finance in the UK. The Group comprises a parent company,
director and audit Vancouver Ltd, and two subsidiaries, Toronto Ltd and
committee representative Calgary Ltd. Both of the subsidiaries were acquired as
wholly owned subsidiaries many years ago. Montreal & Co
3. Financial information audits all of the individual company financial statements
provided by the Group as well as the Group consolidated financial statements.
finance director You are beginning to plan the Group audit for the
Requirements financial year ending 31 July 2016, and the audit
engagement partner has sent you the email which is
Requirements (23 marks) included in the exhibit 1.
Response options

Requirement (23 marks)

(a) Explain why analytical procedures are performed as a fundamental part of risk
assessment at the planning stage of the audit. (5 marks)

(b) Explain the audit risks which should be considered in planning the Group audit. (18
marks)

Exhibit 1. Email from the audit engagement partner

To: Audit manager
From: Albert Franks, audit engagement partner
Subject: The Vancouver Group – audit planning

Hello

I held a meeting yesterday with Hannah Peters, the Group finance director. A
representative of the Group audit committee was also at the meeting to discuss two
issues raised for our attention by the committee. Hannah gave me some projected
financial information for the Group’s forthcoming year end, along with comparatives
and explanatory notes, and we discussed some matters relevant to the Group this year.
I am preparing for the audit team briefing next week at which there will be a number
of recent recruits into the audit department whose first assignment will be the
Vancouver Group.

I have attached some notes from my meeting as well as the financial information
provided by Hannah. Using the information provided you are required to prepare
briefing notes for use in the audit team briefing in which you identify and explain the
audit risks which should be considered in planning the Group audit.

In order to provide training for the recent recruits who are included in the audit team,
you should also explain why analytical procedures are performed as a fundamental
part of risk assessment at the planning stage of the audit.

Thank you.

Exhibit 2. Notes from meeting with the Group finance director and audit committee
representative
The Group has not changed its operations significantly this year. However, it has
completed a modernisation programme of its warehousing facilities at a cost of £25
million. The programme was financed with cash raised from two sources: £5 million was
raised from a debenture issue, and £20 million from the sale of 5% of the share capital
of Calgary Ltd, with the shares being purchased by an institutional investor.

An investigation by HMRC into the Group’s tax affairs started in January 2016, focusing
on the possible underpayment of corporation taxes by each of the companies in the
Group. The Group’s tax planning was performed by another firm of accountants,
Victoria & Co, but the Group’s audit committee has asked if our firm will support the
Group by looking into its tax position and liaising with HMRC in respect of the tax
investigation on its behalf. Victoria & Co has resigned from their engagement to provide
tax advice to the Group. The matter is to be resolved by a tribunal which is scheduled
to take place in September 2016.

The Group is not listed, but aims to apply the provisions of the UK Corporate Governance
Code as best practice. The Group audit committee has asked whether one of Montreal
& Co’s audit partners can be appointed as a non-executive director and serve on the
audit committee. The audit committee lacks a financial reporting expert, and the
appointment of an audit partner would bring much needed knowledge and
experience.

Exhibit 3. Financial information provided by the Group finance director

 Notes:
1. Several old warehouses were modernised during the year. The modernisation involved the
redesign of the layout of each warehouse, the installation of new computer systems, and
the replacement of electrical systems.
2. The deferred tax asset is in respect of unused tax losses (tax credits) which accumulated
when Toronto Ltd was loss making for a period of three years from 2009 to 2012.
3. The non-controlling interest has arisen on the disposal of shares in Calgary Ltd. On 1
January 2016, a 5% equity shareholding in Calgary Ltd was sold, raising cash of £20 million.
The profit made on the disposal is separately recognised in the Group statement of profit or
loss.
4. The provisions relate to onerous leases in respect of vacant properties which are surplus
to the Group’s requirements.

Suggested Answer:

Tutorial note for part (a) to explain reasons why analytical procedures are performed:
⚫ Step 1 – Example of how analytical procedure can be performed.
⚫ Step 2 – A …. example.
⚫ Step 3 – How client’s Financial Statements will be affected.
⚫ Step 4 – How ….. with auditor, ie focus on these elements, design further procedures,
stay alert during the audit.

Audit risks (with ….. calculation (max of 2 marks in total):

For analytical procedures:

⚫ Step 1 – What – clues from the case

⚫ Step 2 – Due ….. to take place
⚫ Step 3 – There is a risk that elements in accounts (such as assets, liabilities, income,
 expense) in SFP or P/L are over or understated, or under disclosure.

For other IFRS related items:

⚫ Step 1 – What – clues from the case

⚫ Step 2 – Materiality
⚫ Step 3 – … not required
⚫ Step 4 – There is a risk that the IFRS requirement is not followed resulting in What
Financial Statements (P/L, SFP) and what elements (assets, liabilities, income, expense)
to be understated, overstated, under disclosure.

Additional note – ………..tements), and additional considerations regarding the opening

balance to be audited.

Briefing note

Briefing note
To: Albert Franks, Audit Engagement Partner
From: Audit Manager
Subject: Audit planning for the Vancouver Group
Date: Exam date

Introduction:
The following briefing notes will explain why analytical procedures are performed as
part of risk assessment at planning stage followed by identification and explanation of
audit risks.

(a) Why analytical procedures are performed as a fundamental part of risk assessment
at the planning stage of the audit

To identify items in accounts that may be misstated

The analytical procedure can be performed via performing aged analysis for
receivables and inventories for both current and the previous year so that whether the
situation is improving or worsening could be identified (Step 1). An increase in both days
from the previous year will be a worsening situation (Step 2). If this is the case, it is likely
that both receivables and inventories are overstated (Step 3). This would help auditor
focus the audit plan on these two elements (Step 4).
…………. be performed. These need to be discussed with the client prior to the audit
fieldwork commencing.
Appendix: Selected analytical procedures and associated audit risk evaluation
Joint and transnational audits

Joint audit:

Issues:

• Two or more firms are jointly responsible for the audit opinion (in a single audit
report).
• Mandatory …….. companies audit in Europe.
• This is also …… it is usually the parent's decision of whether joint audit will proceed
or not.
• Auditor jointly plan and perform the audit, reducing duplications, and cross review
each other's work. They jointly communicate with those charged with governance,
jointly issue management letter and auditor's report.
• Both audit ……….t work.

Comments:

Benefits Drawbacks
Small audit firms can get revenue and More co…….fees are paid.
experience ……..om auditing larger
businesses.
Improve …… to check accounts. More time ……….nother audit firm,
reviewing each other's work.
Transnational audit:

Definition:

This is where the audited financial statements would be used by users based in a foreign
country:
1. Audit of listed companies – their accounts may be used by foreign investor.
2. Audit of …………. are used by foreign investor.
3. Audit of private ………… country – the accounts will be used by foreign banks.

Transactional Auditor’s Committee:

To encourage local firms to adopt the international standard, the IFAC (International
Federation of ………….. Committee’ and allows permits middle tier audit firms to be one
of the members in the committee, ie join ‘Forum of Firms’ provided that they comply with
certain international standards.

Transitional audit giving rise to higher audit risks:

1. Foreign companies ……, ie giving rise to inherent risks.
2. Foreign companies’ auditors ….. methodologies and quality issues.
3. Corporate governance requirement may not be followed by local company –
increased control risks.
4. Local firms may not be monitored rigorously, for example, CPD (Continuous
Professional Development) is not required for auditors, or no one checks this –
increased inherent risk as local auditors may not perform audit in an appropriate
manner.
Session 2: Evidence and testing considerations

Overview in this session:

ISA 500 Audit Evidence

ISA 501 - Audit Evidence Regarding

Specific Financial Statement
Account Balances and Disclosures

ISA 505 External Confirmation

ISA 530 Audit Sampling

ISA 230 Audit Documentation

ISA 540 (Revised 2018) Auditing

Session 2 Accounting Estimates and Related
Disclosures

Data analytics tools

ISA 510 Initial Audit Engagements –

Opening Balances

ISA 710 Comparative Information –

Corresponding Figures

ISA 710 Comparative Information –

Corresponding Figures

ISA 550 Related Parties

ISA 500 Audit Evidence

Auditor shall design and perform audit procedures so that sufficient and appropriate audit
evidence can be obtained before the auditor’s opinion is given.

Overview of the standard:

ISA 500

Sufficiency of audit Appropriateness of audit

General requirements
evidence evidence

Quality of audit
If information is prepared by management's expert, expert's Quantity of audit evidence
competence........ evidence (Assertions + Reliable)
evidence

If information is prepared by client (ie, impairment review test on Depends on:

non-current assets; aged receivables analysis) auditors shall check (Mnemonics: MRR)
the accuracy and completeness of information, ie review their Reliable evidence:
1. Materiality - Material =
working paper related to calculation and compliance with IFRS. more evidence 1. Auditor generated
evidence > 3rd party
2. Risks - Higher risks = evidence > Client
more evidence generated evidence
3. Realibility - Less reliable 2. Orginal document >
= more evidence photo.....es document
Auditors may use .........are subjective to auditors' judgement as long 3. Written document >
as procedures are effective for audit purposes. Oral document
4. Well ........system
generated evidence

Modification to audit procedures - when evidence obtained is

inconsistent with other information; or when auditor has doubts over
information reliability. Assertions:
Completeness;
Existence;
Accuracy;
.......;
Presentation and
Disclosures;
Cut off;
Rights and obligations.
Exam techniques on audit procedures:

⚫ Avoid over-reliance on enquiries/discuss – less reliable audit evidence

⚫ Each audit procedure should include ‘How (actions) + What (documents) + Why
(assertion)’.
⚫ Further explanation can be added to each procedure if this is needed.
⚫ Audit procedures should be detailed and effective.
⚫ Actions could include (Mnemonics: AEIAC):
 Analytical procedure
 Enquiry/Discuss
 Inspect/Review
 Reperform (Agree)
 Confirmation
Appropriate audit procedures shall be designed in the circumstances, ie case based
procedures:

Analytical procedure

How What Why

Analytical procedure (by ⚫ Sales or expenses – To identify potential material
comparing ____* with ____**) Total; by misstatements due to
product/service; per unusual changes
* and **: actual with budget; month.
this period with previous ⚫ …. net profit margin.
period; our business with ⚫ Days – inventory days;
competitors. receivables days;
payables days.
Enquiry/Discuss

How What Why

… with Who: To confirm:
⚫ Management
⚫ Management’s expert – ⚫ Accounting estimates
lawyer; internal auditor developed:
 Depreciation
method
 Useful life of assets;
 Residual value of
assets;
 Estimated staff
turnover;
 Stage of completion
of contract in
progress or work in
progress.
⚫ Nature of disputes (with
customers);
⚫ Planned stock count
procedures before it
takes place.
Inspect/Review

How What Why

Inspect Board minutes ⚫ For disputed receivables
to …equired.
⚫ For approval of planned
redundancy payments
to confirm the level of
provision liability.
⚫ For PP&E
purchase/disposal
approval to confirm the
existence of PP&E.

Correspondence ⚫ With banks – disclosure

about … confirm the
accuracy of disclosure.
⚫ With tax authority –
to …d accrual.
⚫ With customer – to
confirm the amount of
disputed invoices.
⚫ With lawyer – to
confirm … case for the
measurement of
provision liability.
⚫ With government – to
confirm whether the
license is likely to be
withdrawn to confirm
the going concern
status; any potential
refunds needed.
Disclosures ⚫ About accounting ….y
are in line with IFRS
requirement.
⚫ Remuneration disclosure
– to confirm they are in
line with the stock
exchange regulation.
 Documents: To confirm (with examples):
⚫ PP&E valuation report;
⚫ bank statements; ⚫ Receivables aged
⚫ supplier statements analysis ….. write down
(payables); needed;
⚫ customer statements ⚫ Slow moving inventories
(receivables); report – to confirm the
⚫ title deed (confirm PP&E level of inventories write
rights); down needed;
⚫ Purchase ⚫ PP&….he right of PP&E.
invoices/Goods ⚫ PP&E valuation report –
Received Note to confirm the valuation
(GRN)/Purchase order); of PP&E.
⚫ Sales invoice and sales
order form.
Classifications of elements ⚫ … = liability …come)
⚫ Negative payables =
assets (paid more =
prepaid expenses)

Reperform (Agree)

How What Why

Agree 1. Purchases and sales:
⚫ … invoicing error.
⚫ Purchase (sales) ledger with purchase order – to confirm
transaction took place.
⚫ Goods received note with purchase (sales) ledger – to
confirm completeness of transaction.
⚫ Goods received (delivery) note (our record) with post
year end invoices (3rd party) to confirm cut off is correct.

2. Payroll:
⚫ Payroll records (showing net pay in total and income
 taxes) with trial balance/cash book to confirm
completeness of transaction.
⚫ From … book to payroll records – to confirm transaction
took place.
⚫ From payroll records to clocking in cards or personnel
records – to confirm transaction took place.

3. Bank reconciliation:
Pre year end cash book (outstanding lodgement and
unpresented cheques) with post year end bank statement –
to …eived or paid after the year end. (if not, it may suggest
window dressing activities took place, ie the amount not
received was actually increasing the bank balance at the
year end).

4. PP&E:
Physical Source Accounting
assets document records
Non-current
asset
register/invoices
Left to …., ie indicating any additions and disposals.
right
Right to Existence of transaction , ie indicating any
left additions and disposals.
Additional For additions (Disposals) in general ledger,
procedure agree … to confirm PP&E existence and
accuracy of the amount.

5. Inventories:
Physical assets Source Accounting
(Floor/Shop) document records
Inventory General
record ledger
Left to Completeness of transaction
right
Right to Existence of inventories
left
Confirmation

How What Why

Request Written representation To confirm:
(internal) ⚫ Accounting records are
available and
reasonable.
⚫ For ….
⚫ Chances of wining or
losing …).
⚫ Going concern status is
not affected by the
event.
⚫ Completeness of
directors’ remuneration
disclosures.

Request Bank confirmation letter Agree balance in the bank

(external) confirmation letter to
balance in the cash book or
reconciliation to confirm
completeness.

Perform Positive To ….een received or paid

receivables/payables post year end.
circularisation and to follow
up non-replies (external)
 Exam rehearsal question - Thurman Co (Audit evidence and procedures)

Exhibits You are the manager responsible for the audit of Thurman
Co, a manufacturing company which supplies stainless
1. Summary – Assets steel components to a wide range of industries. The
held for sale company’s financial year ended on 31 July 2016 and you
are reviewing the audit work which has been completed
Requirements on a number of material balances and transactions:
assets held for sale, capital expenditure and payroll
Requirements (6 marks) expenses. A summary of the work which has been
Response options performed is given below and in each case the
description of the audit work indicates the full extent of
the audit procedures carried out by the audit team.

Requirement (6 marks)
(i) Comment on the sufficiency and appropriateness of the audit evidence obtained;
(3 marks)
(ii) Recommend further audit procedures to be performed by the audit team. (3 marks)

Exhibit 1. Summary – Assets held for sale

Due to the planned disposal of one of Thurman Co’s factory sites, the property and
associated assets have been classified as held for sale in the financial statements. A
manual journal has been posted by the finance director to reclassify the assets as
current assets and to adjust the value of the assets for impairment and reversal of
depreciation charged from the date at which the assets met the criteria to be classified
as held for sale. The finance director asked the audit senior to check the journal before
it was posted on the basis of there being no one with the relevant knowledge to do this
at Thurman Co.

The planned disposal was discussed with management. A brief note has been put into
the audit working papers stating that in management’s opinion the accounting
treatment to classify the factory as held for sale is correct. The manual journal has been
arithmetically checked by a different member of the audit team, and the amounts
agreed back to the non-current asset register.

Suggested Answer:

………… (The rest of the content will only be shown in the official package)
Advanced Audit and Assurance (AAA) Education Book

Author: Lesco Group Limited

Chief Editor: Terry Steward

Publisher: Acme Books

Room 1902, Easey Commercial Building 253-361 Hennessy Road,

Wanchai, Hong Kong

ISBN: 978-988-79592-6-7

September 2021 First Edition

Copyright

© Lesco Group Limited

All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or

utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or

stored on any retrieval systems without the expressed written

permission of the author.