Department Industrial Engineering Faculty

of Engineering -
Division Shoubra-Benha University
Academic Year 2020
Course name Elective 1
Advanced safety
Safety Management
Systems
Course code IND601
Hamdy Mohamed Khaled Amin
172901349
[email protected]
Dr. Attia Goma
Approved by:

Examiners committee Signature

1
 ‫‪Acknowledgment‬‬
‫أي محاولة على أي مستوى ال يمكن أن تكتمل بشكل مرض دون دعم وتوجيه من ذوي المعرفة‪ .‬نود أن نعرب‬
‫عن امتناننا الكبير لألستاذ الدكتور عطية جمعه لدعمه لنا في هذا الترم وهذه الظروف الصعبة التي يشهدها‬
‫العالم اجمع‪ .‬ولم يبخل علينا من علمه الكبير عن طريق التواصل من خالل منصات التواصل االجتماعي او‬
‫من خالل قناته على اليوتيوب‪ .‬ولوال ذلك ما كان لنا ان نقوم بمثل هذا العمل اللهم اجعل علمه في ميزان حسناته‪.‬‬

‫نشكرك دكتورنا الكبير‪.............‬‬

‫‪Research objectives‬‬
‫‪• discussion of‬‬
‫‪• Safety Management Systems‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Safety Risk Analysis‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Job Hazard Analysis‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Accidents Analysis‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Work Permits‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Occupational Diseases‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Fire Fighting Systems‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Fire Detection Systems‬‬
‫‪• Case Studies‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
 Contents
Subject / section page
Abstract 5
Introduction- Safety Standards 6
(OSHA) (ISO 45001)
Safety Management Systems 9
Checklist for Current Situation Analysis 10
ISO 45001 13
Identify Control analysis
Safety Risk Analysis 21
Risk analysis- Risk assessment- Risk management -Risk
matrix
Risk control -How is a risk analysis done
- Job Hazard Analysis 25
Poses a risk- CASE
- RISK MATRIX 32
Work Permit 35
Types Work Permit
Lockout and Tagout Devices
Occupational Diseases 39
Recognition of an occupational disease

3
 Accidents Analysis10 42
Accident / incident analysis
Reasons for work accidents
Classification of work accidents
Important definitions

Fire Fighting Systems 45

Fire Fighting Systems types
automatic water sprinkler system
Fire Extinguisher
Fire Detection and Alarm System Fire
Emergency exit

Case Study 58
Case 1-Hazard Analysis for Replace furnace pipes Works
BY CRANE
Case 2---Design a manual firefighting system for a Turning
and milling workshop
Case 3 – Accident analysis -Safety KPIs
Occupational disease analysis Turning and milling
workshop
Conclusions 66
References 67

4
 1-Abstract
definition of Safety Management System
is “A series of defined, organization-wide process that provide for
effective risk-based decision-making related to your daily business”.
Due to Rafiq the benefits of Safety Management System

SMS is a systematic approach (set of policies, processes and procedures)

required for safety planning, control and improvement
to meet the safety requirements

1. reducing the number of injuries to personnel and operatives in the

workplace through the prevention and control of workplace hazards.
2. Minimize the risk of major accidents
3. Controlling workplace risks improve employee morale and enhance
productivity
4. Minimizing production interruptions and reducing material and
equipment damage
5. Reducing the cost of insurance as well as the cost of employee
absences
6. Minimizing legal cost of accident litigation, fines, reducing
expenditures on emergency supplies
.7 Reducing accident investigation time, supervisors’ time
”. diverted, clerical efforts, and the loss of expertise and experiences

the definition of safety management system should be defined, and the

elements included in safety management system should be clarified in
order to have good quality system. In order to have good quality safety
management system we should have tools to measure safety within
organization to understand where we stand according to safety
performance and since measuring qualitative component is complex, so
comparison between tools and methods of measurement should be
implemented in order to get efficient safety management system (SMS).

5
 2- Introduction
As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational
health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and
has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. Health has been
defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Occupational health
is a multidisciplinary field of healthcare concerned with enabling an
individual to undertake their occupation, in the way that causes least
harm to their health. It contrasts, for example, with the promotion of
health and safety at work, which is concerned with preventing harm
from any incidental hazards, arising in the workplace.
The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives

(i) the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working

capacity.
(ii) the improvement of working environment and work to become
conducive to safety and health and
(iii) development of work organizations and working cultures in a
direction which supports health and safety at work

In this paper, we will review the following axes.....

Building an occupational safety and health system Safety Management
Systems and discussion ISO 45001
Analysis& Control
Safety Risk Analysis
Job Hazard Analysis
Accidents Analysis
Diseases
Work Permits
Occupational Diseases
Fire Fighting Systems
Fire Detection Systems
Case Studies

6
 2- Introduction
Safety Standards
• ISO 9001 -Quality Management System (QMS)
• -ISO 14001 -Environmental Management System (EMS)
• -ISO 45001 -Occupational Health and Safety Management System
• (OHSAS 18001 ISO 45001:2018)
• -OSHA -Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• PSM –Process Safety Management
• •SMS –Safety Management System
• •API 580 / 581 / 571 / 691-Risk Based Inspection
• •API 754 -Process Safety Performance Indicators

(OSHA)
is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Congress
established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSH Act),
OSHA's mission is to "assure safe and healthy working conditions for
working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by
providing training, outreach, education and assistance
. OSHA's workplace safety inspections have been shown to reduce
injury rates and injury costs without adverse effects to employment,
sales, credit ratings, or firm survival
ISO 45001
is an ISO standard for management systems of occupational health and
safety The goal of ISO 45001 is the reduction of occupational injuries
and diseases, including promoting and protecting physical and mental
health?
ISO 45001 follows the High-Level Structure of other ISO standards,
such as ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015, which makes integration
of these standards easier

7
 3- Safety Management Systems
Generally, safety management system elements are consisting of 6 main parts:

Safety
Policy
Continual
Improvement

Planning

Management
Review

Implementation

Measurement &
Evaluation

8
 Checklist for Current Situation Analysis
Management Plan:
2. Policies, objectives and requirements of the SMS are published
3. Organizational structure and key individuals and responsibilities are
defined
4. Elements of the SMS are defined
5. Expectations and objectives of the SMS are conveyed to employees
6. A method to identify and maintain compliance with safety and
regulatory
requirements
• Safety Promotion:
1. Senior management’s commitment to the SMS published
2. Senior management visibly demonstrates their commitment to SMS
3. Outputs of the SMS is communicated to all employees
4. Initial and recurrent training is provided to all personnel
5. Competency requirements are defined for those individuals in key
positions
6. Training requirements are documented and periodically reviewed
7. Lessons learned are shared to promote improvement of the safety
program
8. Employee safety feedback system is established
9. “Just Culture” process is in place
• Document and Data Information Management
1. Safety policies, objectives and SMS requirements publicized
2. Safety regulations that govern the organization identified
3. Pertinent safety and regulatory information provided to all employees
4. Documentation describing the systems for each SMS component
consolidated
5. Change control system in place for applicable documents
6. Personnel are educated on changes in documents
7. Obsolete documents are promptly removed
8. Periodic review of documents

9
 Hazard Identification and Risk Management
1. Employees receive feedback on reported hazards
2. Safety data analyzed
3. Corrective actions monitored for effectiveness
4. Hazards are monitored to identify trends
5. A non‐punitive disciplinary policy in place for reporting hazards
6. Provisions for anonymous submittals of hazards
Occurrence and Hazard reporting
1. Employees receive feedback on reported hazards
2. Safety data analyzed
3. Corrective actions monitored for effectiveness
4. Hazards are monitored to identify trends
5. A non‐punitive disciplinary policy in place for reporting hazards
6. Provisions for anonymous submittals of hazards
Occurrence Investigation and Analysis
1. Employees receive feedback on reported hazards
2. Safety data analyzed
3. Corrective actions monitored for effectiveness
4. Hazards are monitored to identify trends
5. A non‐punitive disciplinary policy in place for reporting hazards
6. Provisions for anonymous submittals of hazards
• Occurrence Investigation and Analysis
1. Investigations conducted to determine root cause
2. Person(s) conducting the investigation technically qualified
3. Investigations identify what can be done to prevent future
occurrences
4. Both the immediate causal factors and the contributory factors
identified
5. Investigations include looking at organizational factors
6. Acts of “omission” and “commission” identified
7. Investigation reports provided to manager that has accountability and
authority
Safety Management Training Requirements
1. Safety orientation for all new employees

10
2. Competency requirements documented
3. Training requirements documented
4. Regularly scheduled safety meetings
5. Key personnel continuously educated on safety management best
practices
Emergency Preparedness and Response
1. Plan is readily available at work stations
2. Plan is relevant and useful
3. Emergency response plan periodically tested
4. Be updated when contact details change
5. Personnel briefed on the plan and their responsibilities
6. Training in emergency response procedures provided
7. Responsibilities defined for immediate response personnel
8. Responsibilities defined for secondary response personnel
9. Responsibilities defined for site security and accident investigation
10. Procedures for next of kin notification
11. Procedure for claims and insurance
12. Procedures for aircraft recovery
• Performance Measurements
1. Safety performance monitoring used as feedback to improve the
system
2. Address individual areas
3. Are SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results Oriented,
Timely)
4. Linked to the organization’s business performance measures

11
 4-ISO 45001
is an ISO standard for management systems of occupational health and
safety The goal of ISO 45001 is the reduction of occupational injuries
and diseases, including promoting and protecting physical and mental
health?
ISO 45001 follows the High-Level Structure of other ISO standards,
such as ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015, which makes integration
of these standards easier

ISO 45001 enables organizations to identify

Occupational health and safety hazards and procedures
(Per active) which is represented in

.
Identify Analysis Control
12
 KEY BENEFITS OF ISO 45001
ISO 45001 implements the Annex SL process and structure, making
integration of multiple ISO management system standards easier, such
as ISO 9001, Quality management systems and ISO 14001,
Environmental management systems.
It uses a simple plan-do-check-act (PDCA) model, which provides a
framework for organizations to plan what they need to put in place in
order to minimize the risk of injury or illness. The measures should
address concerns that can lead to long-term health issues and absence
from work, as well as those that give rise to injuries.
ISO 45001 enables an organization to identify OH&S hazards, risks and
opportunities to proactively manage to support worker wellness/well-
being. The ISO 45001 standard calls for the organization’s management
and leadership to:
Integrate responsibility for health and safety issues as part of the
organization’s overall plan
Demonstrate engagement with employees (and where they exist employees’
representatives) to create an organizational cultural that encourages active
participation of workers in the OH&S management system
Ensure the OH&SMS is integrated into an organizations business process

Structure of International Standard ISO 45001

1. Scope
2. Normative References
3. Terms and Definitions
4. Context of the Organization
5. Leadership and Worker Participation
6. Planning
7. Support
8. Operation
9. Performance Evaluation
10. Improvement

13
 Leadership and Worker Participation
• Leadership has been enhanced to ensure commitment and active support
from top management in:
• Taking overall responsibility and accountability for protection of workers’
work-related health and safety
• Ensuring OH&S policy and objectives are established
• Defining actions to control hazards and risks
• Determining information (what and how) to be communicated
• Allocating necessary resources for OH&S (establish, implement, maintain
and improve)
• Identifying competence and training needs and evaluating training Defining
actions to control hazards and risks
• Identifying hazards and assessing risk

• Identifying competence and training needs and evaluating training

Planning
When planning how to achieve OH&S objectives, the organization must determine:
• What will be done

• What resources will be required

• Who will be responsible?

• When they will be completed

• How they will be measured through indicators (if practicable) and monitored

• How results will be evaluated

• How the actions to achieve OH&S objectives will be integrated into the organization’s
business process

14
 Support
Control of Documented Information
• Available and suitable for use, where and when needed

• Adequately protected (loss, confidentiality, use, integrity)

• Control Distribution, access, retrieval, use

Storage and preservation

Control of changes

Retention and disposition

Access by workers, and where they exist, workers representatives, to relevant documented
information Outsourcing merging Key Changes

Procurement
A company must establish controls to ensure that the procurement of goods (for example
products,
hazardous materials or substances, raw materials or equipment) and services conform to its
OH&S
management system requirements.
Prior to procuring goods and services, the organization should identify procurement controls
that:
• Identify and evaluate potential OH&S risks associated with products, materials,
equipment and services

• Require products, materials, equipment and services to conform to OH&S objectives

• Define needs for information, participation and communications

• Prior to use in workplace:

• Verify that any procured equipment, installations and materials are adequate before being
commissioned to ensure they function as designated

• Ensure goods are delivered to specifications and are tested to ensure they work as
intended and specified

• Communicate and make available usage requirements, precautions or other protective

measures

15
Also, the ISO 45001 standard can identify health risks Occupational safety and
precautionary measures include:
1- Elimination
2- Substitution
3- Identify
4- Analysis
5- Control
Outsourcing, Procurement and Contractors

16
 Performance Evaluation
Organizations must establish, implement and maintain a process for monitoring, measurement
and evaluation. They must determine what needs to be monitored and measured, including:
Criteria against which the organization will evaluate OH&S performance

Methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation, as applicable, to ensure valid
results

When the monitoring and measuring will be performed

When the results from monitoring and measurement will be analyzed, evaluated and
communicated

Examples of what could be monitored and measured include:

Progress on meeting policy commitments, achieving objectives and continual improvement

Occupational health complaints, health surveillance of workers and work environment

monitoring

Work-related incidents, injuries, ill health and complaints, including trends

Effectiveness of operational controls and emergency exercises

Proactive and reactive actions affecting OH&S performance

Competence

References ISO 45001 https://www.iso.org/iso-45001-occupational-health-and-

safety.htm
You can review this link

17
 5- Safety Risk Analysis
Important definitions

What is .......?
Risk - The frequency of occurrence (likelihood) of an undesired event, and the
severity of the consequences (effects) of that event.

Risk analysis - The quantitative or qualitative process to assess the likelihood

and potential consequences of a possible event.
(1) Risk analysis provides a basis for risk evaluation and decisions about risk
control.
(2) Information can include current and historical data, theoretical analysis,
informed opinions, and the concerns of stakeholders.
(3) Risk analysis includes risk estimation.

Risk assessment – 1) Any process used to identify, quantify, or rank risks.

2) The total process of risk analysis, interpretation of results, and
recommendations of corrective action (from SP1258).

Risk management - A process that is used to ensure that all significant risks
are identified, evaluated, prioritized, managed (controlled), and monitored
effectively

Risk matrix - A tool for conducting qualitative risk assessment, which

characterizes risks based on their likelihood and consequences
Risk evaluation – the process of comparing an estimated risk against given risk
criteria to determine the significance of the risk.

Risk control – actions implementing risk evaluation decisions.

18
 Risk analysis
Risk analyses are very important as they form an integral part of an
occupational health and safety management plan. They help to
• Create awareness of hazards and risk.
• Identify who may be at risk (e.g., employees, cleaners, visitors,
contractors, the public, etc.).
• Determine whether a control program is required for a hazard.
• Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more
should be done.
• Prevent injuries or illnesses, especially when done at the design or
planning stage.
• Prioritize hazards and control measures.
• Meet legal requirements where applicable.

goal
The goal is to try to answer the following questions:

a. What can happen and under what circumstances?

b. What are the possible consequences?
c. How likely are the possible consequences to occur?
d. Is the risk controlled effectively, or is further action required?

How do you plan for a risk analysis?

In general, determine:

• What the scope of your risk analysis will be (e.g., be specific about
what you are assessing such as the lifetime of the product, the
physical area where the work activity takes place, or the types of
hazards).
• The resources needed (e.g., train a team of individuals to carry out
the analysis, the types of information sources, etc.).
• What type of risk analysis measures will be used (e.g., how exact the
scale or parameters need to be in order to provide the most relevant
evaluation)?
• Who are the stakeholders involved (e.g., manager, supervisors,
workers, worker representatives, suppliers, etc.).
• What relevant laws, regulations, codes, or standards may apply in
your jurisdiction, as well as organizational policies and procedures.
19
 How is a risk analysis done?
general, to do an analysis, you should:

• Identify hazards.
• Determine the likelihood of harm, such as an injury or illness
occurring, and its severity.
o Consider normal operational situations as well as non-standard
events such as maintenance, shutdowns, power outages,
emergencies, extreme weather, etc.
o Review all available health and safety information about the
hazard such as Safety Data Sheet (SDS), manufacturers
literature, information from reputable organizations, results of
testing, workplace inspection reports, records of workplace
incidents (accidents), including information about the type and
frequency of the occurrence, illnesses, injuries, near misses,
etc.
o Understand the minimum legislated requirements for your
jurisdiction.
• Identify actions necessary to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk
using the hierarchy of risk control methods.
• Evaluate to confirm if the hazard has been eliminated or if the risk is
appropriately controlled.
• Monitor to make sure the control continues to be effective.
• Keep any documents or records that may be necessary.
Documentation may include detailing the process used to assess the
risk, outlining any evaluations, or detailing how conclusions were
made.

When doing an assessment, also take into account?

• The methods and procedures used in the processing, use, handling

or storage of the substance, etc.
• The actual and the potential exposure of workers (e.g., how many
workers may be exposed, what that exposure is/will be, and how
often they will be exposed).
• The measures and procedures necessary to control such exposure
by means of engineering controls, work practices, and hygiene
practices and facilities.

20
 • The duration and frequency of the task (how long and how often a
task is done).
• The location where the task is done.
• The machinery, tools, materials, etc. that are used in the operation
and how they are used (e.g., the physical state of a chemical, or
lifting heavy loads for a distance).
• Any possible interactions with other activities in the area and if the
task could affect others (e.g., cleaners, visitors, etc.).
• The lifecycle of the product, process or service (e.g., design,
construction, uses, decommissioning).
• The education and training the workers have received.
• How a person would react in a particular situation (e.g., what would
be the most common reaction by a person if the machine failed or
malfunctioned).

See a sample risk analysis form.

21
 6-Job Hazard Analysis

Identify Analysis

PPE Control

Hazard
1) The potential to harm people and the
environment, cause damage and/or loss of assets, and
adversely impact PDO‟s reputation. (See Aspect).
2) A condition, act, and/or practice with the potential for
accidental loss.

22
‫‪Physical‬‬ ‫‪Engineering Chemical‬‬ ‫‪Biological‬‬ ‫‪Ergonomics‬‬
‫‪Hazards‬‬ ‫‪Hazards‬‬ ‫‪Hazards‬‬ ‫‪Hazards‬‬
‫‪Hazards‬‬
‫كل ما يؤثر علي‬ ‫كل ما يؤثر علي‬ ‫كل ما يؤثر علي‬ ‫كل ما يؤثر علي‬ ‫كل ما يؤثر علي‬
‫سالمة‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫سالمة‬
‫العامل وصحته‬ ‫العامل وصحته‬ ‫العامل وصحته‬ ‫العامل وصحته‬ ‫العامل وصحته‬
‫نتيجة‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫نتيجة‬
‫لعوامل طبيعية‬ ‫لعوامل ھندسية‬ ‫لعوامل كيميائية‬ ‫لعوامل بيولوجية‬ ‫لعوامل سلوكية‬

‫الحرارة ‪ /‬البرودة‬ ‫الميكانيكية‬ ‫طريقة التعامل مع‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ ‫الخبرة‬

‫والجراثيم‬
‫المواد الكيميائية‬
‫التي يمكن أن‬
‫المستخدمة‬
‫تنتقل‬
‫ونواتجها‬
‫بالعدوى من‬
‫المرضى‬
‫أو من الطعام أو‬
‫من‬
‫المكان الملوث‬
‫اإلضاءة ‪ /‬اإلنارة‬ ‫الكهربائية‬ ‫مواد مسممه او‬ ‫كرونا فيرس‬ ‫اإلھمال‬
‫خانقه‬
‫الرطوبة ‪ /‬التهوية‬ ‫إنشائية‬ ‫مواد مشعه‬ ‫االمراض الجلديه‬ ‫الحالة الصحية‬
‫المعديه‬
‫والنفسية‬

‫السقوط ‪ /‬اإلنزالق‬ ‫التخزين‬ ‫مواد ملتهبه وقابله‬ ‫التعب والسن‬

‫لالشتعال‬

‫الغبار ‪ /‬األتربة‬ ‫الساللم‬

‫‪23‬‬
Overall, the goal is to find and record possible hazards that may be present
in your workplace. It may help to work as a team and include both people
familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not - this way you
have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the inspection. In
either case, the person or team should be competent to carry out the
assessment and have good knowledge about the hazard being assessed,
any situations that might likely occur, and protective measures appropriate
to that hazard or risk.
To be sure that all hazards are found:

• Look at all aspects of the work.

• Include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or
cleaning.
• Look at accident / incident / near-miss records.
• Include people who work off site either at home, on other job sites,
drivers, teleworkers, with clients, etc.
• Look at the way the work is organized or done (include experience of
people doing the work, systems being used, etc).
• Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example: possible impact
on hazard control procedures that may be unavailable in an
emergency situation, power outage, etc.).
• Determine whether a product, machine or equipment can be
intentionally or unintentionally changed (e.g., a safety guard that
could be removed).
• Review all of the phases of the lifecycle.
• Examine risks to visitors or the public.
• Consider the groups of people that may have a different level of risk
such as young or inexperienced workers, persons with disabilities, or
new or expectant mothers.
It may help to create a chart or table such as the following:

24
How do you know if the hazard will cause harm (poses a risk)?
Each hazard should be studied to determine its' level of risk. To research
the hazard, you can look at:

• Product information / manufacturer documentation.

• Past experience (knowledge from workers, etc.).
• Legislated requirements and/or applicable standards.
• Industry codes of practice / best practices.
• Health and safety material about the hazard such as safety data
sheets (SDSs), research studies, or other manufacturer
information.
• Information from reputable organizations.
• Results of testing (atmospheric or air sampling of workplace,
biological swabs, etc.).
• The expertise of an occupational health and safety professional.
• Information about previous injuries, illnesses, near misses,
incident reports, etc.
• Observation of the process or task.

Remember to include factors that contribute to the level of risk such as:

• The work environment (layout, condition, etc.).

• The systems of work being used.
• The range of foreseeable conditions.
• The way the source may cause harm (e.g., inhalation, ingestion,
etc.).
• How often and how much a person will be exposed.
• The interaction, capability, skill, experience of workers who do the
work.

25
CASE

26
 1 Drilling a wooden
Description: board piece without
Identify Scope of work proper holding & PPE
-
Supporting the
wooden board piece
by hand
2 Engineering Mechanical
Hazard type: hazard
Unsafe behavior & Unsafe
Identify the hazards Act (Stop card)
-
Unsafe condition (No
fixtures)
3 3
Consequence & Accident type: Caught In
Analysis -
Probability: Severity level: Injury or
Risk analysis Losing fingers
-
Probability: Very High
4 4
Remedy & Use proper holding clamp
-
Recommendations: Use proper PPE Hand
Control How to eliminate or Protection (gloves)
minimize the risk? -
Awareness program
5 5
How to Manage your Safety training & awareness
plan
Recommendations? -
Planning & Control PPE availability plan
-
Clamp availability plan
-
Continuous review & follow
up

27
 7- RISK MATRIX
Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which risk is
the most serious and thus which to control first. Priority is usually
established by taking into account the employee exposure and the potential
for incident, injury or illness. By assigning a priority to the risks, you are
creating a ranking or an action list.
There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Nor will
a single technique apply in all situations. The organization has to determine
which technique will work best for each situation. Ranking hazards requires
the knowledge of the workplace activities, urgency of situations, and most
importantly, objective judgement.
For simple or less complex situations, an assessment can literally be a
discussion or brainstorming session based on knowledge and experience.
In some cases, checklists or a probability matrix can be helpful. For more
complex situations, a team of knowledgeable personnel who are familiar
with the work is usually necessary.
As an example, consider this simple risk matrix. Table 1 shows the
relationship between probability and severity.

Severity ratings in this example represent:

• High: major fracture, poisoning, significant loss of blood, serious head

injury, or fatal disease
• Medium: sprain, strain, localized burn, dermatitis, asthma, injury
requiring days off work
• Low: an injury that requires first aid only; short-term pain, irritation, or
dizziness
•

28
Probability ratings in this example represent:

• High: likely to be experienced once or twice a year by an individual

• Medium: may be experienced once every five years by an individual
• Low: may occur once during a working lifetime

The cells in Table 1 correspond to a risk level, as shown in Table 2.

These risk ratings correspond to recommended actions such as:

• Immediately dangerous: stop the process and implement controls

• High risk: investigate the process and implement controls
immediately
• Medium risk: keep the process going; however, a control plan must
be developed and should be implemented as soon as possible
• Low risk: keep the process going but monitor regularly. A control plan
should also be investigated
• Very low risk: keep monitoring the process

Let's use an example: When painting a room, a step stool must be used to
reach higher areas. The individual will not be standing higher than 1 metre
(3 feet) at any time. The assessment team reviewed the situation and
agrees that working from a step stool at 1 m is likely to:

• Cause a short-term injury such as a strain or sprain if the individual

falls. A severe sprain may require days off work. This outcome is
similar to a medium severity rating.
• Occur once in a working lifetime as painting is an uncommon activity
for this organization. This criterion is similar to a low probability rating.

29
When compared to the risk matrix chart (Table 1), these values correspond
to a low risk.

The workplace decides to implement risk control measures, including the

use of a stool with a large top that will allow the individual to maintain
stability when standing on the stool. They also determined that while the
floor surface is flat, they provided training to the individual on the
importance of making sure the stool's legs always rest on the flat surface.
The training also included steps to avoid excess reaching while painting.

30
 8- Work Permit

What is a Work Permit?

Work Permit is a documented format that authorizes certain people to
carry out specific work within a specified time frame / area. It sets out
the precautions required to complete the work safely, based on a risk
assessment.
Features of permit-to-work systems
• A Standard Operating Procedure, job or method statement and information
• The equipment and tools to be used
• A hazard and risk assessment
• Required precautions, mitigating actions and control measures
• All PPE requirements
• The permit issue, extension and withdrawal details
• The names and signatures of those who are responsible for the job
• A Tool Box Talk signed by all workmen

31
 Types Work Permit
• Hot work
• Cold work - non routine hazardous activities
• Ground disturbance
• Electrical work
• Confined space entry
• Critical Lifts
Hot Work Permit
A hot work permit is required for work involving the use of a
flame or other sources of ignition. Some examples include:
Electrical welding and use of welding machine,
Flame cutting,
Grinding (producing sparks)

Cold Work Permit

– A cold work permit is required for potentially hazardous work
not covered by other types of work permits. Some examples include:
Chemical cleaning or use of solvents,
Handling of hazardous substances (e.g., toxic/corrosive chemicals,
asbestos, etc.)
Use of resins, typically used during blade repairs,
Any painting activity,
32
 Heavy lifts (refer to Crane/Lifting procedure for definition),
Erecting or dismantling scaffolds,
Any non-routine and potentially hazardous activity,
. Any activity requiring specific control measures to confirm safety

33
 Electrical Permit
Work involving the installation or repair of electrical conductors,
Connection or disconnection of electric motors,
Reaching into any panel, transformer or other electrical enclosure
which
may have energized circuits, capacitors, wiring, etc.
, Work on instrumentation, instrument panels, or telecom equipment

Confined Space Entry Permit

– A confined space entry permit is required to allow
personnel to enter a confined space such as a blade, trench, tank, vessel,
etc.
..1 A confined space entry permit allows access and inspection only.
..2 When hot work, cold work, electrical work, and/or energy isolation
work is
carried out in a confined space, an additional permit(s) (as required by
the
type of work) must be applied for and cross referenced to the confined
space entry permit.
Confined space activities requiring the issuance of a permit will 3..
utilize the

34
 Lockout and Tagout Devices
Lockout devices hold energy-isolation devices in an
off position. They provide protection by preventing
equipment from energizing because they are
restraints that no one can remove without a key or by
destroying the lockout device through extraordinary
means such as a bolt cutter. Tagout devices are
prominent warning devices fastened to energy-
isolation devices to warn employees not to
reenergize equipment that is being serviced. Tagout
devices are easier to remove and provide employees
with less protection than lockout devices

35
 9- Occupational Diseases
‫المرض المهني‬
‫هو مرض يصيب الفرد نتيجة لطبيعة عمله أو‬
‫ حيث يتم تعريفه عند انتشاره‬،‫نشاطه المهني‬
‫في بيئة عمل محددة ُمقارنة بالمحيط السكاني‬
‫العام أو ببيئة عمل أخرى يمكن لإلصابة أن‬
،‫تكون ناتجة عن التعرض لعوامل ضارة مختلفة‬
،‫ بيولوجية‬،‫ فيزيائية‬،‫قد تكون كيميائية‬
‫ وخالفا إلصابة العمل التي‬.‫مسرطنة أو مشعة‬
‫ فإن‬،‫تكون ناتجة عن وقوع حادث لمرة واحدة‬
‫المرض المهني عادة ما يكون ناتجا عن‬
‫التعرض الدائم والمتكرر لمسبب الضرر على‬
‫امتداد فترة زمنية معينة‬
‫يتم اطالق اسم العدوى المهنية على اإلصابة‬
‫باألمراض المعدية التي يسببها مرض‬
‫ميكروبي‬
What is an occupational disease?
An occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work
or working conditions.
This means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the
workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease
is well known in medical research. Or put in another way, it must not be
likely, beyond reasonable doubt, that the disease was caused by factors
other than work.
Examples of occupational diseases:

• Tennis elbow
• Allergy
• Hearing loss
• Asthma

Exposures in the workplace that may cause some of the above diseases:

• Repetitive work movements

36
 • Work with arms lifted above shoulder height
• Heavy lifting work
• Work in a very noisy environment
• Work with hazardous substances

When there is adequate medical documentation that a disease is caused

by a certain exposure, the disease is included on the list of occupational
diseases.
The list of occupational diseases is a list of work-related diseases which
are recognized as industrial injuries if a person has had certain exposures
in the workplace. The list is constantly updated so that it covers the most
recent research. This is done by the Occupational Diseases Committee,
which is composed of representatives from i.a. the Danish Board of Health
(Sunders stressed), the Working Environment Authority (Airbeds tilsynet),
and the parties to the labor market.
Recognition of an occupational disease
In order for you to get compensation and other benefits as a consequence
of a disease, the disease must be recognized as an industrial injury.
A disease can be recognized in two different ways:

• If the disease and the exposure causing the disease are on the list of
occupational diseases, we recognize the disease as an occupational
disease
• If the disease is not on the list of occupational diseases, it is still
possible to recognize it as an occupational disease if the
Occupational Diseases Committee, in their recommendation, state
that it is likely, beyond reasonable doubt, that the disease was
caused by special factors in the workplace

37
 ‫تصنيف األمراض المهنية‬
‫‪:‬تطرق الباحثون و المختصون في مجال طب العمل و األمراض المهنية إلى عدة تصنيفات لألمراض المهنية فمنهم من‬
‫صنفها حسب طبيعة العمل و منهم من صنفها حسب طبيعة مسبباتها و من التصنيفات الشائعة و المتداولة نذكر ما‬
‫يلي‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬التصنيف حسب طبيعة المهنة‪:‬‬
‫و ينقسم إلى‪:‬‬
‫• أمراض مهنية للعاملين في مصانع البترول‪.‬‬
‫• أمراض مهنية للعاملين في مصانع البتروكيماويات* ‪.‬‬
‫• أمراض مهنية للعاملين في مصانع الغزل و النسيج* ‪.‬‬
‫• أمراض مهنية للعاملين في صناعة الزجاج‪.‬‬
‫• أمراض مهنية للعاملين في المستشفيات و المختبرات‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬التصنيف حسب طبيعة المسبب‪:‬‬
‫و يتمثل فيما يلي ‪:‬‬
‫* أمراض مهنية ناجمة عن عوامل طبيعية فيزيقية‪:‬‬
‫إذ أن التعرض للظروف الفيزيقية غير المناسبة في بيئة العمل من شأنها أن تؤدي إلى اإلصابة بأمراض مهنية‪ ،‬و تشمل‬
‫الظروف الفيزيقية ‪ :‬تغيرات درجة الحرارة ‪،‬‬
‫التعرض إلضاءة غير مناسبة أو لضوضاء مزعجة و مضرة أو لتغيرات الضغط الجوي أو التعرض لإلشعاعات أو الكهرباء‬
‫أو للذبذبات و االھتزازات ‪.‬‬
‫* أمراض مهنية ناتجة عن عوامل بيولوجية‪:‬‬
‫و تنتج عن عدوى الميكروبات والفيروسات المتواجدة في جو العمل و تنتقل من إنسان آلخر ‪.‬‬
‫* أمراض مهنية ناتجة عن عوامل نفسية‪:‬‬
‫مثل جنون العزلة في األماكن النائية و البعيدة عن ديناميكية األفراد ‪.‬‬
‫* أمراض مهنية ناجمة عن عوامل كيميائية‪:‬‬
‫و ينتج الضررھنا بسبب تعامل ھذه المواد مع أنسجة الجسم المختلفة للعامل و درجة الخطورة ھنا تعتمد على عدة عوامل‬
‫منها درجة تركيز ھذه المادة ‪ ،‬نوعها ‪ ،‬كميتها و حالتها كما تعتمد درجة خطورتها على طريقة دخولها للجسم و مدة‬
‫التعرض لها باإلضافة إلى االستعداد الجسمانى للعامل‬
‫* ‪-‬التصنيف حسب طبيعة المصاب‪:‬‬
‫و قد تكون اإلصابة في ‪ * :‬الجهاز التنفسي ‪ * .‬الجهاز الهضمي * الجهاز الدوراني * الجهاز الحركي * الجهاز العصبي *‬
‫الجلد * المسالك البولية و التناسلية * العينين األذنان و األنف و الحنجرة * اإلصابة في أكثر من جهاز‬
‫عوامل تؤثر في زيادة االمراض المهنية‬
‫التهوية‪:‬‬ ‫اإلضاءة‪:‬‬
‫إن التهوية الغير جيدة في بيئة العمل من شأنها أن‬ ‫وتعد من أهم العوامل المادية التي لها دور بارز في عمل الفرد‬
‫تلحق أضرارا جسيمة وتؤثر تأثيرا بالغا على العمال‬ ‫وعالقته واضحة بمستوى األداء‪ ،‬فهي تساعد على تحسينه‬
‫بدنيا ونفسيا‪ ،‬وبالتالي تجعله عرضة لألمراض المهنية‪،‬‬ ‫وتخفيض نسبة التعب ومن ثمة فهي ل غنى عنها بالنسبة‬
‫السن‪:‬‬ ‫لصحة العامل وسالمته وكفاءته في أدائه لعمله‪.‬‬
‫إن العالقة بين زيادة السن و والمراض‬ ‫الضوضاء‪،:‬‬
‫المهنيه‪،‬عالقه قويه فتقدم السن يضعف المناعه‬ ‫يمكن القول أن الضوضاء آثار بليغة على صحة‬
‫طبيعيا ويجعل الشخص المسن غير قادر على‬ ‫وسالمة العاملين داخل بيئة العمل‪ ،‬إذ تعد من بين‬
‫مقاومه بعض العوامل المؤثره على صحته‬ ‫المشاكل األساسية التي يتعرض لها العمال أثناء‬
‫طبيعة العمل‪:‬‬ ‫قيامهم بأعمالهم‪ ،‬إذ أنها في بعض األحيان‬
‫إحصاءات أخرى تشير إلى أن للتقنيات الحديثة‬ ‫تفقدهم أهم رادار ينعم بهم جسمهم وهو األذن‬
‫دور في زيادة معدل المراض‪ ،‬حيث كلما زادت‬ ‫كوسيلة اتصال مع العالم الخارجي‪ ،‬إضافة إلى ذلك فا‬
‫سرعة اآللت زاد تعقيد العمل وتفاقمت مسؤولياته‪،‬‬ ‫الضوضاء آثار بليغة على الجوانب السيكولوجية‬
‫ومن ثمة يزيد معدل التورط في المراض__‬ ‫والجتماعية للعامل‬

‫‪38‬‬
 10-Accidents Analysis
Accident / incident analysis
- Study of accident / incident experience through compilation of related
facts and information about the nature of injuries and/or damage, and
the causal factors. The purpose is to define trends and problem areas
and to identify the critical safety problems as a basis for program
objectives and activities. Analyses usually include frequency of
occurrence, severity, nature of injury / damage, part of body injured,
part of equipment or material damaged, agency of the accident,
substandard practices and conditions, job factors and personal factors.
Refer to Basic Causes and Immediate Causes.
Accidents Analysis is an "after the fact" response.
It is a process that uncovers hazards or problems that
can be eliminated so similar events will not happen
.in the future
One of the goals of occupational safety and health is to maintain the
elements of production, foremost of which is the human component.
Legislation and laws also give the human being the right to obtain a safe
working environment from accidents. According to statistics of the
International Labor Organization, about two million people lose their
lives due to work accidents. Employers attribute it to the lack of
attention and neglect on the part of workers, Work accidents have
serious financial and moral damages, direct and indirect. Everyone is
affected by work accidents and injuries, whether it is the injured
individual, his colleagues, his family, or the affiliate institution.
Reasons for work accidents:
The causes that result in work accidents are divided into two main
categories, the first consists of environmental and organizational factors,
and the second consists of human factors that are due to the individual
39
himself (such as a lack of his capabilities, emotional balance, or
appropriateness to the work he does, or the lack of availability of
psychological motivations for him).
1- environmental and organizational factors
: these factors consist of multiple causes, most of which are due to
a mistake in the design of machinery and equipment and to the
surrounding work environment, as others refer to the nature of the
work itself and the degree of fatigue it causes for the individual
who does it, and we will present some factors that belong to this
section in particular Environmental factors.

1- The speed in doing work: the speed in completing the work in many
cases increases the rate of accidents, due to two main reasons. The first
is that when an individual works quickly, the chances of being exposed
to accidents increase, secondly that when he works at a speed he cannot
allocate adequate care and caution like the individual who Slow down.
2- Temperature: It has been proven from research that the temperature at
which the individual works affects the number of work accidents and the
injuries resulting from it. It was found that work injuries are at their
second level when individuals work at a moderate temperature.
3- Lighting: the rate of accidents and injuries increases when individuals
work in a place where there is insufficient lighting. The results of
surveys conducted on a number of jobs indicated that inadequate
lighting may cause an increase in the rate of work accidents by 25%.
2- the humanitarian factors for accidents:
Work machines and equipment, working conditions and its environment
cause accidents and work injuries, but the vast majority of these
accidents are due to individuals themselves because of their mistakes
that arise from multiple reasons, and psychologists agree on the
existence of individual differences in susceptibility to accidents and the
extent of multiple work injuries as is the case in all human capabilities .
It is considered negligence and lack of experience one of the most
important factors that lead to an increase in work accidents without
being the basis of work accidents.

40
Classification of work accidents:
1- Fatal accident:
It is an accident that leads to death or total disability and does not return
to work because of the disability.
2- Lost time accident:
It is an accident that causes the worker to undergo treatment for a period,
after which he can return to work.
3- Minor accident:
It is an accident that leads to first aid for the worker inside the work
environment and returns to work immediately after making first aid for
him

Important definitions
HAZOP - Hazard and operability. The application of a Hazard classification - A designation of relative loss
formal systematic detailed examination of the process and potential. A system to code substandard practices or
engineering intention of new or existing facilities to assess conditions by the potential severity of the loss, should an
the hazard potential of operation outside the design accident or loss occur
intention or malfunction of individual items of equipment High risk incident / high potential incident - Incident for
and their consequential effects on the facility as a whole. which the combination of potential consequences and
The HAZOP technique was "defined" in the Chemical probability is assessed to be in the high risk – red shaded
Industries Association Code and updated more recently in area – of the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM).
the CCPS Hazard Identification Procedures Incident - 1) An incident is an unplanned and undesired
Accident / incident investigation - A systematic search event or chain of events that has, or could have, resulted in
for factual information on the extent and nature of a specific injury or illness, damage to assets, the environment,
loss or near-miss, the related events, the substandard company reputation, and/or consequential business loss
practices and conditions which influenced the events, the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) - A procedure / graphical
basic or roots causes, and the management actions technique that provides a systematic description of the
needed to prevent or control future occurrences combinations of possible occurrences in a system, which
Goal - 1) A statement describing a desired level of can result in an undesirable outcome. This technique can
performance. Objectives and targets are both types of combine both hardware and human failures. Often, while a
goals. Goals should be SMART- Specific, Measurable, hazardous event has not occurred before, the
Achievable (Attainable), Realistic, and Time bound. 2) The preconditions and underlying causes and failures have. It
result or achievement toward which effort is directed. (See is therefore possible to synthesize a top event or the
Objective and Target). undesirable outcome. This technique is one of the most
Hazards and effects register - A quality record that powerful used to examine how failure events can occur
demonstrates that all hazards and effects have been following a sequence of other faults. Fault Tree Analysis
identified, are understood, and are being properly controlled. uses deductive reasoning / logic.
This Register is kept current throughout the life cycle of a
project or activity, i.e., from the planning and design stage,
through operation, to decommissioning, abandonment, and

41
disposal.

11- Fire Fighting Systems

42
 Fire
is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and
fuel at certain.
FIRE TRIANGLE •
There are four elements that must be present for a fire to
exist. • There must be oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to
raise the material to its ignition temperature, fuel to support
the combustion and a chemical reaction between the other
three elements. • Remove any one of the four elements to
extinguish the fire. • The concept of fire protection is based
upon keeping these four elements separate.
Fire Classifications

Class A - Ordinary materials such as paper, wood, cloth

*Class B - Flammable liquids or Combustible liquids such as
gasoline, paint, propane, kerosene
*Class C - Electrical equipment fires, appliances, switches, panels
*Class D - Certain metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium,
titanium, and aluminium.
*Class K - Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with
vegetable oils, animal oils or fats at high temperatures

43
identify factors that could affect fire safety.
Items in this audit include site layout,
points of entry/exit,
roadways, use of the building,
where and how items are stored,
how items are used,
water or fire department connections, alarm/sprinkler systems, and many other
factors.
Fire Fighting
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and
extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc.
A firefighter suppresses fires to protect lives, property and the environment.

Fire Fighting Systems types

1- automatic water sprinkler system

The automatic water sprinkler system is an automatic fire detecting, alarm and
extinguishing system which can deal quickly and effectively with any outbreak
of fire

44
The system consists of several sections comprising a number of sprinkler heads
mounted on the pipes, each section being connected through a section control
valve to a sprinkler main which in turn is connected to a pressure tank and a
pump. Number of sprinkler heads per section to be not more than 200. Each
section has an alarm system.
It is used in open places, and it is also designed to secure some houses against
fire. On the fire efficiently. Where the spray water reacts quickly to the heat
emitted by the fire, it begins to control it and reduces both the toxic smoke and
the high temperature, thus succeeding in suppressing it with ease.
Thus, the number of machine guns is determined according to the area of the
place that it is planning to secure against fire
Therefore, the sprinkler fire fighting system is often used to secure open places
(tourist places, public parks).
Also, there are many residential complexes that apply a sprinkler fire-fighting
system within their internal architectural design

45
46
47
 Fire Extinguisher

To fight the different classes of fires, there are different types of fire
extinguishers. Each has its own characteristics, capabilities, and limitations.
Three main types of portable fire extinguishers include:
Water extinguishers: Do not use water to extinguish an
Water extinguishers are filled about electrical fire. Water is a good
two-thirds with water and then conductor and can increase the
pressurized with air. When used for possibility of electrocution.
Class A fires, these extinguishers Do not use water to extinguish
remove the heat from the burning flammable liquid or cooking oil fires.
materials. Water is ineffective as it helps to
spread the liquid and the fire.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers: Do not use CO2 extinguishers in
The extinguishing media is pressurized confined spaces as CO2 can displace
CO2. When used for Class B and C the oxygen in the air, making

48
fires, the CO2 covers the fuel by breathing difficult. Only use in a
blanketing it, and stops the reaction at confined space if workers have
the surface by displacing oxygen. Be appropriate respiratory protection.
thorough when using a CO2 Do not use CO2 extinguishers for Class
extinguisher. It has a moderate spray A fires because the fire may continue
range and last only 10 to 30 seconds. A to smolder and re-ignite after the CO2
hard horn attached to the end of the disperses.
spray tube helps to contain and aim
the spray at the target area.
Dry Chemical extinguishers: Be cautious of the residue after using
Dry chemical extinguishers are the dry chemical extinguishers. The
most common and available in few residue can damage motors,
types. These extinguishers will be computers and other electrical
marked for the classes they are equipment.
designed to extinguish (e.g., ABC type
extinguisher will put out Class A, B and
C fires). The extinguishers discharge a
blanket of fine powder which creates a
break between the fuel and the
oxygen in the air. The powder also
works to break the chemical reaction.
Be accurate when using as they have a
short to moderate spray range and last 1. Pull the pin on the extinguisher.
only 10 to 25 seconds 2. Aim the extinguisher.
3. Squeeze the trigger or top handle.
4. Sweep the fire area with the
extinguisher’s spray until the fire is
completely out.

49
 12- Fire Fighting & Detection Systems
Fire Detection and Alarm System Fire
detectors are designed to detect one or more of the three characteristics of fire –
smoke, heat and flame. Besides that, every fire detection system must include
manual call point (break glass), so that in the event of fire, help can be called
immediately. During a fire, activation of an alarm sounders or bells is to arouse
the attention of the occupants so that evacuation can be carried out without
causing harm to the occupants

A smoke detector
is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. • Smoke
detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure about 150
millimeters (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimeters (1 in) thick, • Most smoke
detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical
process (ionization), while others use both detection methods to increase
sensitivity to smoke. • Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and
residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system,
which is powered by the building power with a battery backup.

50
 HEAT DETECTORS
• A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond • when the
convected thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive
element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow
of heat into the element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors
have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature."

BEAM DETECTOR
A pulsed light beam from a light-emitting diode (LED) with its associated optics is
projected across the interior of a blackened chamber that may contain smoke to
be detected. A photocell, with its optics, looks toward the projected beam along a
line perpendicular to the beam. When smoke enters the chamber, the smoke
particles reflect a small portion of the light beam toward the photocell, which
provides a voltage to be amplified and causes an alarm. The light source may be
monitored ahead of the smoke chamber and regulated to prevent variation of the
light intensity from causing erratic detector behavior

51
 A flame detector
is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the
installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as
a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system. When
used in applications such as industrial furnaces, their role is to provide
confirmation that the furnace is working properly; it can be used to turn off the
ignition system though in many cases they take no direct action beyond notifying
the operator or control system. A flame detector can often respond faster and
more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to
detect the flame

52
 FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL (FACP)
A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), or Fire Alarm Control Unit
(FACU), is the controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The
panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to
detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational
integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and
transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire
based on a predetermined sequence.

Manual Control Point

Manually actuated devices;
also known as fire alarm
boxes, manual pull stations, or
simply pull stations, break
glass stations, and (in Europe)
call points. Devices for manual
fire alarm activation are
installed to be readily located
(near the exits), identified, and
operated. They are usually
actuated by means of physical
interaction, such as pulling a
lever or breaking glass.

53
Fire alarm notification appliance Bell
Fire alarm notification appliance: This
component uses energy supplied from
the fire alarm system or other stored
energy source, to inform the
proximate persons of the need to take
action, usually to evacuate. This is
done by means of pulsing
incandescent light, flashing strobe
light, electromechanical horn, siren,
electronic horn, chime, bell, speaker,
or a combination of these devices.
Strobes are either made of a xenon
tube (most common) or recently LEDs

54
 Emergency exit
An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined
use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative
if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc. It is usually a strategically located (e.g. in a
stairwell, hallway, or other likely place) outward opening door with a crash bar on it and with
exit signs leading to it. A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, mounted to the outside
of a building. Local building codes will often dictate the number of fire exits required for a
building of a given size. This may include specifying the number of stairs For any building bigger
than a private house, modern codes invariably specify at least two sets of stairs. Furthermore,
such stairs must be completely separate from each other

13- Case Study

Case 1-Hazard Analysis for Replace furnace pipes Works BY CRANE
‫ دراسه حاله العمال تغيير مواسير الفرن بشركه االسكندريه لالسمده‬-1
Hazard Analysis for Replace furnace pipes Works BY CRANE
‫ اعمال تغيير مواسير الفرن‬:‫وصف االعمال‬
5 ‫عدد العاملين‬ ‫مصنع االمونيا‬ ‫ الورش والبحرية‬: ‫القسم‬
‫تاريخ التحليل‬ ‫ عاليه‬:‫درجه الخطورة‬
‫بشريه‬ ‫بيلوجيه‬ ‫كيميائية‬ ‫إنشائية‬ ‫ميكانيكيه‬ ‫كهربائية‬ ‫فيزيائية‬ ‫المخاطر‬

‫التحكم في المخاطر‬ ‫تحليل المخاطر‬ Identify ‫تحديد المخاطر‬

Control Analysis
PPE Engineering Risk Probability Severity Hazard Des. Hazard
‫هندسية‬ ‫الخطورة‬ ‫درجة اإلحتمال‬ ‫شدة الخطورة‬ ‫وصف المخاطر‬ Type
- - ‫تحسين اتجاه‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫ضعف الضاءه‬
‫نظارة شمس أو‬ ‫الرؤيه واتجاه وقفت‬ ‫وعدم الرؤيه‬
‫واقي‬ ‫الونش ومراعاه‬ ‫الجيده لالماكن‬
‫للعين والوجه‬ ‫اتجاه كم الريح اثناء‬ ‫الصعبه‬
- ‫قفازات مقاومة‬ ‫انزال المواسير‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫اتجاه الرياح‬ Physical
‫للحرارة‬ - ‫المناسبة‬ ‫اإلضاءة‬ ‫وسرعتها‬
- ‫مالبس واقية‬ - ‫المخزن‬ ‫تنظيم‬ ‫ضعيف‬ ‫ضعيف‬ ‫ضعيف‬ ‫الحرارة العالية‬
‫بدلة‬ ‫حوله‬ ‫والمساحات‬ ‫والتعرض لضوء‬
‫العمل أو‬ - ‫عزل الوناش عن‬ ‫الشمس‬
- ‫القبعة لحماية‬ ‫الضوضاء الخارجي‬ ‫ضعيف‬ ‫ضعيف‬ ‫ضعيف‬ ‫الضوضاء‬
‫الرأس‬ ‫وتحسين وسائل‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫سوء تنظيم‬
- ‫كمامة‬ ‫التصال مع البحريه‬ ‫الموقع وطريقه‬
- ‫حذاء سفتى‬ ‫عن طريق لسلكى‬ ‫وقفت الونش‬
- ‫سدادة أذن‬ ‫الفحص الدورى من‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫سقوط الرافعه او‬
‫قبل التفتيش الهندسى‬ ‫انقطاع الوايرات‬

55
 ‫جهاز‬ ‫على صالحيات الوير‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫سوء تخزين‬ ‫‪Mechanical‬‬
‫اتصال واكى توكى‬ ‫والرافعه‬ ‫صندوق العده‬
‫عزل الوصالت ‪-‬‬ ‫وقطع الغيار‬
‫الكهربائية‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫التواصل بين‬
‫‪Administrative‬‬ ‫البحريه والوناش‬
‫‪ :‬إدارية‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫تعرض الواير‬
‫إتباع تعليمات ‪-‬‬ ‫الصلب لإللتواءات‬
‫العمل وعمل كردون‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫سقوط الماسوره‬
‫بقطر امن تحت‬ ‫من الهواء بعد‬
‫منطقه الرافعه‬ ‫تصبينها‬
‫التوعية المستمرة ‪-‬‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫الوصالت‬ ‫‪Electrical‬‬
‫التدريب المستمر ‪-‬‬ ‫الكهربيه المجهزه‬
‫اإلسعافات األولية ‪-‬‬ ‫للغرض‬
‫توفير المعدات ‪-‬‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫السالك الممتده‬
‫مكافحة الحرائق‬ ‫وحوامل الكابالت‬
‫وضع إرشادات‬ ‫الهوائيه‬
‫تحذيريه وشريط عدم‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫إستنشاق أبخرة‬ ‫‪Chemical‬‬
‫تجاوز‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫التعرض للشوائب‬
‫تهيئه وتوعيه الفراد‬ ‫المتطايره من‬
‫الخرين بخطوره‬ ‫الفرن‬
‫النشاط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫قله خبره الوناش‬ ‫البشريه‬
‫تغيير الوناش اذا لزم‬
‫المر في حاله‬
‫اإلحساس بنقص‬
‫الخبره‬
‫‪2- Risk = Consequence x Frequency‬‬

‫‪Probability‬‬ ‫‪Severity‬‬
‫االجراء‬ ‫الشده‬ ‫ضعيف ضعيف متوسط عالى عالى‬
‫جدا‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫جدا ‪1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫يتم العمل بوسائل التحكم الموجودة( مهمات‬

‫وقاية )توعية ومتطلبات قانونيه‬ ‫من‪1‬الى‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫نادر ‪1‬‬
‫تدريب العاملين ويسجل المتدريب بسجل‬
‫المتدربين بقسم التدريب‬ ‫من‪6‬الى‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫منخفض ‪2‬‬
‫تحسين وسائل التحكم ما أمكن وإضافة وسائل‬
‫أخرى وإصدار تعليمات عمل‬ ‫من‪10‬الى‪11‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫متوسط ‪3‬‬
‫وقف األعمال ويشترط تنفيذ األعمال بوسائل‬
‫تحكم أخر ى ويتم التحكم فى التأثيرات البيئية‬
‫وقد يستلزم األمر كتابة تعليمات‬
‫من‪12‬الى‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫عالى ‪4‬‬
‫وقف األعمال نهائيا وإستبدال خطوات تنفيذ‬
‫األعمال على حسب ھرم التسلسل الزمنى‬
‫للمخاطر‬
‫من‪16‬الى‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫عالى جدا‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪56‬‬
Case 2---Design a manual firefighting system for a Turning and milling workshop

Workshop dimensions (75 x 45 x 4)

Heat Detectors d/7.5

Corridor 75*2*4

Smoke Detectors x/10.6

NO of Heat 75÷7.5= 10 DET

detector X.

NO of Heat 45 ÷7.5= 6
detector Y. DET
NO of Smoke detector X 75÷10.5= 7 DET
NO of Smoke detector Y 0
Total No OF HEAT detectors = 10 * 6 = 60 DET
Total No OF SMOKE detectors = 7 DET

57
item type Q UNIT COST total
CONTROL PANEL CONVENTIANAL 1 5000 5000
Heat Detectors ABB 60 100 6000
Smoke Detectors ABB 7 100 700
CALL POINT Break glass 2 50 100
Fire alarm bell 2 1000 2000
13800 LE

75m
7.5 m 3.8
H H H H H H H H H H
HEAT
DETECTOR

H H H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H H H
BELL

H H H H H H H H H H 2
m

45 H H H H H H H H H H
m

H H H H H H H H H H

EXIT control panel 1.6m EXIT

S S S S S S S
10.6m 2m

58
Weir light detectors: 9 * 7.5 = 67.5 m Call point 120 m
6 line * 67.5 = 405 m+45= 450 m
bell 2 line=0.5*22.5+0.5*45=33.75m Total : 450+67.5+120= 637.5 m
2*33.75 =67.5 m UNIT COST: 2*2.5 1 LE
637.5*1 -637.5
TOTAL fire alarm system cost= 637.5+13800= 14437 LE

Fire Fighting system Extinguisher& water sprinkler system

30m

H 1.5 m

L 30 m

EXIT EXIT

59
NUM FIER Extinguisher X = 75 ÷ 30 = 2.5 = 3 EXT
NUM FIER Extinguisher Y = 45 ÷ 30 = 1.5 = 2 EXT
TOTAL FIER Extinguisher= 3*2=6 EXT
CASS BY NFPA10

CLASS A B C C D K
TYPE SOLID LIQ GAS ELEC METAL COCKING
CHECK ××× ××× ×

Site: control room & Dim. 16* 8* 4 m

water sprinkler system

4m

Length = 16 m
Number of sprinklers = 16 / 4 = 4 Distance between = 4 m
60
‫‪Occupational disease analysis Turning and milling workshop‬‬

‫االسباب‬ ‫االمراض المهنيه‬ ‫االعضاء‬

‫بسبب عمليات القطع‬ ‫ضعف السمع‬ ‫الذن‬
‫بسبب االنزالق‬ ‫كسر‬ ‫القدمين‬
‫بسبب الوقوف لفترات كبيره‬ ‫دوالى‬
‫بسبب االنحناء الخاطئ اثناء عمليات‬ ‫غضروف فى الظهر‬ ‫العمود‬
‫القطع واللحام‬ ‫الفقري‬
‫بسبب سوء اإلضاءة‬ ‫ضعف النظر‬ ‫العين‬
‫بسبب األشعة الفوق البنفسجية‬
‫استنشاق الغبار المتطاير‬ ‫الربو‬ ‫الرئة‬
‫استنشاق المواد الكميائيه‬ ‫التهاب الشعب الهوائية‬
‫استخدام العدد واألدوات بصوره خاطئه‬ ‫الجروح القطعيه‬
‫وجود مسببات حريق وحدوثه وعدم‬ ‫الحروق‬
‫وجود طفايات‬ ‫الجسم‬
‫عدم عزل الوصالت الكهربيه وسوء‬ ‫الصعق الكهربى‬
‫توزيعها‬
‫عدم ارتداء مهمات الوقايه‬ ‫صدمات في الراس وصداع‬ ‫الراس‬
‫‪Case 3 – Accident analysis -Safety KPIs‬‬
‫‪A company has the following safety information for the last two years‬‬
‫‪item‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Total Number of Workers‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Annual Working Hours /‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪Worker‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Number of Fatal Accidents‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Number of Accidents‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Number of Injuries‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Total Days Lost‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪Number of Minor Injuries‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪Number of Near-Miss‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1800‬‬

‫‪61‬‬
 1-Accident Investigation Levels:
1) Fatal Accidents

2) Accidents

3) Injuries

4) Minor Injuries

5) Near-Miss

2010 2011
Conclusion:
Despite increasing the number of near-miss in 2011 than
2010; number of accidents and injuries less than 2010. So;
2011 is better than 2010
Safety Performance Indicators
Accident Frequency Rate = (# Minor Injury Frequency Rate = (#
Accidents) x 1,000,000 / Employee Minor Injuries) x 1,000,000 /
hours worked Employee hours worked
Accident Severity Rate = (# Total Near-Miss Frequency Rate = (#
days lost) x 1,000,000 / Employee Near-Miss) x 1,000,000 / Employee
hours worked hours worked
Injury Frequency Rate = (# Injuries) (Lost Time Injury = LTI
x 1,000,000 / Employee hours worked
(# Accidents)x 1,000,000
Employee hours worked

62
 14-Conclusions
Conclusion
From this research, the importance of developing an
SMS system to protect people, equipment and the
environment from surrounding hazards has been
examined in detail. The types of these risks have been
reviewed in detail, a review of their control tools and
analysis systems for them, and the development of
illustrative studies for each case, as well as
clarification of what are occupational diseases and
their analysis Then discussing ISO 45001 and also
highlighting the role of OSH in developing SMS
systems. Then the research touched on safety risk
analysis and job risk analysis and clarification of RISK
MATRIX. Then move on to explain work permits, their
importance and their types of hot and cold business
permits, then discuss fire hazards, how to design fire
systems, types of conventional and automatic fire
systems, types of fire extinguishers, and classify
them, and finally conclude by discussing case studies
on what was reviewed in this research

18-References
Dr. AttiaGomaa
Face-book: AttiaGomaa& Group:Safety Management –Dr. AttiaGomaa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APXoLxb9L4Y&list=PLjLNjHWkF0HRv3ptm_BDgbPLvNYXiOgV1&ind
ex=9&app=desktop
https://www.iirsm.org/sites/default/files/PTW.pdf

63
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/risk_assessment.html
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a027189.pdf
https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g2000/envdocs/MohaveCountyWindFarm/Plan_of_Development/508
%20Attachments%20to%20HSSE%20Plan/Attach_B_Permit_to_Work.pdf
https://www.boshi-safety.com/Lockout-Tagout-Special-Pen-
pl03309.html?gclid=CjwKCAjwwMn1BRAUEiwAZ_jnElnZdw3RcCZYQy39XPBDZeZNDIRns9eKaGYPYk5ya_
cjWtU82aiZnxoCffgQAvD_BwE
https://aes.dk/en/english/industrial-injuries/what-is-an-industrial-injury/what-is-an-occupational-
disease.aspx
https://safegenecenter.blogspot.com/2019/09/fire-fighting-fire-alarm.html
https://www.casa.gov.au/safety-management/safety-management-systems/what-safety-management-
and-safety-management-systems
https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/sms/
www.safewaysafety.com
www.greenarchworld.in
https://www.systemsensor.com/en-us/Documents/System_Smoke_Detectors_AppGuide_SPAG91.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/1234marvin/cc1608-fire-systems-design-guide
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Threats-identified-at-CNC-operator-position_tbl1_324522920
Signages www.greenarchworld.in
https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Managing_Health_and_Safety/Safety_and_Health_Management_Syste
ms/
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcm
s_093550.pdf
https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Managing_Health_and_Safety/Safety_Statement_and_Risk_Assess
ment/
1- ‫موقع ھندسة االمن والسالمة قسم خاص بالدكتور يوسف‬
http://www.linkedin.com/profile/ : 2- ‫موقع خبراء السالمة والصحة المهنية‬
view?id=72044749&trk=tab_prohttp://www.facebook.com/?ref=home: 3- ‫موقع الفيس بوك‬
http://www.alt er.com/vb/t11503.html.: 4- ‫موقع التفكير االيجابي‬
www.safewaysafety.com : 5- ‫موقع شركة سيف وي لالستشارات‬
50. www.greenarchworld.in
Safety Management System International Collaboration Group, Safety Management System
Principle
2. Air Safety Support International, Safety Management System Component, 2006
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construction:
Best practices in Hong Kong." Journal of professional issues in engineering education and
practice 134.1 (2008): 20-32.
4. Safety Management System Toolkit, International Helicopter Safety Symposium, Quebec,
Canada, 2007
5. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Safety Management System Components, 2009
6. OSHACADEMY, Elements of a Safety Management System
7. Texas Department of Insurance Division of Worker’s Compensation Workplace Safety, Safety
Training Program Development, HS94-35C (9-07)
8. A Guide to Measuring Health & Safety Performance, Health & Safety Executive (HSE),
December 2001
9. Incident Rate, Rochester Institute of Technology website
10. Petersen, Dan. Measurement of safety performance. American Society of Safety Engineers,
2005.

64
11. Safety Goals and Objectives, American Society of Safety Engineers, 3009, page 14-20
12. Geller, Using Performance Objectives and Corrective Feedback, Safety Performance Solutions,
ISHN’01-11
13. “What are Safety Audit?” , The Society of Accredited Safety Auditors Limited website
14. Croner’s Guide to Health and Safety, Croner CCH Group Ltd, United Kingdom, 2005
15. Safety Audit/Inspection Manual, American Chemical Society Committee on Chemical Safety,

65