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Enhanced Performance for WDM Optical

Network using FBG Reflectors

AHMED F.SAYED TAMER M. BARAKAT EHAB A. ALI

Transmission Department. Electrical & Electronic Department Electrical & Electronic Department
Telecom Egypt corporation Faculty of Engineering ,Fayoum University Faculty of Engineering,Helwan University
Fayoum,Egypt Fayoum,Egypt Cairo,Egypt
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract considered as a main issue in WDM system. Dispersion can be

compensated by Fiber Bragg grating. Fiber Bragg Grating
Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating is one of the best passive tools (FBG) is a type of distributed reflectors of small segment
that used as a dispersion compensator module in the optical separated with equal or different spaces inside optical fiber.
communications systems. In this paper, we propose a they can reflect a particular wavelength of light and transmit
Modified Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating (MCFBG) model to all others. This is achieved by creating a periodic variation in
enhance the performance of Wave Division Multiplexing the refractive index of the fiber core. At each reflector, a small
(WDM) optical communication link. The MCFBG model is amount of light is reflected .All the reflected light signals
divided into two sub-models; mathematical and simulation combine coherently to one large reflection at a particular
models. By using the mathematical model; we derive efficient wavelength .This is referred as the Bragg condition[3], and the
MCFBG parameters which play as a dispersion compensator wavelength at which reflection occurs is called the Bragg
module to enhance the performance of WDM optical wavelength. Fiber Bragg grating is a passive component ,
communication link. Then, we simulate the mathematical linear, and compact. Different wavelengths in a dispersed
model using Opti-System 7 software as a simulation model to pulse are reflected at different positions in the grating length,
get the best MCFBG parameters. Compared with Manpreet leading to different optical path lengths and thus providing the
Kaur and Himali Sarangal model in [6]; the performance of possibility of compensating for dispersion in long-haul fiber

to 1.66
10 .
the proposed model is enhanced by reducing the bit error rate links. In this paper we will use MCFBG model which is
classified into two sub-models; mathematical and simulation
models. In mathematical model we will derive general
mathematical equation for dispersion for chirped fiber bragg
I. INTRODUCTION grating (CFBG) as a dispersion compensator module to
Due to the need for high-capacity telecommunication links, improve Performance of wave division multiplexing optical
and the limitation of single wavelength links bit rates, a communication link. In the simulation model we use
revolution has been resulted in the use of Wavelength Division optisystem7 software to optimize the MCFBG parameters
Multiplexing (WDM) in advanced light wave networks. In a from mathematical model on a simulated WDM optical link
WDM system , multiplexers are used at the transmitter to with MCFBG as a dispersion compensator and evaluate
multiplex wave lengths signals together in the same fiber and performance of WDM optical link. We measure performance
demultiplexers are used at the receiver to separate them apart. by parameters such as Q-factor , eye diagram and BER to
In an optical fiber, different spectral components propagate at indicate performance improvement in the simulation model.
different speeds, that increase impulse duration at the end of The rest of paper is organized as section two for motivation
optical fiber causing chromatic dispersion. As a sequence of and contribution , section three for related work, section four
light impulse with different speeds , spectral components for preliminaries ,section five for proposed model , section six
arrive at the end of optical fiber at different times. Impulse for results and discussions , section seven for performance
width increases and spaces between them are narrow[1]. So evaluation for proposed model , section eight for conclusion
the receiver cannot correctly recognize if transmitter bit and finally section nine for references.
interval sent a value of logical one or zero that lead to
distortion of the transmitted information causing Inter Symbol II. Related works
Interference (ISI) and increase the bit error rate
(BER)[2].There are many issues in WDM networks such as Manpreet Kaur, Himali Sarangal , Parveen Bagga used the
dispersion , losses and nonlinearities, So dispersion can be Optisystem 7.0 to simulate optical WDM link .They found

1
dispersion and compensated it by DCF . The Simulation was III. MOTIVATIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS
carried out by three dispersion compensation schemes at bit
rate 10Gbit/s and 250 km of optical fiber cable with 50 km of A. Motivations
DCF. The first dispersion compensation scheme is Pre-
compensation where DCF was connected before fiber optic Due to the Chromatic dispersion on account of different
cable ,the second scheme is post-compensation DCF was spectral components that propagate at different speeds; the
connected after fiber optic cable and the third scheme is spreading of impulse duration will be increased at the end of
Symmetrical/mix .two DCF one were connected before fiber optical fiber link. Consequently, the bit rate and the overall
optic cable and the other one after it. The results of three performance of the WDM link will be decreased inasmuch the
dispersion compensation schemes are compared in terms of distortion of the transmitted information.
parameters, which are Q-factor, BER, Eye height and So it must use an efficient dispersion compensator to increase
threshold value, investigated at the receiver end. They found the bit rate and transmit a large amount of data which will
that the symmetrical/mix-dispersion compensation scheme is enhance the overall performance of WDM optical link.
value for BER equal to 5.86482
10 and Q-factor equal to
better than pre and post-compensation schemes where the best

10.4526 db . it has been observed that the system needs proper B. CONTRIBUTIONS
matching between Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
gain and the length of the fiber for the optimum performance Based on the proposed model; the main contributions of our
.the use of DCF in dispersion compensation leads to high cost proposed model can be summarized as follows:
,increase losses of WDM link because of the length of DCF is
50km beside the length of fiber optic cable 250km and also
decreasing of BER to 1.66
10 :
The performance of WDM optical link is enhanced due to the
increases nonlinearities[7].
Aashima Bhardwaj and Gaurav Soni simulated optical
transmission system in optical fiber. To achieve the best
due to the decreasing of the BER to 1.66
10
1- The performance of WDM optical link is enhanced
performance of communication system. Fiber bragg grating is
chosen as important components to compensate the dispersion compared with other related work in [6].
in that system. The simulation system was analyzed based on 2- The capacity of WDM multiplexer is increased and
different parameters by using optisystem7 simulator at bit rate the number of WDM network subscribers will be
20 Gb/s and different lengths of fiber optic cable. they increased accordingly.
concluded that the optical fiber length is inversely 3- Using of MCFBG model, the bit rate is increased
proportional to the Q-Factor. The Q-Factor is the measure of which allow to connect several communication
the system Performance and the best result for Q-factor equal technologies such as: SDH , ATM , SONET [4] and
to 23.8289 db at optical fiber length 10km .Q-factor value is internet servers over WDM in the same multiplexer .
very good but This distance is short distance and not adequate 4- In Fiber to the Home (FTTH) technology [5] which
to transmit data for long distance optical network compared based on WDM technique; data can be transmitted
[8]. across long distances with very low dispersion. So we
Manpreet Kaur and Himali Sarangal studied chirped FBG as can easily cover wide areas.
a dispersion compensator passive tool in an optical
communication system for the different lengths of grating and IV. Preliminaries
apodization functions. All the simulations are done in
OPTISYSTEM 7.0 simulation software, It is an innovative, This section will show some general equations about Uniform
rapid developing and powerful software design tool, It enables Fiber Bragg Grating which can be an introduction to
the users to test and simulate almost all kinds of optical fiber mathematical model.
links, they used bit rate 10 Gbits/sec and length 210 km of a
fiber optic cable . The simulated WDM link was analyzed on i. Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating
the basic of different parameters, which are BER, Q-factor,
Output power and Eye height. they observed dispersion, and A fiber Bragg grating consists of a single-mode optical fiber
decided to compensate it. For this purpose, they employed core modulated in the refractive index in the core which
chirped FBG and simulated it. The system was studied for the divided by grating planes at uniform equal spaces construct
different lengths of grating and apodization functions.They uniform Bragg Grating .The light travels in the core of an
achieved the most proper grating length for the proposed uniform Bragg Grating and its planes reflect the light that
model of 80 mm and the best apodization functions is satisfies the bragg condition in the backward direction which
equal to 10.5922 db and BER equal to 1.5591
10 .the
Gaussian apodization function .the best value of Q-factor called centre wavelength grating parameter [9] :
choice of using FBG very good but the use of its parameters λ = 2 Λ (1)
can be modified to give best results in BER, Q-factor in the
Where
same link [6].
λ : centre wavelength of the grating.

2
 : effective refractive index . In our model, we will use the third case to get wide range of
Λ : is space between planes in the uniform grating. wavelengths which will be improved the dispersion
compensator process. Hence, the mathematical model can be
The modulated refractive index along the axis of the grating analyzed as follows:
can be calculated by :

= ∆  

°+ 
(2)
where

 : modulated refractive index along the axis of the

: represents any point on the grating length.

grating.

∆ : amplitude of the induced refractive index.

° : average refractive index of grating core.

Fig.1. structure of chirped FBG used for dispersion compensation.

The coupling coefficient κ along the axis of the grating is
defined by the following equation :
The wave length along the core of chirped grating λ (z) and
  / ∆    (3) refractive index n(z) [9] :

λ   2 4 
Where

 : is an apodization function for a uniform grating g(z)=1.

λ : is a wavelength. (8)

 : fringe visibility usually estimated v= 1.  5 ∆   


#

 

  !!+
(9)

The Fiber core propagation constant β is given by where :

 !! c: is the chirp parameter of the grating.

β= (4)
λ
where
The wave vector detuning ∆β, given by:

∆"  " #

g(z) is an apodization function, for Gaussian apodization
$
(5) function [9] :

   678 #9 # 0.5 

%  &  # ∆"  (6) :
(10)
where

9: is Gaussian parameter.
For a grating with uniform index modulation and period the
reflectivity R is given by : [10]

* + ,-.+ γ/
' (,  =
The division of the space between planes along [9] core is:
+
∆β ,-.+ γ/0γ+ 12,. + γ/
(7)
4   4₀ 5 4> (11)
Where l is the grating length. Where

V. MCFBG MODEL Λ₀ : is the first space on the core.

Λ> : is the linear chirp or slope .
The MCFBG model is classified into two sub-models; Difference in wavelength ∆λ between two ends of the grating
mathematical and simulation models. [12]:
A. Mathematical model ∆λ=2 (Λ :2? -Λ,.2@A ) (12)
In the mathematical model, we will derive a standard equation
The delay τ can be calculated by :
for dispersion that will positively affect in WDM link

τ = !! (
performance. FBG should be chirped to use in dispersion
1
compensation, There are three different methods to chirp (13)
FBG: (1) chirp the spaces between planes, (2) chirp of where c is the speed of light in the vacuum.
modulation of refractive indexes, or (3) using case 1 and 2
along the core. Dispersion D can be calculated [7] as:

3
  !!
B= (
τ
∆λ ∆$1
= (14)

Equation (7) can be written as :

D+
' (l,λ) = F+
∆E+ 0
GHIJ+ FK

P+
  L' l, λ N∆β 5 U
QRST+ P/
(15)

From (3),(4)

* ∆S V W
 SXYY
=
β


β∆S V W
 SXYY
(16)

From (14,16)


β∆S V W :
Fig. 2.. WDM simulated link.

∆$1 Z
(17)
Parameters Value
From (15),(17)
Dispersion (ps/nm.km) 17.25
BN U. 
β∆S V W : >
∆$1
(18) Dispersion slope (ps/ m /km)
γ+
0.085
+
[\ /,λ]∆β 0 ^
GHIJ+ γK
Attenuation (db/km) 0.2

From equation (18) for the MCFBG

CFBG parameters,
parameters we can Fiber length (km) 210
conclude that :

when length of grating ( increases, reflectivity

Table 1. Fiber optics cable parameters.
parameters

' l, λ increases and dispersion B decreases Until

i.

reflectivity ' l, λ reaches to 100% .when

The simulated WDM link is consists of three parts;
' l, λ reaches to 100% , it stops increasing and
transmission, optical fiber cable and receiver part. In the
dispersion B will increase with increasing
transmission part, it consists of three sub-parts:
sub (1) pseudo
length of grating (.
i in the random generator with bit rate 10Gbit/sec. (2) pulse generator
with non-return to zero(NRZ NRZ), and (3) Mach-Zehnder
g z lead to change in dispersion D..
ii. The change in the type of apodization function modulator with extinction ratio 30db which is connected to
increasing in ∆n, increasing in dispersion B where
pulse generator and continuous laser with frequency 193.1Thz
range of ∆n in our proposed model is 0.25
10l k
iii. with output power 15dbm.In In the optical fiber cable part, the
∆n k 1.25
10l .
parameters of this cable is described in table 1.The receiver
part is consists of two Erbuim Doped fiber Amplifiers
(EDFA)which used as optical amplifiers in the system.
system one of
A. Simulation model them has a gain equal to 40db
db and the other has a gain of 10db
and all of them have a noise figure 4 db. One of these
amplifiers has a gain equal to 40 db connected between optical
In This section, we will apply the derived mathematical model
fiber cable and the input of chirped fiber bragg grating CFBG
on the simulation model using optisystem 7 software to get the
and the other has gain equal to 10 db and connected between
best MCFBG parameters which they will play as a dispersion
output of CFBG and the input of pin photodetector which
compensator to enhance the performance of WDM link.
converts the optical signals into electrical signals with 1 A/W
Fig 2 represents the simulated WDM optical link by
and 10 nA of dark current. Also, we use a Low pass Bessel
optisystem 7 software.
filter which have
ve cut off frequency equal to 0.75 * bit rate to
filter the output signal. we use 3ROptical regeneration (re-
amplifying, re-shaping,
shaping, and re-timing)
re is a key-function to
restore the transmission impairments stemming from fiber

4
chromatic dispersion and other nonlinearities which connected
2.04
10p
BER Q-factor(db)
to eye-diagram analyzer to draw eye-diagram and calculate
2.42
10q
1.42 15.08
BER for WDM link.
1.43
2.23
10pl
17.42

1.66
10
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1.44 15.47

2.66
10
1.45 17.96
In This section, we will show the output of the simulation
4.19
10pp
1.46 17.15

parameters such as: length ( , propagation constant β, induced

model which it based on the effect of each MCFBG 1.47 15.58

refractive index ∆n and apodization function g z on the BER. Table 4. shows relation between BER and propagation constant β as
function of .
index∆n at (  90 mm ,  1.45 andg z is Gaussian
Case A: Relation between BER and induced refractive
Table 4. Shows that changing in lead to changing in BER
is 1.45 which gives the best BER.
apodization function as in :
and the best value for
∆n so it can be used in the next case D.
0.25
10l 1.66
10
BER Q-factor(db)

0.5
10l 5.96
10pq

17.96
function g z at ( = 90 mm at ∆n  0.25 t 10l , 
Case D :Relation between BER and type of apodization
0.75
10l 1.87
10lr
16
1.45 is:
1
10l 1.5
10s
13.25

1.25
10l 7
10>

11.81
g z
9.29
6.1
10>
BER Q-factor(db)

1.3
10>
Table 2. shows relation between BER and induced refractive index∆n. Uniform 7.95

Table 2. Shows that changing in ∆n lead to changing in BER 1.66
10

Tanh 9.46

and the best value for ∆n is 0.25
10l which gives the best
Gaussian 17.96

BER. so it can be used in the next case B. Table 5. shows relation between BER and type of apodization function g z.

Case B :Relation between BER and CFBG length ( at ∆n 

g z lead to changing in BER and the best type for g zis
Table 5. Shows that changing in type of apodization function
0.25
10l ,  1.45 and g z is gaussian apodization
Gaussian which gives the best BER.
function as :

( (mm)
1.06
10q
BER Q-factor(db)
The optimized MCFBG parameters are :

4.78
10sl
70 11.05

3.18
10s
75 12.1

2.48
10s
80 16.73 Parameters Value Parameters Value

1.66
10
85 16.75
Frequency (THz) 193.1
4.82
10lq
90 17.96
Effective refractive index 1.45
4.7
10ss
95 14.5
Length of grating ( (mm)
1.46
10s
100 11.89 90
Apodization function g z
4.255
10>p
105 9.89
Gaussian
110 7.7
Chirp function Linear
Table 3. shows relation between BER and CFBG length (.
Gaussian parameter 0.5
Table 3. Shows that changing in CFBG length ( lead to
0.25
10l
changing in BER and the best value for ( is 90mm which
Modulation ac( induced
refractive index)∆n
gives the best BER. so it can be used in the next case C.
Chirp linear parameter µm/cm 0.0001

at (  90 mm , ∆n  0.25

Case C :Relation between BER and propagation constant β
Table 6.CFBG optimized parameters values.

10l and g z is gaussian apodization function as :

that can be indicated by

5
 crossing regions than fig. 7. (a),(b),(c) and (d) for
Manpreet Kaur and HimaliSarangal results.

Fig. 3.Eye-diagram for optimized parameters values.

Table 6. shows that MCFBG optimized parameters values

From cases A,B,C and D and Fig. 3 shows the Eye-diagram
for those parameters .

VII. PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONFOR

PROPOSED MODEL

This section ,we will compare simulation model results in Fig. 4. Comparission between Manpreet Kaur and Himali Sarangal and
BER and eye-diagram with results for Manpreet Kaur and MCFBG proposed model at different CFBG lengths in mm.
Himali Sarangal in [6].

(1) In figure 4. Different lengths of CFBG are used and

10 where the best BER for Manpreet Kaur and

the best BER for MCFBG proposed model is 1.66

Himali Sarangal is 1.95
10>q .

(2) In figure 5, Different apodization functions are used

MCFBG proposed model is 1.66
10 where the

for chirped fiber bragg grating and the best BER for

1.56
10 .
best BER for Manpreet Kaur and Himali Sarangal is

(3) We also compared eye diagrams at different lengths

75,80,85 and 90 mm where figure 6. (a),(b),(c) and
(d) for MCFBG proposed model simulation results
and figure 7. (a),(b),(c) and (d) for Manpreet Kaur
and HimaliSarangal results. In eye diagram , the
height is proportional to the power level [13] that can
improve BER derived from Q-factor and Optical
Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) . If the height
increases we can have best BER. Width of eye
diagram and thickness of the signals at zero crossing
is belong to jitter problems in the signal.if the width
increases and the signal is more thickness at zero Fig. 5. Comparission between Manpreet Kaur and Himali Sarangal and
crossing the jitter is very low in the signal. if more MCFBG proposed model at different apodization functions.
opening eye diagram more detecting signal. The best
eye diagram results in fig. 6. (a),(b),(c) and (d) is
more height and width and small in thickness in zero

6
 IIX.CONCLUSION

In this paper, we proposed a Modified Chirped Fiber Bragg

Grating (MCFBG) model to enhance the overall performance
of the WDM link. This model was classified into two sub-
models; mathematical and simulation models. In mathematical
model, we derived a standard equation for dispersion with
effective CFBG parameters which they positively affected in
WDM link performance. Whereas in the simulation model, we
applied the mathematical model on the simulation model via
Optisystem 7 simulation software to get the efficient values of
MCFBG parameters which derived from the mathematical
uv (  75 mm
Fig. 6. (a) Fig. 7. (a)
model. Comparing the WDM link performance for our model
with Manpreet Kaur and Himali Sarangal model we
concluded that the MCFBG model is improved the
performance of the WDM link by reducing BER to
1.66*10 .
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