Chapter 3

SUMMARY

One-dimensional heat transfer through a simple or composite additional layer. The elementary thermal resistance relations
body exposed to convection from both sides to media at can be expressed as follows:
L
temperatures T%1 and T%2 can be expressed as Conduction!resistance!(plane!wall): Rwall = ___
kA
· T%1 & T%2 ln (r2/r1)
Q = __________ Conduction!resistance!(cylinder): Rcyl = ___________________
Rtotal 2"Lk
where Rtotal is the total thermal resistance between the two r2 & r1
______
Conduction!resistance!(sphere): Rsph =
media. For a plane wall exposed to convection on both sides, 4" r1 r2 k
the total resistance is expressed as Final PDF 1 to printer
Convection!resistance: Rconv = ___
1 L 1 hA
Rtotal = Rconv,"1 + Rwall + Rconv,"2 = ____ + ___ + ____ 1 R
h1A kA h2A Interface!resistance: Rinterface = ____ = ___c
hc A A
This relation can be extended to plane walls that consist of 1
two or more layers by adding an additional resistance for each Radiation!resistance: !"#
Rrad $= _____
CHAPTER
hrad A

where hc is the thermal contact conductance, Rc is the thermal Adiabatic fin tip:

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contact resistance, and the radiation heat transfer coefficient is · dT ______
defined as Qadiabatic"tip = #kAc ___ = √hpk Ac (Tb # T$) tanh mL
dx x=0
hrad = !"(T 2s + T 2surr)(Ts + Tsurr) Specified temperature at fin tip:
· ______ cosh mL # [(TL # T$)/(Tb # T$) ]
Once the rate of heat transfer is available, the temperature drop Qspecified"temp. = √ hpkAc (Tb # T$) _______________________________________
across any layer can be determined from sinh mL
· Convection from the fin tip:
!T = QR · ______ sinh mL + (h/mk) cosh mL
Qconvection = √hpk Ac (Tb # T$) _________________________________
The thermal resistance concept can also be used to solve steady cosh mL + (h/mk) sinh mL
heat cen98195_ch03_151-248.indd
transfer problems involving216 parallel layers or combined Fins exposed to convection at their tips can 01/04/19
be treated as fins
04:37 PM
series-parallel arrangements. with adiabatic tips by using the corrected length Lc = L + Ac/p
Adding insulation to a cylindrical pipe or a spherical shell instead of the actual fin length.
increases the rate of heat transfer if the outer radius of the insu- The temperature of a fin drops along the fin, and thus the heat
lation is less than the critical radius of insulation, defined as transfer from the fin is less because of the decreasing tempera-
kins ture difference toward the fin tip. To account for the effect of this
rcr,"cylinder = ___
h decrease in temperature on heat transfer, we define fin efficiency as
2 ·
kins
rcr,"sphere = ____ Qfin Actual"heat"transfer"rate"from"the"fin
$fin = _______
· = _______________________________
h Qfin,"max Ideal"heat"transfer"rate"from"the"fin"if
The effectiveness of an insulation is often given in terms the"entire"fin"were"at"base"temperature
of its R-value, the thermal resistance of the material for a unit
When the fin efficiency is available, the rate of heat transfer
surface area, expressed as
from a fin can be determined from
L · ·
R-value = __ (flat"insulation) Qfin = $fin Qfin,"max = $finhAfin(Tb # T$)
k
The performance of the fins is judged on the basis of the
where L is the thickness and k is the thermal conductivity of enhancement in heat transfer relative to the no-fin case and is
the material. expressed in terms of the fin effectiveness !fin, defined as
Finned surfaces are commonly used in practice to enhance Heat"transfer"rate"from
heat transfer. Fins enhance heat transfer from a surface by · ·
Q Q the"fin"of"base#area"A
exposing a larger surface area to convection. The temperature !fin = _____
·
fin
= ____________
fin
= _________________________________________b
distribution along the fin is given by Qno"fin hAb(Tb # T$) Heat"transfer"rate"from
the"surface"of"area"Ab
T(x) # T$
_________
__________________
Very#long#fin: = e#x√hp/kAc Here, Ab is the cross-sectional area of the fin at the base,
Tb # T$ ·
and Qno"fin represents the rate of heat transfer from this area if
T(x) # T$ cosh
_________ m(L # x) no fins are attached to the surface. The overall effectiveness for
Adiabatic#fin#tip: = ____________
Tb # T$ cosh mL a finned surface is defined as the ratio of the total heat transfer
from the finned surface to the heat transfer from the same
Specified temperature at fin tip: surface if there were no fins,
·
[(TL # T$)/(Tb # T$) ] sinh mx + sinh m(L # x)
T(x) # T$ _________________________________________________
_________ Qtotal,"fin h(Aunfin + $fin Afin)(Tb # T$)
= !fin,"overall = ________
· = ______________________
T b # T$ sinh mL Qtotal,"no"fin hAno"fin(Tb # T$)
Convection from fin tip: Fin efficiency and fin effectiveness are related to each other by
Afin
T(x) # T$ ________________________________________
_________ =
cosh m(L # x) + (h/mk) sinh m(L # x) !fin = ____ $fin
Tb # T$ cosh mL + (h/mk) sinh mL Ab
__________________ Certain multidimensional heat transfer problems involve two
where m = √hp/k Ac , p is the perimeter, and Ac is the cross- surfaces maintained at constant temperatures T1 and T2. The steady
sectional area of the fin. The rates of heat transfer for these rate of heat transfer between these two surfaces is expressed as
cases are given to be ·
Q = Sk(T1 # T2)
Very long fin:
where S is the conduction shape factor that has the dimension

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· dT ______ of length and k is the thermal conductivity of the medium
Qlong"fin = #kAc ___ = √hpk Ac (Tb # T$) between the surfaces.
dx x=0

2
 STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION

TA BL E $% $
Efficiency and surface areas of common fin configurations
Straight rectangular fins
________________ tanh!mL
m = √2h/kt !fin = ________c t
Lc = L + t/2 mLc
Afin = 2wLc w
L
x

Straight triangular fins y = (t/2) (1 – x/L)

________________ 1 I1(2mL)
m = √2h/kt !fin = ___ _______
____________________ mL I0(2mL)
Afin = 2w√L + (t/2) 2 2
t
w
L

Straight parabolic fins y = (t/2) (1 – x/L)2

________________ 2
m = √2h/kt !fin = ___________
_________
Afin = wL[C1 + (L/t) ln (t/L + C1)] 1 + √(2mL)2 + 1
___________________
t
C1 = √1 + (t/L)2 w
L

Circular fins of rectangular profile

________________ K1(mr1)I1(mr2c) " I1(mr1)K1(mr2c)
m = √2h/kt !fin = C2 ____________________________ t

r2c = r2 + t/2 I0(mr1)K1(mr2c) + K0(mr1)I1(mr2c)

r1 L
Afin = 2"(r 22c " r 21) 2r1/m
C2 = ________________ r2
r 22c " r 21
Pin fins of rectangular profile
_________________ tanh!mL
m = √4h/kD !fin = ________c
Lc = L + D/4 mLc
D
Afin = "D Lc
L

Pin fins of triangular profile

_________________ 2 I2(2mL) y = (D/2) (1 – x/L)
m = √4h/kD !fin = ___ _______
mL I1(2mL)
"D ____________________
Afin = ___ √L2 + (D/2)2 I2(x) = I0(x) " (2/x) I1(x) where!x = 2mL D
2
L

Pin fins of parabolic profile

_________________ 2 y = (D/2) (1 – x/L)2
m = √4h/kD !fin = ________________________
______________________

8D [ ]
"L3 L 1 + √(2mL/3)2 + 1
Afin = _ C3C4 " _ ln[(2DC4/L) + C3]
2D D

C3 = 1 + 2(D/L)2 L
____________________
C4 = √1 + (D/L) 2

Pin fins of parabolic profile (blunt tip)

_________________ 3 I1(4mL/3)
m = √4h/kD !fin = ____ ____________________ y = (D/2) (1 – x/L)1/2
2mL I0(4mL/3)
"D4
Afin = ____2{[16(L/D)2 + 1 ]3/2 " 1} D
96L
L

cen98195_ch03_151-248.indd 186 01/04/19 04:37 PM

3
 TA B L E $ ' (
Modified Bessel functions of the first
and second kinds*
x e"xI0(x) e"xI1(x) e"xK0(x) e"xK1(x)
0.0 1.0000 0.0000 # #
0.2 0.8269 0.0823 2.1408 5.8334
0.4 0.6974 0.1368 1.6627 3.2587
0.6 0.5993 0.1722 1.4167 2.3739
0.8 0.5241 0.1945 1.2582 1.9179
1.0 0.4658 0.2079 1.1445 1.6362
1.2 0.4198 0.2153 1.0575 1.4429
1.4 0.3831 0.2185 0.9881 1.3011
1.6 0.3533 0.2190 0.9309 1.1919
1.8 0.3289 0.2177 0.8828 1.1048
2.0 0.3085 0.2153 0.8416 1.0335
2.2 0.2913 0.2121 0.8057 0.9738
2.4 0.2766 0.2085 0.7740 0.9229
2.6 0.2639 0.2047 0.7459 0.8790
2.8 0.2528 0.2007 0.7206 0.8405
3.0 0.2430 0.1968 0.6978 0.8066
3.2 0.2343 0.1930 0.6770 0.7763
3.4 0.2264 0.1892 0.6580 0.7491
3.6 0.2193 0.1856 0.6405 0.7245
3.8 0.2129 0.1821 0.6243 0.7021
4.0 0.2070 0.1788 0.6093 0.6816
4.2 0.2016 0.1755 0.5953 0.6627
4.4 0.1966 0.1725 0.5823 0.6454
4.6 0.1919 0.1695 0.5701 0.6292
4.8 0.1876 0.1667 0.5586 0.6143
5.0 0.1835 0.1640 0.5478 0.6003
5.2 0.1797 0.1614 0.5376 0.5872
5.4 0.1762 0.1589 0.5280 0.5749
5.6 0.1728 0.1565 0.5188 0.5634
5.8 0.1697 0.1542 0.5101 0.5525
6.0 0.1667 0.1521 0.5019 0.5422
6.5 0.1598 0.1469 0.4828 0.5187
7.0 0.1537 0.1423 0.4658 0.4981
7.5 0.1483 0.1380 0.4505 0.4797
8.0 0.1434 0.1341 0.4366 0.4631
8.5 0.1390 0.1305 0.4239 0.4482
9.0 0.1350 0.1272 0.4123 0.4346
9.5 0.1313 0.1241 0.4016 0.4222
10.0 ! 0.1278 0.1213 0.3916 0.4108
*Evaluated from EES using the mathematical functions
Bessel_I(x) and Bessel_K(x)

4
 Ap = Lct/3 y = (t/2) (1 – x/L)2

Lc = L
"" t Ap = Lc t/2
CONDUCTION w
L
1 x
Lc = L + t/2 Lc = L
Ap = Lct 0.9 Ap = Lct/3 y = (t/2) (1 – x/L)2

t
0.8 Lc = L w
t t L Ap = Lc t/2
w
Fin efficiency, ηfin

0.7 L
x
wLc = L + t/2
0.6 Ap = Lct
L
t
w
0.5
t L

.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 w

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
L ε = Lc3/2(h/kAp)1/2
0.3

&#
0.2
f straight fins
0 of0.2rectangular,
0.4 0.6 triangular,
0.8 1 and parabolic
1.2 1.4 1.6 profiles.
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
ε = Lc3/2(h/kAp )1/2

FIGURE #%&#
1
Efficiency of straight fins of rectangular, triangular, and parabolic profiles.
0.9
0.8 1
0.9
0.7
Fin efficiency, ηfin

0.8
0.6
0.7
1 = r2c /r1
Fin efficiency, ηfin

0.5
0.6
0.4 2 1 = r2c /r1
0.5
r2c = r2 + t/2 3
0.3 0.4 t Lc = L + t/2 r = r + t/2
2
t 2c 2 4 3
0.2 r1 L 0.3 Ap = Lct Lc = L + t/2
A =L t
5 4
r2 0.2 r1 L p c
5
0.1 r2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0 00.6 0.20.80.4 10.6 1.2
0.8 1.4
1 1.21.6 1.41.81.6 21.8 2.2 2 2.4 2.42.6 2.6 2.82.8
2.2 33
ε = Lc3/2 (h/kA 1/2
ε = pL)c3/2 (h/kAp)1/2

FIGURE
FIGURE #%&&
#%&&
EfficiencyEfficiency of annular fins of constant thickness t.
of annular fins of constant thickness t.

adding fins on a surface will enhance heat transfer. The performance of the
adding fins onfins
a surface
is judged will
on theenhance heat
basis of the transfer. The
enhancement performance
in heat oftothe
transfer relative the
5
no-fin case. The performance of fins is expressed in terms of the fin effective-
TA B L E $ % &
Combined natural convection and radiation thermal resistance of various
heat sinks used in the cooling of electronic devices between the heat sink and
the surroundings. All fins are made of aluminum 6063T-5, are black anodized,
and are 76 mm (3 in) long.

HS 5030 R = 0.9° C/ W(vertical)

R = 1.2° C/W(horizontal)
Dimensions:!76!mm " 105!mm " 44!mm
Surface!area:!677!cm2

HS 6065 R = 5° C/ W
Dimensions:!76!mm " 38!mm " 24!mm
Surface!area:!387!cm2

HS 6071 R = 1.4° C/ W(vertical)

R = 1.8° C/ W(horizontal)
Dimensions:!76!mm " 92!mm " 26!mm
Surface!area:!968!cm2

HS 6105 R = 1.8° C/W(vertical)

R = 2.1° C/W(horizontal)
Dimensions: 76 mm " 127 mm " 91 mm
Surface area: 677 cm2

HS 6115 R = 1.1° C/ W(vertical)

R = 1.3° C/ W(horizontal)
Dimensions:!76!mm " 102!mm " 25!mm
Surface!area:!929!cm2

HS 7030 R = 2.9° C/ W(vertical)

R = 3.1° C/W(horizontal)
Dimensions:!76!mm " 97!mm " 19!mm
Surface!area:!290!cm2