DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS,

FACULTY OF EDUCATION,

NASSARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI

TITLE: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENCE AND ITS EDUCATIONAL

IMPLICATIONS

A PAPER PRESENTATION BY:

MEASURMENT & EVALUTION STUDENTS ( M.ED)

GROUP B:

1. OKWANYA JACOB AMS24EME0003

2. ONOSOLASE LOUIS ONOSEMUDIANA AMS24EME0008

3. BULUS JASENGA AMS2403564

4. OBAGU MUNIR ETAGBO AMS2401338

5. OBERE SANI OSU AMS24EME0001

6. ALFRED FELIX TOKAN AMS2404698

DATE: 7TH NOVEMBER, 2024

COURSE: PSYCHOLOGY OF ADOLESCENCE

LECTURER: DR. U. V OYINVWI

Abstract

Adolescence as a transition from childhood to adulthood is considered to be one of the most

dynamic, intense and influential periods of human development. It is characterized with

numerous developmental processes and challenges. The process of adjustment for the

adolescents sometimes bring them into conflict with parents and teachers. Teaching and

Parenting adolescents can be tasking, complex and perplexing. The purpose of this paper is to

explore relevant specifics of the physical development of adolescents, its educational

implications and their accompanying challenges under physical traits, cognition, emotional

sensitivity, social traits. And stages of adolescents. Environmental factors that influence

adolescent behaviour were discussed to include peer influence, mass media and societal

influence.

Keywords: Physical development, psychology of adolescent and educational implications.

Introduction

Adolescent psychology is the field of psychology that focuses on issues that are unique to

adolescents. Adolescence stage is characterized with rapid physical development, psychological

and emotional changes as well as challenges. It is a period of self-discovery and self-identity;

characterized with conflict, confusion, adventure, peer ties, exploration and mass media

influence within and on the adolescent. The importance of their wholesome wellbeing while

going through this developmental stage and the role of parents and teachers in ensuring effective

adjustment cannot be overemphasized. This paper discussed the physical development of

adolescents and accompanying challenges, stages of adolescence, under physical traits,

cognition, emotional sensitivity and social traits as well as the educational implications of these

developments. It also examined some environmental factors that influence adolescent behaviour.

The right approach and roles parents and teachers should play for wholistic wellbeing of the

child. The essence of this paper is to ensure effective adjustment during this phase of life and to

highlight the implication for teachers and parents for proper adjustment of the adolescent so as to

prevent negative effects of maladjustment prevalent today among adolescents.

According to Lahey 2003, Adolescence is the period from the onset of puberty to the

beginning of adulthood. Adolescence is a transition period between childhood and adulthood

between ages 12 – 21 years. It is a time when the individual experience diverse changes,

challenges and varied influence from peers, the mass media, the parent and the community. All

parties making one imprint and influence on the adolescent which could be positive or negative,

of course conflicting influence.

One major need of the adolescent at this stage is coping strategies, finding a standard

metric to distinguish between right and wrong amidst the various conflicting voices and
sometime poor models from parents, peers, mass media and the society. Poor adjustment can

result in maladaptive behaviour. It is therefore imperative that parents who are the care providers,

first agent of socialization and have been endowed with the responsibility to nurture and train the

children have a broad and wholistic understanding of the different physiological, psychological

changes and challenges of their children as they grow from childhood into adulthood. Adequate

knowledge of the process of adolescent development will enable parents to provide the needed

environment and counsel for proper adjustment and smooth transition into adulthood. It will

further enable the parents to identify maladaptive behaviour, their causes and devise strategies to

avert them for the wellbeing of the child. It is pertinent to mention that family climate and roles

positively or negatively impact on the wellness of the child and in their relationship later in life.

Parents and teachers need to have adequate understanding of the psychology,

physiological and social factors around the adolescent to avert maladjustment. Parents and

teachers should ensure the children are groomed from infancy to avert maladaptive behaviour as

adolescents. According to studies, Onoyase and Ebenuwa-Okoh (2014), the foundation and

missing link of training the child early through inculcating good morals in life development and

reformation has been shaky right from the home background. In their opinion this could be due

to parental ignorance of the developmental process of the child neglect, crave for money and

material needs. Parents and teachers are therefore expected to make conscious effort to train and

nurture the child at every stage of life.

STAGES OF ADOLESCENT PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

As observed earlier, adolescence is a movement and transformation from the childhood

stage to a stage of maturity, usually beginning at puberty and ending with the emulation of adult

responsibilities and social roles which are culturally defined (Savitha, 2008).

Adolescences can be categorized into 3 unique stages based on their distinct characteristics

namely as follows: (Barrett, 1996)

Early adolescence (age 10-14)

Middle adolescence (age 15-17)

Late adolescence (18-21)

Early Adolescence and its Unique Characteristics

The first stage is the early adolescence, which occurs from age 10 to 14 with puberty

making its inception. Awareness about the rapid change in body becomes evident and invariably

a source of worry and concern, usually resulting in shyness, blushing, modesty and a greater

interest in privacy. Furthermore, this period is also characterized by craving for a better

understanding of sexuality and its exploration. Adolescents may also engage in risky behaviours

such as smoking and alcohol use. At this stage, adolescents attribute much importance to

relationships with close friends than family relationships. Young adults, as they are sometimes

called begin to discover that their parents are not totally perfect and are equally prone to

committing errors; they begin to identify their own fault. They also strive for self-sufficient and

non-dependent on other people. Conformity is high among adolescent at this stage.

Other notable physical attribute include; growth of hair in pubic region and other parts of the

body with increased oil production and perspiration in the skin. This may vary from boys to

girls; girls developed breasts and wider hips, Menarche (experience first menstruation); boys

developed deepening voice, wet dreams coupled with in testicles and penis; tremendous physical

growth, both sexes may gain height and weight.

Middle Adolescence and its Unique Characteristics

At this stage of life, adolescents are more concerned about their physical appearances;

they also believe that most people are equally concerned about their appearance too. To this end,

a great deal of time is devoted to grooming, exercising and modifying the physical appearance.

Furthermore, relationships are not static and are subject to constant change due to concern for

sexual attractiveness. Middle adolescents are perpetually striving for independence from their

parents, whose command they perceive as overriding their own personal interest. Thus, they tend

to withdraw from them. At this stage, they rather prefer confiding in their friends than in their

parents. They also strive to become independent by trying to making decisions on their own.

They also seek knowledge by exploring new ideas and possibilities. This helps them in asserting

and discovering who they really are in relation to their peers and opposite sex. In addition, in a

bid to be independent, the adolescent may encounter a clash of interests in relation to the values

established by their parents and other figures of authority. More importantly too, they tend to

significantly engage I risky behaviours.

Other notable physical attributes includes; completion of puberty; physical growth slows for

girls, continues for boys.

Late Adolescence and its Unique Characteristics

During the last stage of adolescence, adolescents have a better and more stable sense of

who they are and their place in society. At this final stage, they tend to have a clear

understanding of the difference between the realities of life and their childhood fantasies and are,

therefore, able to strike a balance what they want and what is permissible within the society.

Young adult females, typically, are fully developed. Young adult males continue to gain height,

weight, muscle mass and body hair. In order for them to achieve this balance, they should be

less egocentric (Allen & Waterman, n.d.).

Adapted from the American Academy of Child and Adolescent’s facts for families (2008, Pg. 1)

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTAL TRAITS OF ADOLESCENTS

The developmental traits and characteristics of adolescence are discussed under physical,

traits, cognition, social and emotional sensitivity. These characteristics and changes of the

adolescence stage influence the behavior of adolescence and make some of them have conflict

with their parents, teachers and adults. These developmental traits refer to changes, problems and

challenges that confront adolescents which must be tackled, solved for proper adjustment and

effective transition to the next phase of life.

Physical Traits

The aspects described under physical traits are increase in body size, rapid development,

increase appetite and need for personal hygiene, increase in body size. At adolescence stage there

is accelerated growth spurt development of secondary sex characteristics such as pubic hair, hair

around the testes, virginal and in the armpit, increase in height and weight, broadening of chest,

deepening of voice in males and onset of menstruation in females. According to Fayombo (2004)
at puberty alteration include increase in body size, changes in shape and composition, rapid

development of secondary sex characteristics. Some needs of the adolescent at this stage include

balance diet, sex education and better fitting clothes. Egbule and Ugorgi (2004).

At adolescence there is increase tendency to eat more. Increase in appetite is observed by

Onoyase and Ebenuwa - Okoh (2014) who noted that the increase tendency for adolescence to

eat more is to meet up with the body’s demand due to the growth spurt and other development

taking place within the adolescent. It is however characteristics of some females of this age

bracket to be selective of food they eat. In the opinion of Ejedimu, (2007) some female

adolescents eat more of pastries, indomie, soft, ice cream which may not meet the nutritional

demands for healthy growth. Adolescents need balanced diet in the right proportion for wholistic

growth.

Due to the growth spurt and physical activities of adolescent, they sweat more. Alordiah

(2011) stated that adolescents require good personal hygiene such as clean bath, well brushed

teeth, good hair cut for males and tidy hair style for the females to keep healthy and good

looking. She however noted that in a bid to appear different and unique, some adolescents wear

wild hair styles and put, on some funny styles of clothes, a form of deviation from conventional

style. They put up some of these traits in a bid to feel belong and accepted by peers. The females

would require sanitary materials for their menstrual period monthly. Both males and females will

need more pants, boxers, singlet and undies, other sanitary items to meet up with development

demands.

According to Alordiah, adolescents love to dress like their peers. They do not want to be

seen as old fashioned. Some of the styles they prefer may not be acceptable by adults. This is an

area of conflict between parents, teachers and adolescents. However, it is worthy to remark that
as a result of the rapid growth at the adolescence stage, the children need new cloths that size

them. The dressing does not have to be old fashioned but decent and preferably in vogue.

Emotional Sensitivity

There is increased emotional awareness and expression at this stage. This results in

increased social contacts and interactions with the public. They are more emotionally responsive

and they want to feel loved and important. Jide – Ojo (2013) observed that the emotions of

adolescents are unpredictable and unstable; they can be excited one minute and become gloomy

the next minute. In her opinion it is a period of emotional turbulence and that on the average their

emotional state is largely dependent on their world view at that time. According to Fayombo

(2004) parents influence is more effective when a positive child parent relationship exist.

This period is also characterized by mood swing and unstable emotional outburst. Some

of them manifest impatience, sense of insecurity, some are withdrawn and some overreact to

adult correction. There is obvious display of the temperamental make-up of the adolescent at this

stage. Newsweek (2004) opined that emotional instability make adolescents put up unacceptable

behavior such as frowning, hissing, talking back at parents, rudeness, laziness, temper tantrums

and sluggishness. Jide Ojo (2013) pointed out that parents need to be patient and correct the

adolescent in love. Egbule and Ugorgi (2000) also stated that good behavior should be

strengthened through reinforcement and commendation while bad attitude should be condemned

and punished.
Cognition

The aspects of adolescent development discussed under cognition are increase in cognitive

functioning, curiosity and self- identity.

Increase Cognitive Functioning

At the adolescence stage there is increase in cognitive functioning manifesting in abstract,

logical, inductive and deductive reasoning. The adolescent imagination and initiative level is

more matured. They are curious, fantasize and live in a world of their own. According to

Alordiah (2011) the impact on parents and adults is that they observe more argumentative

rebellious and sometimes disobedient attitudes from the adolescents. They become more

conscious of the world around them, their personality become more pronounced. Adolescents

actually feel they should be given freedom to make decisions for themselves.

Curiosity

Another crucial cognitive trait that manifest at adolescence is that of curiosity. This stage

is characterized with curious mind, an adventurous daring and explorative mind set. In the

opinion of Egbule and Ugorji (2000) The adolescent bewildered by all the changes happening

within him, namely physiological and environmental variables has a curious mind to do and dive

into new ventures, irrespective of its consequence. Due to hormonal reproductive development

young people are often propelled by strong curiosity, drive and the desire to respond to such

inner sex urge. Of course extreme sexual curiosity fans the fire of lust and fantasy in adolescents

who are naturally anxious to adventure into the unknown. In the opinion of Alordiah (2011) this

is why many adolescents struggle with youthful lust and are victims of premarital sex and sexual

escapades which they are not matured to handle the consequences of their actions.
Self- Identity

The search for self- identity is a cognitive challenge that confronts the adolescent. As the

adolescent develops from childhood into puberty and their cognitivity advance to critical and

abstract thinking, there is search for self- identity. They strive to find their feet and ask questions

such as ; who am I? Where do I come from? What is my purpose? Where do I fit in? Where am I

going to? What is my bearing? Why should I do what? Am I still a child? Am I now an adult?

What are my limits? The adolescent at this stage strive to gain independence from parental

control and supervision. According to Jide Ojo (2013) these desires sometimes make them

indulge in antisocial behavior deliberately to prove their maturity or as a reaction against strict

parental control, this will result in conflict with parents. This is further heightened by the parents

conflicting status of the adolescent. The minute parent says „You are no more a kid; you are an

adult, a big boy‟. The next minute they say “you are still a child”. Alordiah (2011) observed that

this quest for identity make adolescent put up attitudes to make the adults and parents know how

they feel about the situation by refusing to obey instructions, becoming aggressive, withdrawn,

open confrontation and create tension in the home.

The entire experience going on within the adolescents makes them not to just act on

instructions, impulse or directives. The implication is that adolescents question actions

assignments in a bid to find their bearing and self- identity. Jide Ojo (2013) observed that in the

child’s quest for identity the parents assume that the child knows what is expected from him as

norms and may likely react negatively or experience role confusion. The process of expressing

self- identity may portray the adolescent as stubborn and rebellious; parents need to understand

this fact. Onoyase and Ebenuwa (2013) opined that adults and parents need to be tolerant,

sensitive and patient with adolescents as they pass through the adolescence phase of life to foster
adequate adjustment. Adolescents are very sensitive about being treated as children or treated

shabbily. This is because they have the craving to achieve adult status and be so treated. It is of

importance for parents to know this.

Social Traits

As the emotional sensitivity become more obvious for the adolescents social contact

increase and one of such is quest for intimacy. The search for intimate friendship and relationship

is a need of the adolescent. The desire to be loved, appreciated and understood make adolescents

seek intimate relationship and friendship with same sex or and the opposite sex. Okorodudu and

Okorodudu (2004) opined that this quest in young people if not met by the family, if parents

consistently complain, castigate, criticize them, build low self-esteem in them, they may be

tempted to seek attention and approval from peers or elsewhere. This desired crave for intimacy

has led many adolescents to indulge in lustful fantasies and take to wild lifestyle. Some of them

join robbery gang, prostitution, cultism, and the likes. This is particularly common among those

with low self-esteem, who feel lonely, inferior, unwanted and rejected. Okobiah (2010)

emphasized the importance for parents to build up positively the self- esteem of the children in

other to avoid deviant behaviour and negative peer or social media influence.

In the opinion of Okobiah (2010) parents should endeavour to build up positive self- esteem in

their children. They should avoid destructive criticism and use of abusive words on the children

instead parents should befriend their children, be good role models, commend good behaviour

and shun bad actions.

Other pressures and challenges the adolescent grapple with include academic

difficulties, career issues, inattentiveness, shyness, absentmindedness, admission problems,

aggressiveness and social adjustment.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF

ADOLESCENTS

There are numerous environmental factors that influence the psychology of the

adolescent. They include Peer influence, mass and social media influence, and societal influence.

It is important for parents, teachers, and adults to have adequate knowledge of how these factors

influence adolescents. The discussion is focused on the influence of peer group, mass media and

the society on the adolescent behaviour.

Peer Group Influence:

A peer is a person who belongs to the same age group. Peers form a major socialization

agent for adolescents. According to Nnachi (2003) peer group influence is a powerful factor in

determining the behaviour of adolescents. The behaviour which could be positive or negative is

more pronounced at adolescence. This is why parental guidance and close monitoring is

paramount for adolescents in their choice of friends. There is serious peer influence in the

behaviour as adolescents try to break ties from parents, in a bid to gain personal independence;

adolescents tend to strengthen ties with their peers. According to Okafor and Nnoli (2010)

adolescents create their world characterized with slangs, coded language, facial expression, oath

of secrecy and body language understood by their peers. A very dangerous dimension of peer

influence on each other is that adolescents tend to confide and rely more on counsels and

suggestions of peers regarding their parents and other adults as old fashioned.

Fayombo (2004) asserted that the attitude of parents influences their children positively

or negatively he stated that parents, who create opportunities for their children to discuss with

them, make the home to be conducive. Loving, warm and caring attitude of parents tend to
reduce the negative influence of peers on children than those who do not create time to interact

with their children.

Mass Media Influence

The adolescence period is characterized with adventurous tendency. Most adolescent

spend endless hours on the internet (social media). This has to be guided and curtailed. Research

has identified the mass media and social media as a major contributory factor that influence the

behaviour of adolescents. Ubom (2000) asserted that mass media such as radio, television, GSM

mobile, the print media and other electronic device disseminate both helpful, harmful and

dangerous information that influence the behaviour of adolescents. In the opinion of Alordiah

(2011) the influence of cell phone and social media is telling much on adolescent behaviour

negatively and positively. Okobiah (2010) asserted that adolescents copy wrong models from the

electronic media because parents fail in their duties to supervise them.

It is pertinent to mention that the adolescents of today spend more of their quality time

with the social media. We are confronted with the problem of media pressure on adolescents and

unlimited access to the social media in a global world with mobile internet. More research needs

to be carried out on this issue. There has to be proper sensory of what youths are exposed to

watch or listen to through the social media and the internet by relevant censoring bodies. In the

opinion of Chapman (2010) modern technology is exposing teenagers to the best and worst of

human culture, confusing them. According to Rawlins (1992) addiction to cyberspace prevalent

among adolescents cuts short their physical activities and results in unhealthy sedentary life

style.

Societal Influence
 A lot of happenings and double standard displayed by adults in society confuses the

adolescents and put them in a dilemma as to what is morally right and wrong. This confusion is

further heightened by hypocritical parents and adults who condemn wrong actions such as

examination malpractices, sexual promiscuity, lying, cultism, stealing, corruption, loose morals

and the likes publicly but who themselves indulge in such acts secretly and publicly. This dual

lifestyle troubles the adolescents and influences their attitude negatively.

Onoyase and Ebenuwa Okoh (2014) mentioned that negative environmental influence on

adolescents includes celebration of bad wealthy models, nudity, indecent dressing and bad music

and celebrities publicly. Eweniyi (1998) observed the modern society undue emphasis on sex, it

is almost impossible to go about one’s daily living without being bombarded by suggestive

influence of modern culture. This is because billboards, magazines, adverts on radio, television

and the internet use sex to attract potential buyers. Egbule and Ugorji (2000) postulated that

much of today’s amusement is centered around unwholesome sex attraction, low coarse music

suitable for sex orgies fills the air waves, lewd sex literature flood newsstands consumed daily by

hundreds of adolescents. The youths get distorted information from such untreated sources. The

point is that constant sex bombardment and negative attractions result in unwholesome

stimulation to the exclusion of fine wholesome activities. Alordiah (2011) maintained that

parents must bear in mind that the environment under which they grew is different from what

obtains today.

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS:

Developmental psychology is pivotal and fundamental to the understanding of the

transformation taking place in young people during and throughout the period of pubescence.
Therefore, practitioners, teachers, including developmental psychologists should intensify efforts

to work more effectively with young people during this phase of life when adolescents are trying

to establish and formulate self-image, values and ideals together with gaining independence from

their folks or guardians.

Through a higher understanding of adolescent development, psychologists, practitioners

and teachers alike, are equipped with the knowledge of how to assist young people establish their

goals and strengthen their decision-making skills, facilitate how they would explore occupations

and discuss with the youth education, training and work expertise for their prospective business

or career selection.

Early maturation of boys may enhance self-image, which is an advantage socially and

athletically. For girls, early maturation may result in early sex, which is a risk factor in STIs and

teenage pregnancy, which may fuel social crisis that educationists are interested in.

Below are some mentioned educational implications:

1. Adaptation of Physical Education Programs: Modify physical education programs to

accommodate varying physical abilities and maturation rates.

- Consider differences in physical strength, endurance, and coordination.

- Offer diverse activities to cater to individual interests and abilities.

- Emphasize teamwork, communication, and social skills.

- Incorporate health education (e.g., nutrition, hygiene) into physical education.

2. Accommodations for Learning and Classroom Environment: Ensure classroom

accommodations support adolescents' physical development.

- Flexible seating and ergonomic furniture.

- Regular breaks for physical activity.

- Modified lesson plans for students with physical limitations.

- Accessible technology and resources.

3. Integration of Health Education: Integrate comprehensive health education into the

curriculum.

- Address puberty, reproductive health, and hygiene.

- Discuss mental health, stress management, and emotional regulation.

- Promote healthy habits (e.g., exercise, balanced diet).

- Invite healthcare professionals for workshops and lectures.

4. Social and Emotional Learning: Address body image concerns, self-esteem, and social

skills.

- Foster positive relationships and social skills.

- Encourage emotional regulation and stress management.

- Address bullying and body shaming.

- Promote self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-esteem.

5. Inclusive Education and Accessibility: Ensure equal access to educational opportunities for

adolescents with diverse physical abilities.

- Adapt teaching methods for students with physical limitations.

- Provide assistive technology and resources.

- Ensure accessibility of school facilities and programs.

- Train teachers in inclusive teaching practices.

6. Teacher Training and Support: Educate teachers on adolescent physical development and

provide support.

- Professional development workshops on adolescent physical development.

- Training on inclusive teaching practices.

- Encourage teacher-student relationships and mentorship.

- Provide resources for teachers to address students' physical and emotional needs.

Conclusion

Conclusively, the adolescence phase is a critical formative age that determines the

compass of the child. Parents and Teachers should approach training adolescents with adequate

knowledge of adolescent development and psychology, prayer, sensitivity, love, personal

attention, effective teaching, effective parenting style and commitment. The right attitude of

parents and teachers will enable the adolescents scale through that phase triumphantly with

minimal errors. This paper discussed the physical development of adolescents and its educational

implications.

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