BMAT101P - CALCULUS LAB

Understanding Integration As Area Under The Curve

Dr. Mohit Kumar

VIT Chennai
Symbolic Integration
❖ MATLAB can integrate a wide variety of functions, including trigonometric
functions, logarithmic functions, and exponential functions.
❖ You can also integrate functions that involve combinations of these
functions such as sin(x)*cos(x) or exp(x)*log(x).
❖ However, not all functions can be integrated symbolically.

❖ In such cases, MATLAB will return the original function instead of the
antiderivative.
❖ MATLAB can perform de nite as well as inde nite integrals involving
symbolic expressions.
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Symbolic Integration
❖ Symbolic integration is the process of nding the antiderivative of a
function using symbolic manipulation.

❖ In MATLAB, you can perform symbolic integration using the Symbolic Math
Toolbox.

❖ To perform symbolic integration in MATLAB, you can use the int function.
❖ The int function takes the arguments:
✦ The function to be integrated,

✦ The variable of integration,

✦ Lower and upper limits of integration.

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Symbolic Indefinite Integration
%% Example 1
syms x % Declare x as a symbolic variable
f = x^2; % Define the function to be integrated
F = int(f, x); % Integrate f w.r.t x to get the antiderivative F
disp(F);

❖ Note that the int function returns a symbolic expression, which can be simpli ed using the
simplify function

%% Example 2
syms x % Declare x as a symbolic variable
f = (x^3+x)^5*(3*x^2+1); % Define the function to be integrated
F = int(f, x); % Integrate f w.r.t. x to get the antiderivative F
disp(F);
G = simplify(F); % Simplify the antiderivative F
disp(G)

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Symbolic Indefinite Integration
❖ You can use the di function to check that the antiderivative you have found is correct.

%% Example 3
syms x % Declare x as a symbolic variable
f = (x^3+1); % Define the function to be integrated
F = int(f, x); % Integrate f w.r.t. x to get the antiderivative F
disp(F);
dF=diff(F); % Calculate the derivative of F with respect to x
simplify(dF - f) % Simplify the expression dF - f to check if it is zero

❖ The output of the simplify function should be zero, which indicates that F is indeed an
antiderivative of f.
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Symbolic Indefinite Integration
❖ You can use the assume function to specify any assumptions about the variables in your
function, such as that they are real, positive, or integer.

❖ These assumptions can help MATLAB simplify the expressions and nd the correct
antiderivative.

%% Example 4
syms x % Declare x as a symbolic variable
assume(x, 'positive') % Assume that x is positive
f = sqrt(x); % Define the function to be integrated
F = int(f, x); % Integrate f w.r.t. x to get the antiderivative F
disp(F);

%% Example 5
syms x t % Declare x and t as a symbolic variables
assume(t>1) % Assume that t is greater than 1.
f = x*exp((1-t)*x); % Define the function to be integrated
F = int(f, x, 0, inf); % Integrate f w.r.t. x to get the antiderivative F
disp(simplify(F));

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Area under the Curve (Definite Integration)
❖ You can also use the int function to perform de nite integration (i.e., integration over a speci c
interval) by specifying the interval as the third argument.

❖ For example, to nd the de nite integral of f(x) = x^2 from x=0 to x=1, ( i.e., to calculate the area
under the curve of the function y = x^2 between the limits of x = 0 and x = 1).

%% Example 6
syms x % Declare x as a symbolic variable
f = x^2; % Define the function to be integrated
a = 0; % Lower limit of integration
b = 1; % Upper limit of integration
I = int(f, x, a, b); % Integrate f with respect to x from a to b
disp(I); % Area under the curve
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Area under the Curve
%% Example 7

% Define the function and limits of integration

syms x
y = sin(x);
a = 0;
b = pi/2;
% Find the antiderivative of the function
F = int(y, x);
% Evaluate the antiderivative at the limits of integration
area = double(subs(F, x, b) - subs(F, x, a));
% Display the result
disp(area);
% We can also get this result directly by providing limits of integration
I=int(y, x, a, b);
disp(double(I));
Area between Two Curves
❖ To calculate the area between the curves y1 = x^2 and y2 = x between the limits of x = 0 and x = 1.

%% Example 8

% Define the curves and limits of integration

syms x
y1 = x^2;
y2 = x;
a = 0;
b = 1;
% Calculate the area between the curves
y_diff = y2 - y1;
area = double(int(y_diff, a, b));
% Display the result
disp(area);
Area between Two Curves
%% Example 9
% This script calculates the area between two user-defined curves and plots the curves with the area filled.
clear;
close all;
clc;

% Define symbolic variable x

syms x

% Prompt the user to enter the upper and lower curves as functions of x
y1 = input('Enter the first curve as a function of x: '); % e.g., x^2 - 2*x
y2 = input('Enter the second curve as a function of x: '); % e.g., x

% Find the intersection points of these two curves

t = solve(y1 - y2);

% Convert the intersection points to double precision and sort them

t = sort(double(t));

% Define the x-axis limits for the plot, slightly extending beyond the intersection points
D = [min(t) - 0.2, max(t) + 0.2];

% Plot the first curve (y1) in red over the defined x-axis limits
fplot(y1, D, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on

% Plot the second curve (y2) in blue over the defined x-axis limits
fplot(y2, D, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
grid on
Area between Two Curves (Cont.)
% Initialize total area to zero
TA = 0;

% If there are more than two intersection points, calculate the area between each pair of points
for i = 1:length(t)-1
% Calculate the area between the curves from t(i) to t(i+1)
A = int(y1 - y2, t(i), t(i+1));
% Add the absolute value of the area to the total area
TA = TA + abs(A);

% Generate x-values between the current pair of intersection points

x1 = linspace(t(i), t(i+1));
% Evaluate the curves at these x-values
yy1 = subs(y1, x, x1);
yy2 = subs(y2, x, x1);
% Create vectors for the polygon that represents the area between the curves
xx = [x1, fliplr(x1)];
yy = [yy1, fliplr(yy2)];
% Fill the area between the curves with green color
fill(xx, yy, 'g');
end
% Display the total area between the curves
fprintf('Total Area is %d \n', TA);
Problems:
1. Plot the curves and nd the area under the curves

(i) y=sin(x) in [0, 2*pi].

(ii) y=cos(x) in [-pi/2, pi/2].

(iii) y=e^x+tan(x) in [0, pi/4].

2. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves y=x^4-4*x^2+4 and y=x^2.
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