SUGHA R SING H ACADEMY

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

“ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”
2024-25

Submitted By: Submitted to:

Lakshya Singh Mr. Vinay Singh
Class XII Sughar Singh Academy
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Lakshya Singh (Roll No.______) of class XII of

Sughar Singh Academy has successfully completed his/her
project report in Physics on topic:

“ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”

for the partial fulfillment of the Physics Practical Examination

conducted by CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(AISSCE) 2024-25.

Signature of student Signature of Principal

Signature of internal Signature of external

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge

my depth to all those who have helped me to put these ideas, well above
the level of simplicity and into something concrete. I would like to
express my special thanks of gratitude to my biology teacher, Mr.
Vinay Singh as well as our Principal Mrs. Hemlata Shukla who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
“ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things.
I am really thankful to them. Any attempt at any level can’t be
satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of my
Parents and Friends who helped me a lot in gathering different
information, collecting data and guiding me from time to time in
making this project, despite of their busy schedules, they gave me
different ideas in making this project unique. I am thankful to them too.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge... Thanking you.

Laskya Singh

Roll No.-

Class- XII
 Table of Content

1. Aim

2. Introduction

3. Principle

4. Theory

5. Working and construction

6. Observation

7. Conclusion

8. Application

9. Precautions

10. Bibliography
AIM

To study the phenomena of Electromagnetic Induction.

 Introduction

Electromagnet

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is

produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when
the current is turned off.

Induction

This process of generating current in a conductor byplacing the

conductor in a changing magnetic field iscalled induction

Electromagnetic Induction:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of apotential difference

(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field. Electromagnetic Induction is when an electromagnetic field
causes molecules in another object to flow. Induction can produce
electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio
transmitter).

Finally, it refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the

magnetic flux linking a conductor changes.

Magnetic Flux (Φ)= B A

Principle
Electromagnetic induction(or sometimes just induction)is a process
where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a
conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes voltage
production across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic
induction, in turn, causes an electrical current - It is said to induce the
current.
Theory

Invention

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction

in 1831, though it may have been anticipated by the work of
Francesco Zantesdeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry
made a similar discovery but didn’t publish his findings until later.

Induced E.M.F

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f will be

generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered
that an e.m.fcould be generated by either of the following methods:

1. Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other.

2. Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some

way.

Note that the e.m.f is only produced while the flux is changing.

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field

will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force
(EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers,
inductors and many types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetic induction are extremely important
since they provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural
physical phenomena in our universe and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host
of technological innovations that define modern society.Understanding
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so
many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind
Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we receive
from the sun to technologies that improve our quality of life, such as
electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an

electric field is induced or generated by a changing magnetic field. In
Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction, he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring
or ‘torus’ to induce current. Faraday’s law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a
magnetic force on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated
by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field.

For example, consider two coils as shown in figure.

Coil A is connected to a galvanometer, and coil B is connected to a

battery and has direct flow through it. Coil A is within the magnetic
field produced by Band, and e.m.f can be produced in A by moving the
coils relative to each other or by changing the magnitude of current in
B. This can be done by using the rheostat R, switching the current on
or off, or using an AC supply for B.

An e.m.f could also be produced in coil A by replacingcoil B with a

permanent magnet and moving this relativeto coil A.

Representation

Electromagnetic induction produces a potential difference (voltage)

across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Working and Construction
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a
magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force
on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to move. This
process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor
in a changing magnetic field is called induction. This is called induction
because there is no physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by the
magnetic field.

One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that

the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to
the magnetic lines of force to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction in which the induced current flows is
determined by the direction of the lines of force and by the direction
the wire is moving in the field. In the animation above, the ammeter
(the instrument used to measure current) indicates when there is current
in the conductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field
that is produced is constantly growing and shrinking due to the
constantly changing current in the wire. This growing and shrinking
magnetic field can induce an electrical current in another wire that is
held close to the first wire. The current in the second wire will also be
AC and in fact will look very similar to the current flowing in the first
wire.

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil toconcentrate the strength of

the magnetic field at theends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around an
iron barwill further concentrate the magnetic field in the ironbar. The
magnetic field will be strongest inside thebar and at its ends (poles).
Observation
● Magnet is moved at a certain rate, a certain voltage is produced.

● Magnet is moved at a faster rate and creates a greater induced voltage.

● Magnet is moved at the same speed through coil that has a greater
number ofturns and greater voltage is induced.
Conclusion
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, firstobserved and
published by Michael Faraday in themid-nineteenth century, describes
a very importantelectro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematicalrepresentations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’sis not
hard to grasp: it relates an induced electricpotential or voltage to
adynamic magnetic field.

Thisconcept has many far-reachingramifications that touch ourlives in

many ways: from theshining of the sun, to theconvenience of
mobilecommunications, to electricityto power our homes. We can
allappreciate the profound impactFaraday’s Law has on us.
Applications
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many device
systems, including:

● Electrical generators

● Induction motors

● Induction sealing

● Inductive charging

● Transformers

● Wireless energy transfer

Precautions
● Keep yourself safe from high voltage

● Use & handle lab instruments with care

● Do not scratch insulated copper wirewhile making the loop

● Do not use digital voltmeter for abovedemonstration

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ Wikipedia.com
➢ Google.com
➢ 12th Physics NCERT