THIRD SEMESTER

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS LABORATORY

CEC - 303

LABORATORY IN-CHARGE:

Dr. Piyali Sengupta

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES)
DHANBAD
2021
INSTRUCTIONS
A. SAFETY
In an endeavour to ensure a safe workplace environment that maximizes learning, it is expected
that the students would be adhering to these safety measures.

1. Follow all safety instructions given to you either by your course instructor, teaching
assistants or lab assistants at all times.

2. Please be cautious: Exercising sufficient caution at all times can play a major role in averting
a number major accident.

3. Please be aware of the material(s) and the equipment that you are handling and their safe
operating procedures and conditions.

4. Please do not touch any material, object or equipment that you are not sure about. It would
also be worthwhile to mention that please do not engage/ interact with any material, object or
equipment unless specifically instructed to do so and in the manner advised.

5. Please seek advice if you are unsure about anything. Please do not hesitate even you are
doing so for the millionth time. Remember: it is better to be safe than be sorry.

6. Use proper personal protection equipment at all times and as instructed.

7. Never obstruct passageways that provide access to emergency exits, fire extinguishers, first
aid kits, electrical panels, etc.

8. Do not litter.

9. Keep your personal space clean and tidy.

10. Please ensure adequate supervision while operating any equipment.

11. Please do wash your hands before leaving the laboratory.

B. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Please be punctual and attentive.

2. Please ensure that you are well versed with the theoretical background of the experiment(s)
that you intend on performing.

3. Please ensure that your lab record is duly evaluated and is up-to-date before leaving the
laboratory.

ii
 Course Course
Name of the course L T P Credit
Type Code
DP 5 CEC 303 Structural Laboratory 0 0 2 2

Course Objective
Experimental evaluation of properties and behaviour of steel and concrete subjected to simple
loading
Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, students should be able to:
● To understand the buckling behaviour of column
● Determination elastic properties of given models
● Evaluation of mix proportions for given strength of concrete
● To know different NDT tests on concrete

Unit
Topics to be Covered Learning Outcome
No.
Experiment-1 To understand the buckling
1
Influence of boundary conditions on the buckling of columns. behaviour of column
Experiment-2 To understand the buckling
2 Influence of eccentricity and lateral loading on the buckling behaviour of eccentric
of columns. column
Experiment-3 Determination elastic
3 Determination of flexural rigidity of beam under lateral properties of given steel
loading beam models
Experiment-4 Determination elastic
4 Verification of Betti’s law properties of given steel
beam models
Experiment-5 Determination elastic
5
Torsion Test: Circular section properties of cylindrical rod.
Experiment-6 Evaluation of mix
6 Concrete Mix Design by IS Code, Casting of Test Samples proportions for given
and Workability Tests strength of concrete
Experiment-7 Understand the behaviour of
7 Design, Casting and Testing of Under-Reinforced Concrete under reinforced beam its
Beam moment of resistance.
Experiment-8 Understand the behaviour of
8 Design, Casting and Testing of Over-Reinforced Concrete over reinforced beam its
Beam moment of resistance.
Experiment-9 Determination of properties
9 Compressive, Split-tensile and Flexural Strength of testing of hardened concrete.
samples

iii
Unit
Topics to be Covered Learning Outcome
No.
Experiment-10 Determination of elastic
10 Test for Determination of Static Modulus of Elasticity of properties of hardened
Concrete concrete.
Experiment-11 To know different NDT tests
11 Non-Destructive Test of Concrete – Rebound Hammer and on concrete
UPV

SUGGESTED REFERENCES
Reference Books

Sl.
Author Title of Publication Publisher
No.
1 Hibbeler, R. C. Structural Analysis Pearson Education Ltd.
Concrete Technology: Theory &
2 Shetty, M. S. S. Chand & Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Practice
Concrete Technology: Theory & McGraw Hill Education (India)
3 Gambhir, M. L.
Practice Pvt. Ltd.
4 Neville, A. M. Properties of Concrete Pearson Education Ltd.
Reinforced Concrete: Limit State
5 Jain, A.K. Nem Chand & Bros
Design

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS): Published Standards

Sl.
Standard No. Title Reference Experiment
No.
Methods of Physical Tests for
IS: 4031 (Part
1 Hydraulic Cement: Part 11: Specific gravity of cement
11)- 1988
Determination of Density
IS: 2386 (Part
Methods of Tests for Aggregates for
3)- 1963 Specific gravity of sand &
2 Concrete: Part 3: Specific Gravity,
(Reaffirmed coarse aggregate
Density, Voids, Absorption & Bulking
2002)
Coarse and Fine Aggregate for
3 IS: 383-2016 Grading of Aggregates
Concrete- Specification
Concrete Mix Proportioning-
4 IS: 10262-2009 Mix Design for Concrete
Guidelines
Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade- Specification for Cement:
5 IS: 12269-2013
Specification Mix Design for Concrete
IS: 456-2000 1. Mix Design for Concrete
Plain & Reinforced Concrete: Code of
6 (Reaffirmed 2. Determination of Failure
Practice
2005) Load
IS: 1199-1959 Determination of Workability
Methods of Sampling & Analysis of
7 (Reaffirmed by Slump Test & Compacting
Concrete
2004) Factor Test

iv
 Sl.
Standard No. Title Reference Experiment
No.
Determination of
IS: 516-1959
Methods of Tests for Strength of Compressive Strength,
8 (Reaffirmed
Concrete Flexural Strength & Modulus
2004)
of Elasticity of Concrete
IS: 5816-1999
Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete- Determination of Split
9 (Reaffirmed
Method of Test Tensile Strength of Concrete
2004)
IS: 13311 (Part
Non- Destructive Testing of Concrete-
1)- 1992 Determination of the Quality
10 Methods of Test: Part 1: Ultrasonic
(Reaffirmed of Concrete
Pulse Velocity
2004)
IS: 13311 (Part
Non- Destructive Testing of Concrete- Determination of the
2)- 1992
11 Methods of Test: Part 2: Rebound Compressive Strength of
(Reaffirmed
Hammer Concrete
2004)
IS: 8900-1978
Criteria for the Rejection of Outlying
12 (Reaffirmed For all General Purposes
Observations
2001)

LABORATORY LOCATION
Structural Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
3rd Floor, New Academic Complex
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad

v
 Experiment 1
Title: Influence of Boundary Conditions on the Buckling of Columns

Objective:

To study the influence of the end conditions on buckling of columns

Theory:
Columns are vertical load bearing members used to transfer axial compressive loads. Columns
are broadly classified as short column and long column based on their slenderness ratio.
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of the effective length of column to its least lateral dimension.
Generally, when both long and short columns are subjected to increasing compressive load (P),
the short columns fail in crushing while the long column fails in buckling. Where the crushing
load is higher than buckling load (Pcrushing > Pbuckling). When the axially applied load on a long
column is gradually increased such that, it reaches a critical load value, then there is a sudden
change in configuration (large lateral deflection) in the column. This process is called buckling
of column. Buckling happens due to the fact that the column is no longer subjected to only
compressive load but also a bending moment due to which the column bends. The value of the
compressive load (P) for which the column ceases to be stable and buckles is called critical
bucking load (Pcr). When P<Pcr then column is stable and when P>= Pcr the column is unstable
and it will buckle. Pcr is calculated using Euler’s formula which is derived from the case where
column is pin-ended.
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
Pcr= 𝒍𝟐

Where,
‘Pcr’is the critical buckling load,
‘E’ is the Young’s Modulus of the material
‘I’ is the minimum area moment of inertia of the cross section of the column
‘leff’ is the effective length of the column

The effective length (leff) is the length between the points of zero bending moment in the
buckled shape. It is the length which actually resists the buckling.
The effective length (leff) is for different end conditions are as follows:
1. Both ends are pinned leff = l
2. One end fixed and other free leff =2l
3. Both ends fixed leff = 0.5l

6
 4. One end pinned and other fixed leff = 0.7l

Apparatus:

The Buckling Test Apparatus consists of four identical steel bars each representing the above
end conditions (both fixed, both pinned, fix-free, pin-fixed), weights and a dial gauge to
measure the lateral deflection.

Figure 1: Buckling Test Apparatus

Procedure:
1. Insert a blank page behind the setup to trace the deflection of the bars.
2. Gradually increase the load on the first setup which is both ends pinned and trace the
deflected shape on the paper and also observe the reading of the dial gauge.
3. Note down the applied load at which the column buckles.
4. Then repeated the same procedure for all other setups that is fixed-fixed, pin-fixed,
and pin-free.
5. From the traced shape of the bars calculate the effective length and the Pcr for all the
cases respectively and compare it with the theoretical effective length and theoretical
Pcr.

7
Observation and Results:
B of specimen:
D of specimen:
I of specimen:
E of specimen:

Sl.No. End Theoretical Theoretical Experimental Experimental Error Error

condition Pcr leff Pcr Leff in Pcr in Leff

1 Pin-Pin

2 Pin-fixed

3 Fixed-fixed

4 Fixed-free

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. Draw the deflected shape of the four columns with different end conditions
Q2. What is the effective length of the column and what is its significance?
Q3. How were the different end conditions ensured in the experiment?
Q4. Comment on the load carrying capacity of the different columns under different end
conditions.
Q5. Based on your understanding of the experiment, what practical suggestions will you give
to practicing civil engineers?

8
 Experiment 2
Title: Influence of eccentricity and lateral loading on the buckling of columns

Objective:
Influence of eccentricity and lateral loading on buckling of columns

Theory:
When the compressive load (P) acts away from the axis of the column then that load is called
eccentric load. The distance between the axis of the column and line of action of eccentric load
is called eccentricity (e). When the eccentric load is applied on the column is increased, the
column not only experiences axial compression but also bending moment. This eccentric
loading would gradually lead to a sudden deformation of column and it will buckle. Lateral
loads are the live loads which are applied parallel to the ground surface (horizontally). When
the column is subjected to an increasing lateral loading the column would buckle in the
defection of lateral load and the buckling would be easier. Some common examples of Lateral
loads are the wind load, Seismic load and lateral earth pressure.

Apparatus:
The Buckling Test Apparatus consists of both end pined arrangement where the bar is held,
Load gauge and dial gauge.

Figure 2: Buckling Test Apparatus

9
Working of dial gauge:
Dial gauge is a device which is used to measure small linear displacements. It works on the
principle that when the cylindrical rod (plunger) touching the surface of sample moves
upward a reading is shown in the dial gauge with the help of needle which rotates on a
graduated scale, which corresponds to the distance moved by the plunger. The reading is
obtained by the vertical movement of plunger and internal gear arrangements which rotate the
measurement needle in the dial gauge.

Procedure:
1. Set the steel bar in the pin ended setup and apply the lateral load with the help of hanger
which is attached on the mid length of the bar to test the impact of lateral load in
buckling of column.
2. Attach the dial gauge to read the lateral displacements of the bar and the load gauge
shows the applied load.
3. Start applying the load and read the dial gauge reading as well as load gauge reading
till it buckles or when there is no change in the load gauge reading and tabulate it.
4. Then repeat the above steps with different lateral loads and axial loads.
5. Now remove the bar which was used for lateral load and insert the aluminium rod with
e=0 to test the impact of eccentricity in buckling of column.
6. Attach the dial gauge to the bar for measuring the lateral displacement and there is no
lateral load now (e=0).
7. Start applying the load and read the dial gauge and load gauge reading till the is no
change in the load gauge reading and tabulate it.
8. Now repeat the steps with bars of different eccentricity that is (e=1, e=3).
9. Plot the load vs deflection curve with the above recorded values.

Observations:
After conducting the experiment the following values were recorded as shown below. Least
count of load gauge is 50N and of dial gauge is 0.01mm.

Length

Breadth

Thickness

Material

10
 Lateral Load Eccentricity

P=0 P = 10N P = 20 N e=0 e=1 e=2

Dial Load Dial Load Dial Load Dial Load Dial Load Dial Load
gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge gauge

Results/Calculations:

Conclusions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:

Q1. Discuss the impact of use of dial gauge on the results of experiment.

Q2. Explain the role of eccentricity in buckling capacity of columns based of principles of
engineering mechanics.

Q3. Make a list of several codal provisions as given in IS 456:2000 based on the
understanding of the experiment.

11
 Experiment 3
Title: Determination of flexural rigidity of beam under lateral loading

Objective:
Determination of flexural rigidity of beam under lateral load

Theory:
Flexural rigidity is the resistance offered by the beam to bending. It can also be defined as the
force couple required to bend a fixed non-rigid structure by one unit of curvature. Flexural
rigidity is an important material property to be considered while designing structural members
as it denotes the ability of a material to bend. Flexural rigidity (EI) is the product of modulus
of elasticity and moment of inertia. It is inversely proportional to deflection of beam under
given load. That is higher the flexural rigidity less will be the deflection.

Apparatus:
Simply supported beam with equal overhang on both sides, weights, hanger, dial gauge,
measuring scale.

P P

L/2 L/2

a
a

Figure 3: Simply Supported Beam with Overhangs

Working of dial gauge:

Dial gauge is a device which is used to measure small linear displacements. It works on the
principle that when the cylindrical rod (plunger) touching the surface of sample moves upward
a reading is shown in the dial gauge with the help of needle which rotates on a graduated scale,
which corresponds to the distance moved by the plunger. The reading is obtained by the vertical
movement of plunger and internal gear arrangements which rotate the measurement needle in
the dial gauge.

12
Procedure:
1. Measure the width and thickness of beam and calculate the theoretical value of EI and
note it down.
2. Measure the main span and overhang span of the beam with a scale.
3. By applying equal loads at the free ends of the overhang beam, find the central
deflection y by measuring the dial gauge reading. Tabulate the load and deflection
values.
4. Repeat the above steps with different loads.
5. Calculate the experimental flexural rigidity for all readings and compare the it with
theoretical value.

Observations:
Least count of dial gauge is 0.01mm.

Results/Calculations:

Length (l):
Width:
Thickness:
Moment of inertia:
Material:
Modulus of elasticity, E:

S.No. Load Displacement Theoretical EI Experimental Error

(Kg) (mm) EI

Conclusions:

13
Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:

Q1. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of the beam shown in Figure 3.

Q2. Derive the expression for deflection at mid-point of the beam shown in Figure 3.

Q3. What practical suggestions can you give to the practicing engineers based on the results of
the experiment?

14
 Experiment 4
Title: Verification of Betti’s law

Objective:
Verification of Betti’s law and influence line diagram

Theory:
Betti's theorem, also known as Maxwell-Betti Law of Reciprocal Deflections, states that for a
linear elastic structure subjected to two sets of forces {Pi} i=1,2, n and {Qj}, j=1,2,..,n. Then
the work done by the set P through the displacements produced by the set Q is equal to the
work done by the set Q through the displacements produced by the set P.

Figure 4: Illustration of Maxwell-Betti Law of Reciprocal Deflections

Maxwell's reciprocal theorem states that the deflection at point 1 due to a unit load at point 2 is
the same as the deflection at point 2 if a unit load is applied at 1. (δ21 = δ12).
Influence Line Diagram (ILD) is a diagram representing the variation of functions like reaction
force, shear force, moment, or deflection) in a fixed section of the member due to unit load
traversing the structure.

Apparatus:
Simply supported beam, three dial gauges, hanger and weights.

L/2 L/2

Figure 5: Simply Supported Beam

15
 Working of dial gauge:
Dial gauge is a device which is used to measure small linear displacements. It works on the
principle that when the cylindrical rod (plunger) touching the surface of sample moves upward
a reading is shown in the dial gauge with the help of needle which rotates on a graduated scale,
which corresponds to the distance moved by the plunger. The reading is obtained by the vertical
movement of plunger and internal gear arrangements which rotate the measurement needle in
the dial gauge.

Procedure:
1. Attach the dial gauges at a distance of 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm from one end. Note the
initial dial gauge readings of all three dial gauges.
2. Start the measurement with 2 N weight. Put the load at 5 cm from one end and record
all the dial gauge readings in the dial gauge 1, 2 and 3 and tabulate the readings.
3. Now move the load at 10 cm and note all three dial gauge readings and similarly keep
on moving the load to 15 cm, 30 cm and so on and repeat the above steps.
4. For second set of readings apply 5 N load at 5cm and record the readings of all three
dial gauges by moving the load by 5 cm each time.
5. For third set of readings apply 10 N load and repeat the above step.
Observations:
Least count of dial gauge is 0.01 mm.

2N 5N 10 N
Position of Load D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3
Initial Reading
5 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
35 cm
40 cm
45 cm
50 cm
55 cm
60 cm
65 cm

16
 Result/Calculations:
Total length of beam is 70 cm.

2N 5N 10 N
Position of Load D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3
Deflection (mm)
5 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
35 cm
40 cm
45 cm
50 cm
55 cm
60 cm
65 cm

Drawing ILD for deflection at 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm from support:

Load 15 cm 30 cm 50 cm
Deflection D1/2 D1/5 D1/10 Average D2/2 D2/5 D2/10 Average D3/2 D3/5 D3/10 Average
(mm)
5 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
35 cm
40 cm
45 cm
50 cm
55 cm
60 cm
65 cm

Verification of Betti’s Law and Maxwell-Betti Law of Reciprocal Deflections:

Let’s consider the applied load be 2 N and 5 N.
The deflection at C due to 2 N load at A = X
Virtual work done = X × 5 = 1.6 N-mm.

17
The deflection A due to 5 N load at C = Y mm
Virtual work done = Y × 2 = 1.74 N-mm.
Error = (X ‒ Y)/Y
Initially considering for 2 N load,
The load at A and deflection at C = X mm
Next, the load at C and deflection at A for 2 N load = Y mm
Error = (X ‒ Y)/Y

Conclusion:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. Draw the schematic of the beam used in the experiment
Q2. Derive the Betti’s theorem
Q3. What is Influence line diagram? Discuss its applications.
Q4. Discuss the several precautions which one should take during the experiment.
Q5. Quantify the difference between the experimental and theoretical values of the load and
displacement values and comment on the same.

18
 Experiment 5
Title: Torsion Test of Circular section

Objective:
Determine the shear modulus of elasticity using torsion test for circular shafts

Theory:
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to
another. The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force like twisting moment.
Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. The shear modulus of elasticity
(G) is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear
stress to shear strain. The general torsion equation is as follows:

Where,
T is the torque or twisting moment.
J is the polar moment of inertia.
τ is the shear stress.
R is the radius of shaft.
G is the shear modulus of rigidity.
Θ is the angle of twist.
L is the length of shaft.

The slope of the graph of torque vs angle of twist gives the shear modulus of rigidity (G). G is
a material property of the member and the more elastic the member, the higher the modulus of
rigidity.

Apparatus: Torsion testing machine, two specimens of circular cross section bars of brittle
(cast iron) and ductile material (0.4% carbon steel).

Figure 6: Torsion Testing Machine

19
Procedure:
1. Load the specimen 1 (cast iron) bar between the two chucks of torsion testing machine of
which one chucks moveable and other is fixed.

2. Set the initial torque reading and angle of twist reading to zero before starting the
experiment.

3. Start the experiment by rotating the moveable head slowly so that we can observe the
specimen when it goes through the plastic deformation state and tabulate the readings of
angle of twist and torque readings.

4. Then as the specimen goes through the plastic deformation, we observe that the torque
reading is almost constant. The specimen will continue to deform but we would not see any
considerable rise in torque reading. At this time, we can increase the speed of experiment
by providing the angle of twist at greater speed.

5. Continue to twist the specimen till it fails and repeat the above steps with specimen 2 which
is made of 0.4% carbon steel.

Observations:
Radius of specimen:
Length of specimen:
Cast iron specimen Steel specimen
No. of Angle of Torque No. of Angle of Torque
Revolution twist (Nm) Revolution twist (Nm)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12

Results/Calculations:
Slope of the Torque vs Angle of twist curve =

20
Shear modulus =

Conclusions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1.What is Mohr’s Circle?
Q2.Explain the failure pattern of the ductile and brittle materials subjected to pure torsion on
the basis of Mohr’s Circle.
Q3.Discuss several precautions one should take during the experiment.
Q4.What is polar moment of inertia? What is its importance?

21
 Experiment 6(a)
Title: Concrete Mix Design by Indian Standard (IS) Code

Objective:
Concrete mix design as per Indian Standard

References
 IS 10262 - Concrete Mix Proportioning – Guidelines: 2009
 IS: 456 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice: 2000
 IS 12269 - Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade - Specification: 2013
 IS 383 - Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete – Specification: 2016

Design stipulation:
Grade designation = M25.
Type of cement = OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 12269: 2013.
Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20 mm.
Workability = 75 mm Slump.
Exposure condition = Moderate (for Reinforced Concrete)
Degree of supervision = Good
Type of aggregate = Crushed, Angular in shape.

Test data for the materials: -

Specific gravity of cement = 3.11
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.85
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.74
Water absorption of coarse aggregate = 0.5%
Water absorption of fine aggregate = 1%
Free (surface) moisture for coarse aggregate = Nil
Free (surface) moisture for fine aggregate = Nil
Fine aggregate = Conforming to grading zone II of Table 4 of IS 383: 2016.

22
1. Target strength for mix proportion: -
fck′ = fck +1.65 × S = 25 + 1.65 × 4 = 31.6 MPa (Table 1, IS 10262: 2009 and
Table 8, IS 456: 2000)
where
fck′ is the target average compressive strength at 28 days.
fck is the characteristic compressive strength at 28 days.
S is the standard deviation.

2. Selection of water cement ratio

From Table-5 of IS 456:2000, for M 25 grade Reinforced Concrete and Moderate Exposure,
Maximum water-cement ratio is 0.50
Based on the experience, water cement ratio of the design mix is selected as 0.45.

3. Selection of water content

Form Table 2 of IS 10262: 2009, maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 Litres
(for 25-50 mm slump range)
Estimated water content for 75 mm slump = 186 + 3% of 186 (for 25 mm slump increase) =
191.6 Litres ≈ 192 Litres.

4. Calculation of cement content

Adopted water-cement ratio = 0.45
Cement content = 192/0.45 = 426.67 ≈ 427 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS 456: 2000, minimum cement content for moderate exposure condition =
300 kg/m3 satisfying the minimum criteria.

5. Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

From Table 3 of IS 10262: 2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size and
fine aggregate (zone II) for water-cement ratio 0.5 is 0.62
In the present case, water-cement ratio is 0.45.
Therefore, the volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine
aggregate content. As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.05 (at the rate of ± 0.01 for every ±
0.05 change in water-cement ratio), the corrected proportion of the volume of coarse aggregate
for the water-cement ratio of 0.45 is 0.62 + 0.01 = 0.63.
Hence the volume of fine aggregate = 1 - 0.63 = 0.37

23
6. Mix calculation
(i) Volume of concrete = 1 m3.

(ii) Volume of cement = × = . ×

= 0.137 𝑚

(iii) Volume of water = × = 0.192 𝑚

(iv) Volume of total aggregate = 1‒ (0.137 + 0.192) = 0.671 m3.

(v) Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.671 × 0.63 × 2.85 × 1000 = 1205 𝑘𝑔

(vi) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.671 × 0.37 × 2.74 × 1000 = 680 𝑘𝑔

7. Mix proportion
Cement = 427 kg/m3
Water = 192 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 680 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1205 kg/m3

8. Revision of water content

Extra quantity of water to be added for absorption in case of coarse aggregate @ 0.5% mass of
coarse aggregate = 1205 × 0.5% = 6 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
Extra quantity of water to be added for absorption in case of fine aggregate @ 1% mass of fine
aggregate = 680 × 1% = 6.8 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
Revised water content = 192 + 6 + 6.8 = 204.8 ≈ 205 kg/m3.
Therefore, the actual quantity for different constituents are
Cement = 427 kg/m3
Water = 205 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1205 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 680 kg/m3

Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

427 kg 205 kg 680 kg 1205 kg

1 kg 205/427 = 0.48 680/427 = 1.59 1205/427 = 2.82

24
Questions:
Q1. Define Characteristic Strength.

Q2. Identify the differences between Target Strength and Characteristic Strength.

Q3. Define Characteristic Load.

Q4. What minimum grade of concrete is to be used for extreme exposure conditions as per
IS 456:2000?

Q5. What is Abram’s Law on water-cement ratio of concrete?

25
 Experiment 6 (b)
Title: Casting of Concrete of Grade M30

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to prepare concrete mix design as per Indian Standard and
cast 3 concrete cubes, 3 cylinders and 3 beams.

References

 IS 10262 - Concrete Mix Proportioning – Guidelines: 2009

 IS: 456 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice: 2000
 IS 12269 - Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade - Specification: 2013
 IS 383 - Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete – Specification: 2016

Design stipulation:
Grade designation = M30.
Type of cement = OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 12269: 2013.
Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20 mm.
Workability = 100 mm Slump.
Exposure condition = Moderate (for Reinforced Concrete)

Degree of supervision = Good

Type of aggregate = Crushed, Angular in shape.

Test data for the materials:

Specific gravity of cement = 3.11
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.85
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.74
Water absorption of coarse aggregate = 0.5%
Water absorption of fine aggregate = 1%
Free (surface) moisture for coarse aggregate = Nil
Free (surface) moisture for fine aggregate = Nil
Fine aggregate = Conforming to grading zone II of Table 4 of IS 383: 2016.

26
1. Target strength for mix proportion: -

2. Selection of water cement ratio

3. Selection of water content

4. Calculation of cement content

5. Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

6. Mix calculation

7. Mix proportion

8. Revision of water content

9. Casting

Total volume of concrete for 3 cubes, 3 cylinders and 3 beams = {(3 × 0.15 ) +
(3 × × 0.15 × 0.3) + (3 × 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.7)} = m3

So, weight of concrete = kg.

Considering 10% wastage, total weight of concrete = kg

10. Final weight of materials

Weight of cement =

Weight of water =

Weight of fine aggregate =

Weight of coarse aggregate =

27
Apparatus:

 Weighing balance
 Trowels
 Pans
 Buckets
 Concrete Mixing Machine
 Tamping bar
 Moulds
 Slump cone
 Ruler
 Compression testing machine

Material:
 Ordinary Portland Cement
 Water
 Grease

Procedure:
1. Determine the specific gravities of cement, coarse and fine aggregates. Evaluate the
water absorption capacities of the coarse and fine aggregates.
2. Perform sieve analysis to determine the maximum nominal size of coarse aggregates
and the grading zone of fine aggregates.
3. Metal moulds, preferably of steel or cast iron, thick enough to prevent distortion is
required for the test specimens. Apply grease on the inner walls of the moulds and
slump cone.
4. Calculate the final weight of materials for trial mix 1. After mixing is done, carefully
observe the mix to ensure that it is free from segregation and bleeding and its finishing
properties.
5. Measure the workability of the trial mix in terms of slump. If the slump of first trial mix
is different from the stipulated value, adjust the water and/or admixture content suitably
to obtain the correct slump.
6. Recalculate the mix proportions keeping the free water–cement ratio at the pre-selected
value; this will comprise trial mix 2. In addition, formulate two more trial mixes no. 3
and 4 with the water content same as trial mix no. 2 and varying the free water–cement
ratio by ±10 percent of the preselected value.
7. Fill the moulds with concrete mix in layers, with each layer approximately 50 mm deep.
Vibrate each layer by a needle vibrator until the desired level of compaction is attained.
8. Store the test specimens in a place free from vibration, in moist air of at least 90%
relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2° C for 24 hours ± 1/2 hour from the

28
 time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period, mark the test
specimens, remove them from the moulds and proceed for curing. The samples are
taken out just prior to compression test to check whether the target strength is achieved
or not.

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. What are Design Mix and Nominal Mix of concrete?

Q2. What is batching and curing?

Q3. Explain the acceptance criteria of concrete.

Q4. Why is it better to use RMC than site-mixed concrete?

Q5. Why compaction of concrete is required? State different types of vibrators.

Q6. What are the different curing methods?

29
 Experiment 6 (c)
Title: Workability of the Fresh Concrete Mix by Slump Test

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the workability of fresh concrete by slump
test.

Theory:
Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar which determines the ease and
homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Water content of a
mix is the primary factor governing the workability of the fresh concrete. Water–cement ratio
determines the intrinsic properties of cement paste and the requirements of workability such
that there should be enough cement paste to surround the aggregates as well as to fill the voids
in the aggregates. For the same volume of aggregates in the concrete, use of coarse aggregates
of larger size and/or rounded aggregates gives higher workability because of reduction in total
specific surface area and particle interference. Use of elongated aggregates results in low
workability primarily due to increase in particle interference. Use of finer sand increases the
specific surface area, thereby increasing the water demand for the same workability.
Workability of a concrete mix is also affected by the temperature of concrete and therefore, by
the ambient temperature. On a hot day, it becomes necessary to increase the water content of
the concrete mix in order to maintain the desired workability. The fresh concrete loses
workability with time mainly because of the loss of moisture due to evaporation.
The slump test is the most widely used, primarily because of the simplicity of the apparatus
required and the test procedure. The slump test indicates the behaviour of compacted concrete
cone under the action of gravitational forces. The test is carried out with a mould, called slump
cone. Slump cone has the shape of a frustum of a cone with base diameter 20 cm, top diameter
10 cm, height 30 cm and material thickness at least 1.6 mm (as shown in Figure 5). Types of
slumps with various typical subsidence are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: A. Slump cone apparatus

30
 Figure 7: Types of slumps with various typical subsidence

Reference:
IS: 1199 - Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete: 1959 (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:

 Weighing balance
 Trowels
 Pans
 Buckets
 Concrete Mixing Machine
 Tamping bar
 Moulds
 Ruler
 Slump cone
Materials required:

 Cement
 Coarse aggregate
 Fine aggregate (sand)
 Water
 Grease
Procedure:
1. The internal surfaces of the moulds and the slump cone are thoroughly cleaned. A light
layer of grease is applied on the inner surfaces of the cone and moulds.
2. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
3. The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete. Each layer has a
depth of approximately one-fourth of the height of the mould.
4. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod. The strokes are
distributed evenly over the cross-section.

31
 5. After the top layer is tamped, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel. A smooth
finish is ensured at the top.
6. The slump cone is removed from the concrete mix immediately by raising it slowly in
the vertical direction.
7. The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of
the subsided concrete is measured.
8. This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

Observations and Calculations:

Sl. No. Water/ Cement Ratio Slump (mm)

Results and Conclusions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. Define workability of concrete.

Q2. What is the role of water/cement ratio in modifying the workability of concrete?

Q3. What are the factors affecting the workability of concrete?

Q4. Which shape (rounded/ elongated) of coarse aggregates gives higher workability and
why?

Q5. What are segregation and bleeding?

32
 Experiment 6 (d)
Title: Workability of the Fresh Concrete Mix by Compaction Factor Test

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the workability of fresh concrete by
compacting factor test.

Theory:
Compaction factor test is adopted to determine the workability of concrete, where nominal size
of aggregate does not exceed 40 mm. It is based upon the definition, that workability is that
property of the concrete which determines the amount of work required to produce full
compaction. The test consists essentially of applying a standard amount of work to standard
quantity of concrete and measuring the resulting compaction.
The compaction factor test apparatus consists of two conical hoppers, A and B, mounted
vertically above a cylindrical mould C as shown in Figure 7. The upper hopper A has internal
dimensions as: top diameter 250 mm, bottom diameter 125 mm and height 225 mm. The lower
hopper B has internal dimensions as: top diameter 225 mm, bottom diameter 125 mm and
height 225 mm. The cylinder has internal dimensions as: 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height.
The distances between bottom of upper hopper and top of lower hopper, and bottom of lower
hopper and top of cylinder are 200 mm in each case. The lower ends of the hoppers are fitted
with quick release flap doors. The hoppers and cylinder are rigid in construction and rigidly
mounted on a frame. These hoppers and cylinder are easily detachable from the frame.

Figure 8: Compacting Factor Apparatus

33
References:
IS: 1199 - Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete: 1959 (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:
 Compacting factor apparatus
 Graduated cylinder of 1000 ml capacity
 Electronic weighing balance
 Trowels
 Pans
 Buckets
 Concrete Mixing Machine
 Tamping rod

Materials Required:
 Cement
 Coarse aggregate
 Fine aggregate
 Water
 Grease

Procedure:
1. The inner surfaces of the compacting factor apparatus are moistened with a light layer
of grease.
2. The weight of the empty cylinder (W1) is noted.
3. The fresh concrete mix is placed in the upper hopper up to the brim.
4. The trap-door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
5. The trap-door of the lower hopper is opened and the concrete is allowed to fall into the
cylinder.
6. The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder is then cut off with
the help of plane blades.
7. The cylinder with concrete filled into it is weighed (W2). The measurement (W2 − W1)
is known as weight of partially compacted concrete.
8. The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and vibrated to obtain full
compaction. The cylinder with concrete filled into it is weighed again (W3). The
measurement (W3 − W1) is known as the weight of fully compacted concrete.

34
 Observations:

Water/ Weight of Partially Weight of Fully Compaction Factor

Sl. Compacted Concrete = Compacted Concrete =
Cement = (W2 − W1)/ (W3 −
No.
Ratio (W2 − W1) (W3 − W1) W1 )

Results and Conclusions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. How is compaction factor related to workability of concrete?

Q2. What is the role of water/cement ratio in modifying the compaction factor of concrete?

Q3. How is concrete compacted in construction sites?

Q4. How does a slump test compare with a compaction factor test?

Q5. In what respects, compaction factor test is a better measure of workability than slump
test?

35
 Experiment 7
Title: Bending Test of an Under-Reinforced Concrete Beam

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the failure load and cracking pattern of an
under-reinforced concrete beam.

Theory:
If the ratio of steel to concrete in a reinforced concrete beam is such that the maximum strains
in two materials reach altogether, a sudden failure would occur with less alarming deflection.
Such a beam is referred as a balanced reinforced concrete beam. When the amount of steel is
kept less than that in the balanced section, the neutral axis moves upward to satisfy the
equilibrium condition between compression force and tension force. Under increasing bending
moment, steel is strained beyond yield limit and the maximum strain in concrete remains less
than its ultimate value 0.35%. With further increase in loading, steel does not take any
additional loading beyond yield point and total tension force remains constant. But, the
compressive stress in concrete increases with additional strain. The neutral axis keeps on
shifting upward to maintain equilibrium until maximum strain in concrete reaches 0.35% and
concrete crushes. Such a beam is referred as an under-reinforced beam. The failure is termed
as tension failure because yielding of steel was responsible for the higher strains in concrete
resulting in its failure.

References
IS: 456 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice: 2000

Apparatus required:
Beam Testing machine

Beam Specimen details:

 Overall depth, D = 150 mm
 Effective depth, d = 130 mm
 Breadth, B = 150 mm
 Overall length, L = 1500 mm
 Effective length, Leff = 1300 mm
 Diameter of rebar = 8 mm
 Effective cover = 20 mm
 No. of bars = 2
 Type of beam = Under-reinforced
 Characteristic strength of steel = 500 MPa.

36
  Characteristic strength of concrete = 25 MPa.
 Age of specimens = 28 days

Procedure:
1. The three beam specimens to be tested are cleaned and wiped on the surfaces.
2. Dimensions are noted and the beams are placed on the loading frame one by one.
3. Rollers are cleaned free of sand particle and beam is placed such that 100 mm is
effective length from each end.
4. Under four-point bending test, two concentrated loads are placed at 433.33 mm apart
from the ends. The distance between two concentrated loads from each other is also
433.33 mm. Reinforced concrete beam specimen under four-point bending test is
shown in Figure 8. Rollers are held to touch the surface of the beam so as to facilitate
the load application appropriately.
5. The beam specimen is loaded at a loading rate of 70 N/s until the it fails. The failure
load of the beam specimen is recorded.
6. The steps 3-5 are repeated for the remaining two beam samples.
7. The mean failure load is determined by taking average of the three recorded failure
loads for three specimens.

Figure 9: Reinforced concrete beam specimen under four-point bending test

37
Observation:
Beam ID

Breadth, B

Overall depth, D

Effective depth, d

Overall length, L

Effective length, Leff

Recorded Failure load, Pui,exp

Mean Failure load from Experiment, Pu,exp

Mean Failure load from Theory, Pu,theo

Calculations:
Neutral axis depth:
𝑥 , = 0.46𝑑 = 0.46 × 130 = 59.8 𝑚𝑚 (1)

𝐴 = 2 × × 8 = 100.53 𝑚𝑚 (2)
. × × . × × .
𝑥 = . × ×
= . × ×
= 32.39 𝑚𝑚𝑥 < 𝑥 , (3)

Hence the beam section is under-reinforced.

Moment of resistance:
𝑓𝐴 500 × 100.53
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑− = 0.87 × 500 × 100.53 × 130 − = 5.1 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑓 𝑏 25 × 150
(4)
𝑀 , = 0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑑 − 0.42𝑥 , = 0.36 × 25 × 150 × 59.8 × (130 − 0.42 × 59.8) =
8.47 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (5)
Hence safe.
Now Mu at critical section = (P/2) × 0.433 m
Equating Mu at critical section and Mu from (4), we can calculate the value of Pu,bending which
corresponds to the failure load due to bending.
Pu,bending = 2Mu/0.433 = 23.56 kN
Shear capacity:
From Table 19 IS 456: 2000,

38
For = 0.5155 𝜏 = 0.495𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏 = => 0.495 = ×
=> 𝑉 = 9.65 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 = ,
=> 𝑃 , = 19.30 𝑘𝑁 where Pu,shear is the ultimate load of failure due to shear.

Results and Discussions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. Define balanced section.

Q2. What do mean by under-reinforced sections?

Q3. How does an under-reinforced section fail?

Q4. What is neutral axis?

Q5. Why neutral axis shifts upward in under-reinforced sections?

39
 Experiment 8
Title: Bending Test of an Over-Reinforced Concrete Beam

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the failure load and cracking pattern of an
over-reinforced concrete beam.

Theory:
If the ratio of steel to concrete in a reinforced concrete beam is such that the maximum strains
in two materials reach altogether, a sudden failure would occur with less alarming deflection.
Such a beam is referred as a balanced reinforced concrete beam. When the amount of steel is
kept higher than that in the balanced section, the neutral axis moves downward to satisfy the
equilibrium condition between compression force and tension force. Under increasing loading,
the stress and strain in steel as well as the tension force keep on increasing. To maintain
equilibrium of tension and compression forces, the neutral axis further shifts downward until
the maximum strain in concrete reaches its ultimate value 0.35% and concrete crushes. The
steel is still within the elastic limit. Such a beam is referred as an over-reinforced beam and the
failure is termed as compression failure.

References
IS: 456 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice: 2000

Apparatus required:
Beam Testing machine

Beam Specimen details:

 Overall depth, D = 150 mm
 Effective depth, d = 130 mm
 Breadth, B = 150 mm
 Overall length, L = 1500 mm
 Effective length, Leff = 1300 mm
 Diameter of rebar = 10 mm
 Effective cover = 20 mm
 No. of bars = 3
 Type of beam = Over-reinforced
 Characteristic strength of steel = 500 MPa.
 Characteristic strength of concrete = 25 MPa.
 Age of specimens = 28 days

40
Procedure:
1. The three beam specimens to be tested are cleaned and wiped on the surfaces.
2. Dimensions are noted and the beams are placed on the loading frame one by one.
3. Rollers are cleaned free of sand particle and beam is placed such that 100 mm is
effective length from each end.
4. Under four-point bending test, two concentrated loads are placed at 433.33 mm apart
from the ends. The distance between two concentrated loads from each other is also
433.33 mm. Reinforced concrete beam specimen under four-point bending test is
shown in Figure 9. Rollers are held to touch the surface of the beam so as to facilitate
the load application appropriately.
5. The beam specimen is loaded at a loading rate of 70 N/s until the it fails. The failure
load of the beam specimen is recorded.
6. The steps 3-5 are repeated for the remaining two beam samples.
7. The mean failure load is determined by taking average of the three recorded failure
loads for three specimens.

Figure 10: Reinforced concrete beam specimen under four-point bending test

41
Observation:
Beam ID

Breadth, B

Overall depth, D

Effective depth, d

Overall length, L

Effective length, Leff

Recorded Failure load, Pui,exp

Mean Failure load from Experiment, Pu,exp

Mean Failure load from Theory, Pu,theo

Calculations:
Neutral axis depth:
𝑥 , = 0.46𝑑 = 0.46 × 130 = 59.8 𝑚𝑚 (1)

𝐴 = 3 × × 10 = 235.62 𝑚𝑚 (2)
. × × . × × .
𝑥 = . × ×
= . × ×
= 75.92 𝑚𝑚; 𝑥 > 𝑥 , (3)

Hence the beam section is over-reinforced.

Moment of resistance:

𝑀 =𝑀 , = 0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑑 − 0.42𝑥 , = 0.36 × 25 × 150 × 59.8 × (130 − 0.42 ×

59.8) = 8.47 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (4)
Now Mu at critical section = (P/2) × 0.433 m
Equating Mu at critical section and Mu from (4), we can calculate the value of Pu,bending which
corresponds to the failure load due to bending.
Pu,bending = 2Mu/0.433 = 39.12 kN
Shear capacity:
From Table 19 IS 456: 2000,

For = 1.21 𝜏 = 0.694 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏 = => 0.694 = ×

=> 𝑉 = 13.53 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 = ,
=> 𝑃 , = 27.07 𝑘𝑁 where Pu,shear is the ultimate load of failure due to shear.

42
Results and Discussions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:
Q1. What do you mean by over-reinforced sections?

Q2. Why designing a beam as an over-reinforced section is not permitted by IS 456:2000?

Q3. What precautions are to be taken for casting of beams?

Q4. How does an over-reinforced beam fail?

Q5. Why neutral axis shifts downward in over-reinforced sections?

43
 Experiment 9 (a)
Title: Determination of Compressive Strength of the Concrete Cube Specimens

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the compressive strength of concrete cube
samples.

Theory:
The compressive strength of concrete is defined as the load which causes the failure of
specimen, per unit area of cross section in uniaxial compression under given rate of loading.
The compressive strength at 28 days after casting is taken as a criterion for specifying the
quality of concrete. This is termed as grade of concrete. IS 456-2000 stipulates the use of 150
mm cube specimens for determination of compressive strength of concrete. As the compression
tests are easy to perform, they are most frequently conducted and other strengths are generally
prescribed in terms of a function of compressive strength.

References:
 IS 516 (1959): Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:
 Compression Testing Machine
 Scale
 Concrete cubes
 Weighing machine

Procedure:
1. Note the dimensions and weight of the three cube specimens using scale and weighing
machine.
2. Clean the testing surface of compression testing machine.
3. Place the specimen in the machine in such a way that the load is applied on the opposite
sides of the cube (as shown in Figure 10).
4. Align the specimen centrally on base plate of the machine.
5. Apply the load at the rate of 5150 N/s till the specimen fails.
6. Record the load at which the cube sample fails.
7. Repeat the steps 2-6 for the remaining two cube samples.

44
 Figure 11: Concrete cube in a Compression Testing Machine (CTM)

Observations and Calculations:

Cube Sample number

Casting date
Mass (kg)
Dimensions (mm3)
Load of failure (kN)
Compressive Strength (MPa)

Results and Discussions:

The Average Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes: _______MPa

Precautions:

Remarks:

45
Questions:

Q1. What is the reason behind deciding a specific loading rate for compressive strength
testing of concrete cubes?

Q2. Explain the failure pattern of concrete cubes.

Q3. What do you mean by early compressive strength of concrete?

Q4. What is final compressive strength of concrete?

Q5. What are the primary reasons behind differences in compressive strengths at early age
and final stage?

Q6. Name any three factors that may affect the compressive strength of concrete.

46
 Experiment 9 (b)
Title: Determination of Splitting Tensile Strength of the Concrete Cylinder Specimens

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to determine the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical
specimen.

Theory:
The tensile strength is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The concrete
is not usually expected to resist the direct tension because of its low tensile strength and brittle
nature. However, the determination of tensile strength of concrete is necessary to determine the
load at which the concrete members may crack. The tension is important in limiting the cracks
caused by shrinkage, etc. The methods to determine the tensile strength of concrete can be
broadly classified as (i) direct methods and (ii) indirect methods. Because of the difficulties
associated with the direct tension test, a number of indirect methods have been developed to
determine the tensile strength. In these tests, in general, a compressive force is applied to a
concrete specimen in such a way that the specimen fails due to tensile stresses developed in the
specimen. The tensile stress at which the failure occurs is termed the tensile strength of
concrete.

References:

 IS 516 (1959): Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:

 Testing Machine
 Concrete Cylinder Specimen
 Jigs

47
 Figure 12: Splitting Tensile Strength Test of a concrete cylindrical specimen

Procedure:

1. Specimens are immersed in water for 24 hrs before they are taken for testing. Unless
other conditions are required for specific laboratory investigation, specimens are tested
immediately on removal from water while they are still wet.
2. Central lines are drawn on two opposite faces of the cylinder using any suitable
procedure and device to ensure they are placed on same axis.
3. Mass and dimension of specimen are noted before the testing. The sides of specimens
lying in the plane of pre-marked line are measured.
4. The bearing surface of the testing machine and loading strips are wiped clean.
5. The test specimen is placed in the central jig with packing strip such that the specimen
is loaded centrally (as shown in Figure 11).
6. The load is applied without shock and increased continuously at nominal rate within
the range of 1.2 N (mm2/min) to 2.4 N (mm2/min) until failure. The failure load is
recorded for the specimen.
7. The steps 5-6 are repeated for the remaining specimens.

48
Observations and Calculations:

Cylinder Sample number

Casting date
Mass (kg)
Dimensions (mm3)
Load of failure P (kN)
Splitting Tensile Strength
(MPa) = 2P/πDL

Results and Discussions:

The Average Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Cylinders is _______ MPa.

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:

Q1. What do you mean by indirect tensile strength?

Q2. What would be the rate of loading for split-tensile test of concrete cylinder?

Q3. Approximately what would be the tensile strength of concrete in relation with the
compressive strength?

49
 Experiment 9 (c)
Title: Determination of the Flexural Strength of the Concrete Specimens

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to determine the flexural strength of concrete beam
specimen.

Theory:
The flexural strength expressed in terms of modulus of rupture is defined as the maximum
tensile stress in the concrete at rupture in a flexure test. The stress in extreme fibre σcb is given
by Mc/I where M is the bending moment in N-mm at the failure section, c is the distance of
extreme fibre from neutral axis in mm and I is the second moment of area of the cross section
in mm4.
The loading arrangement with symmetric loads (P) acting at 1/3 points produces a pure bending
zone with constant bending moment and zero shear force in the middle third of the span. If the
fracture occurs within the middle third of the span the flexural strength σcb is given by PL/bd2.
If the fracture occurs outside the middle third, but within 5 per cent of span length, the flexural
strength σcb is given by 3Pa/bd2 where L is span in mm, a is distance between section of fracture
and the nearest support in mm, b is the average width and d is the average depth of the specimen
in mm.
However, if the fracture occurs more than five per cent outside the middle third, the test results
are discarded.

References:

 IS 516 (1959): Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:

 Testing machine
 Weighing machine
 Concrete beam (150 mm × 150 mm × 700 mm)

50
 Figure 13: Flexural strength test

Procedure:

1. Test specimens are stored in water at a temperature of 24°C to 30°C for 48 hrs. The
specimens are tested on immediate removal from water.

2. The bearing surfaces of the support and loading rollers are wiped clean and free of sand
or any other materials. The surfaces of the specimens, to be in contact with the rollers,
are also cleaned carefully.

3. The dimensions and mass of the specimens are measured.

4. The specimen is then placed in the machine such that the load is applied on the
uppermost surface as cast in mould, along two lines spaced 20.0 cm or 13.3 cm apart.

5. Axis of the specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of loading device and also no
packing is used between the bearing surface of the specimen and the rollers (as shown
Figure 12).

6. The applied load is increased at a constant rate (approximately 400 kg/min) such that
the extreme fibre stress increases at 7 kg/cm2/mm. The load application continues until
the specimen fails. The failure load is recorded for the specimen.

7. The steps 4-6 are repeated for the remaining specimens.

51
Observations and Calculations:

Beam Specimen number

Casting date
Mass (kg)
Dimensions (mm3)
Load of failure P (kN)
Flexural Strength (MPa) =
PL/bd2

Calculation:

Result:

The modulus of rupture is found out to be _________.

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questionnaire:

Q1. Write down the expressions for flexural strength of concrete.

Q2. What minimum grade of concrete is to be used for extreme exposure conditions as per
IS 456:2000?

Q3. What is modulus of rupture?

52
 Experiment 10
Title: Determination of Static Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the static modulus of elasticity of concrete.

Theory:
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is defined as the ratio of stress applied on the concrete to the
respective strain caused. The accurate value of modulus of elasticity of concrete can be
determined by conducting a laboratory test called compression test on a cylindrical concrete
specimen. The deformation of the specimen with respect to different load variation is analysed.
These observations produce Stress-Strain graph (load-deflection graph) from which the
modulus of elasticity of concrete is determined.

Figure 14: Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

References:
 IS 516 (1959): Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:

53
  Compressometer
 Concrete specimen

Procedure:

Setting up Compressometer: -
1. The Compressometer consists of two frames (top and bottom), as shown in Figure-13.
The frames are initially assembled by the help of spacers. The spacers are held in position
during the assembling.
2. The pivot rod is kept on the screws which are then locked in position. The tightening
screws of the top and bottom frames are kept in loose condition.
3. Once the Compressometer is arranged, it is placed on the concrete specimen kept on a
level surface. The Compressometer is centrally placed on the specimen.
4. Once the position is set, the screws are tightened and the Compressometer is held on the
specimen.
5. Once the setup is done, the spacers can be unscrewed and removed.

Testing the specimen: -

1. The specimen with the Compressometer set up is placed over the compression testing
machine platform. It is centred properly.
2. The load application is performed continuously at a rate of 140 kg/cm²/minute without
any obstruction.
3. The load application is continued until a stress value equal to (c+5) kg/cm² is attained.
Here c is the 1/3rd of average compressive strength of the cube.
4. Once this stress value is reached, it is maintained for a period of 60 seconds and then
reduced to the stress of 1.5 kg/cm².
5. Again, the load is further increased until the stress of (c+1.5) kg/cm² is reached,
Compressometer readings are noted.
6. Now, the load is gradually reduced and the readings are recorded at same interval.
7. Repeat the test by applying the load for the third time and record the compress meter’s
readings.

Observations and Calculations:

From the observations, the load deflection graph is plotted for the loading conditions.

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 Figure 15: Stress - Strain plot for Concrete

Initial tangent modulus = Slope of initial tangent (Figure 15) = Stress/ Strain.
Tangent modulus at any point = Slope of tangent drawn at the point = Stress/ Strain
Secant modulus at any point = Slope of line joining the point of interest and origin =
stress/strain
Results and Discussions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:

Q1. Define Initial, Secant and Tangent Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete.

Q2. Define Short-term and Long-term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete.

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 Experiment 11(a)
Title: Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete by Rebound Hammer Test

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the compressive strength of concrete by using
the rebound hammer.

Theory:
The hammer consists of a spring-controlled mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular
housing. When the plunger is pressed against, the surface of concrete, it retracts against the
force of the spring. When completely retracted the spring is automatically released. On the
spring-controlled mass rebound, it takes the rider with it along the guide scale. The rider can
be manually held in a position to allow readings to be taken.

Figure 16: Rebound Hammer Apparatus

References:
 IS 13311 (Part 2): 1992: Method of Non-destructive testing of concrete, Part 2:
Rebound hammer (Reaffirmed 2004)
 IS 516 (1959): Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (Reaffirmed 2004)
 IS 8900 1978: Criteria for the rejection of outlying observations (Reaffirmed 2001)

Apparatus required:

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  Rebound Hammer Apparatus
 Concrete Cube specimens

Procedure:

1. Hold the instrument firmly so that the plunger is perpendicular to the test surface.

2. Gradually push the instrument toward the test surface until the hammer impacts. After
impact, maintain pressure on the instrument and, if necessary, depress the button on the side of
the instrument to lock the plunger in its retracted position.

3. Read the rebound number on the scale to the nearest whole number and record the
rebound number.

4. Take ten readings from each test area. No two impact tests shall be closer together than
25 mm (1 in).

5. Examine the impression made on the surface after impact, and if the impact crushes or
breaks through a near-surface air void, disregard the reading and take another reading.

6. If the number of the specimens are high, determine compressive strength of the
specimens using compression testing machine. The rebound number and the corresponding
compressive strength can be plotted in a graph and their inter-relations can be deduced through
regression analysis.

Observations and Calculations:

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Figure 17: Correlation Curve obtained by different investigators for rebound hammer test on
concrete cubes

Specimen Compressive Strength from

Impact Number (R) Rebound Number (Average)
No Figure 15 by Schmidt (MPa)

(N1+N2+N3+N4+N5+N6)/6
Cube 1
=

(N1+N2+N3+N4+N5+N6)/6
Cube 2
=

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 Specimen Compressive Strength from
Impact Number (R) Rebound Number (Average)
No Figure 15 by Schmidt (MPa)

(N1+N2+N3+N4+N5+N6)/6
Cube 3
=

Results and Discussions:

The average compressive strength of cubes (MPa) from Rebound Hammer Test :

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:

Q1. Why Non-Destructive Tests are preferred over Destructive tests of concrete?

Q2. Why Rebound Hammer is not suitable for Structural Elements with plaster applied onto
them?

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 Experiment 11(b)
Title: Determination of Quality of Concrete by Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the quality of concrete by using the Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity.

Theory:
A pulse of longitudinal vibrations is produced by an electro-acoustical transducer, which is
held in contact with one surface of the concrete under test. When the pulse generated is
transmitted into concrete from the transducer using a liquid coupling material such as grease
or cellulose paste, it undergoes multiple reflections at the boundaries of the different material
phases within the concrete. A complex system of stress waves develops which includes both
longitudinal and shear waves and propagates through the concrete. The first wave to reach the
receiving transducer are the longitudinal waves which are converted into an electrical signal
by a second transducer. Electronic timing circuits enable the transit time T of the pulse to be
measured.

Longitudinal pulse velocity (in km/s or m/s) is given by: -

V = L/T
Where V = Longitudinal pulse velocity
L = Path length
T = Time taken by the pulse to travel the length

References:
 IS 13311 (Part 2): 1992: Method of Non-destructive testing of concrete, Part 1:
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (Reaffirmed 2004)

Apparatus required:
 Electrical pulse generator.
 Transducer - 1 pair
 Amplifier.
 Electronic timing device

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 Figure 18: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Apparatus

Procedure:

1. In this test method, the ultrasonic pulse is produced by transducer which is held in
contact with one surface of concrete member under test. After traversing a known path length
(L) in the concrete the pulse of vibration is converted into an electrical signal by the second
transducer held in contact with the other surface of the concrete member and an electronic
timing circuit enables the transit time (T) of the pulse to be measured. The pulse velocity (V)
is given by V=L/T.

2. The natural frequency of the transducers should preferably be within the range of 20 to
150 kHz. Generally high frequency transducers are preferable for short path lengths and low
frequency transducers for long path lengths. Transducers with a frequency 50 to 60 kHz are
useful for most all around application.

3. There are used petroleum jelly, grease, liquid soap and kaolin glycerol paste. If there is
very rough concrete surface, it is required to make the concrete surface smooth and then place
the transducer.

4. A minimum path length of 150 mm is recommended for the direct transmission method
involving one unmoulded and a minimum of 400 mm for the surface probing method along the
unmoulded surface.

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5. Pulse velocity will not be influenced by the shape of the specimen, provided its least
lateral dimension (i.e., its dimension measured at right angles to the pulse path) is not less than
the wavelength of vibrations.

6. For the pulse of 50 Hz frequency, this corresponding to a least lateral dimension of 80

mm.

Method of propagating and receiving pulses:

There are three ways of measuring the pulse velocity through the concrete as shown in Figure
17.

1. Direct method: The direct method (cross-probing) is preferred wherever access to opposite
sides of the component is possible.

2. Semi-direct method: The semi-direct method is preferred where two sides access is possible
but these sides are not opposite sides.

3. Indirect method: The surface (indirect) method is the least satisfactory and should only be
used when access to only one surface is possible. This method only indicates the quality of
concrete and is influenced by the presence of reinforcement parallel to the surface.

Figure 17: Pulse Measurement Types

Influence of test condition:

1. Moisture content: The moisture content has two effects on the pulse velocity, one chemical
the other physical. These effects are important in the production of co-relation for prediction
of concrete strength.

2. Surface condition: Smoothness of the contact surface under the test affects the measurement
of ultrasonic pulse velocity.
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3. Path length, shape and size of the concrete member: The shape and size of the concrete
member do not influence the pulse velocity until the least lateral dimension is less than a certain
minimum value. The path length can affect the pulse velocity readings.

4. Temperature: At 30oC to 60oC, there can be reduction in pulse velocity up to 5% but 5oC
– 30oC the pulse velocity is not affected. Below the freezing temperature, increase in pulse
velocity is 7.5%.

Table 1: Velocity and Concrete quality (IS: 13311 (Part 1) - 1992)

Pulse Velocity by Cross Probing Concrete Quality

Sl. No.
(km/sec) Grading

1 Above 4.5 Excellent

2 3.5 to 4.5 Good

3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium

4 Below 3.0 Doubtful

Observations and Calculations:

Average
Beam Quality
Sl. Method of Length Time Velocity Velocity
specimen of
No. testing (L) mm (T) µs mm/ µs (V)
No. Concrete
mm/ µs
1. Direct
2. 1 Indirect
3. Semi-Direct
4. Direct
5. 2 Indirect
6. Semi-Direct
7. Direct
8. 3 Indirect
9. Semi-Direct

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Results and Discussions:

Precautions:

Remarks:

Questions:

Q1. How Quality of concrete is related to Velocity of the pulse?

Q2. If voids or cracks are present inside the sample, what is the effect on the result of the
test?

Q3. What is the difference between working principle of Rebound Hammer and Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity Test?

64
 Project 1: Determination of Critical Buckling Load of Columns made of
Different Materials

Objective: To study the effect of different materials on the critical buckling load of columns
under different boundary conditions and validate Euler’s critical buckling load formula

Figure 18: Buckling Test Apparatus

Procedure:
● The dimensions of the dust-free column samples are measured.
● Young’s Modulus of the column samples made of aluminum, cast iron and steel are
noted.
● Moment of Inertia of the samples are calculated from their dimensions.
● The samples are restrained for fix-fix, fix-pin, pin-pin, fix-free and pin-free boundary
conditions, one by one in the Buckling test apparatus.
● The restrained column samples are subjected to compression loading such that the
magnitude of the load will be increased slowly.
● The lateral deflections of the restrained column samples are recorded continuously.
● The test is concluded when the force does not change even after increase in applied
load.
● The critical buckling load is measured for column samples made of aluminum, cast iron
and steel under fix-fix, fix-pin, pin-pin, fix-free and pin-free boundary conditions.
● The calculated critical buckling loads are validated with respect to Euler’s critical
buckling load formula.

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 ● The performances of columns made of different materials in terms of buckling are
assessed.
● A parametric study is conducted to study the effects of material properties, length and
cross-sectional dimensions of the columns on their critical buckling loads.
● Effect of imperfections is studied further on the stability of columns made of different
materials.

Deliverables:
A detailed report on the effect of material properties, length and cross-sectional dimensions of
the columns on their critical buckling load over different boundary conditions will be submitted
by the students upon completion of the project.

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 Project 2: Determination of Modulus of Rupture of Various Shafts under
Torsion

Objective: To study the effect of different materials on the shear modulus and modulus of
rupture of shafts under twisting moment

Figure 19: Torsion Testing Machine

Procedure:
● The gauge length L and diameter D of the solid circular shaft specimens made of
different materials, steel and cast iron, are measured by steel rule and vernier caliper
respectively.
● Polar Moment of Inertia of the shafts is calculated based on its dimensions.
● The shafts are placed in the torsion testing machine with one end fixed and other end
attached to the rotating motor, one by one.
● The twisting moment is applied through the motor and the angle of twist versus twisting
moment data is recorded from the data acquisition system.
● The maximum twisting moment Tmax at which the specimens break is noted.
● The shear moduli of the materials of the specimens are determined based on the
experimental observations.
● The moduli of rupture of all specimens are determined from the experimental results.
● The performance of shafts made of different materials in torsion resistance will be
assessed.
● A parametric study is conducted to study the effect of length and diameter of the solid
circular shafts made of different materials on their torsion performance.
● Modulus of rupture of hollow circular shaft of same length and same outer diameter is
determined for different thicknesses of the rings.

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 ● Torsion performance of a solid square shaped shaft of same length and same cross-
sectional area is evaluated and compared with the results of solid circular shaft.

Deliverables:
A detailed report on the effects of material properties, length, cross-sectional geometry and
dimensions of solid and hollow shafts on their modulus of rupture will be submitted by students
upon completion of the project.

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