Neurobtolog~ of Aging Vol 6, pp 193--198,1985 c AnkhoInternationalInc Printedm the U S A 0197-45;80/85$3 00 + 00

Power Spectral Analysis and Cortical

Coupling of EEG for Young and
Old Normal Adults
ROBERT E D U S T M A N , 2'3"4'5 J U D I T H A L A M A R C H E , 2"5 N A N C Y B C O H N , 2a
DONALD E SHEARER" AND JAMES M TALONE"

Neuropsy~ hology R e s e a r c h Laboratory (151A ~, VA M e d u al Center, 500 Foothdl Bh'd

Salt La~e Cuy, U T 84148

R e c e i v e d 4 J a n u a r y 1985

DUSTMAN, R E , J A LAMARCHE, N B COHN, D E SHEARER ANDJ M TALONE Poaerspectralanab,sts

and ~orttcal couphng of EEG fi~r wrong and old normal adults N EUROBIOL AGING 6(3) 193-198, 1985 -Power spectral
analysis and cortzcal couphng were computed on eyes closed EEG recorded from 80 normal volunteers 20 females and 20
males aged 25--35years and 20 females and 20 males aged 55-70 years Recordings were from Fz, Cz, C3, Pz and Oz areas
The results indicate that with increased age there was a greater uniformity of EEG activity across the brain Magmtude of
EEG power was slgmficantly less vanable across recording sites for the old than for the young In addmon, cortical
coupling values were rehably higher for the older subjects lndmatlng a greater congrmty among EEG patterns The EEG
power and cortical couphng measures were s~gmficantly correlated and thus may mdmate an underlying mechamsm
common to both The results support a theory of decreased central mhtbltory function m old age and may reflect an
age-related breakdown of functional autonomy of cortmal areas Gender had no slgmficant effect on either EEG power or
cortical couphng

Aging Cortical couphng EEG Inhabmon Power spectral analysts

T H E execution of complex behavtors undoubtedly depends jects LIberson [44] and Drechsler [27] noted that while SEPs
on a rather precise balance of excitatory and inhibitory ac- of young adults were localized to centro-panetal areas, SEPs
tivity within and between v a n o u s levels of the central nerv- of older mdtvlduals demonstrated a much wider spread and
ous system (CNS) It has been suggested that for elderly were found m occtpttal areas as well, findings that were at-
people, in comparison to young adults, the excitatzon/mMbi- tnbuted to decreased inhibitory function m old age [27]
tion balance has shifted such that the net electrical actw~ty of Stmdarly, Gaches [31] observed a wider dtstnbutton of alpha
their CNS tends to be relatively more excitatory or, con- actw~ty m the elderly The decreased localtzat~on of the
versely, relattvely less inhibitory Thus, for example, older brain's evoked and spontaneous electrical activity may re-
individuals are thought to have greater difficulty suppressing flect a breakdown of functional autonomy of cortical areas
or mhlbttmg extraneous st~muh Inlubitory deficits may con- resultmg from decreased central mMbmon
tribute to the reduced ability to attend and concentrate, the The present study is a continuation of our investigations
poorer memory, the decline m mental flexibility, and the of electrophysiolog~cal changes that accompany normal ag-
general slowing of perceptual performance that accompanies ing A battery of EEG and evoked potential measures were
aging [4, 11, 24, 30, 43] admmzstered to 40 young and 40 older individuals We report
Electrophyslologmal measures have provided presump- here the results of the EEG measures power spectral
tive evidence of central inhibitory deficmts in older people analysis which reflects abundance and amphtude of EEG
Components of sensory evoked cortical potentials have been within specified frequency bands, and cortical couphng
found to be larger for old than for young normal subjects [28, which provides an index of degree of correspondence of
29, 54] suggesting a relative inability of the CNS to dampen EEG waveforms from pairs of recording sites We hypoth-
or inhibit the effects of repeutlOUS sttmuh Others have ob- esized that if old age is associated with reduced mMbltory
served topographical spread of somatosensory evoked po- function and a 'breakdown of functional autonomy,' m con-
tentials (SEPs) and of alpha EEG m records of older sub- trast to the younger adults, (1) EEG power Ioadmgs of the

~Thls research was supported by the Veterans Admmlstratton

-'Neuropsychology Laboratory, Veterans Admm~stranon Medmal Center, Salt Lake C~ty, UT
~Department of Psychology, Umverstty of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
4Department of Neurology, Umverslty of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
'Department of Psychology, Utah State Umverslty, Logan, UT
"Veterans Admmmstranon Medmal Center, Tomah, Wl

193
194 D U S T M A N ET AL

5-7 Hz 7-9 Hz 9-11 Hz 11-13 Hz

1 20

n.lO0 n
W ,o-q
,.-.q
,°q
,*o,
,°*o,
,.-°,
bo°,
~°-°,
,°-.,
~°. °1
~°o,
~°-.,
40 ¸ ~ m r/"

FIG 1 Mean IOglo EEG power for recordmgs from five scalp locations and for four frequency bands
Means were derived from power values of forty young (25-35 years) and forty older (55-70 years)
subjects

older individuals would be more evenly distributed (less var- an Age x Sex × Electrode × Band A N O V A Analyses were
ruble) across recordmg s~tes and (2) there would be a greater also done to determine ff age had a dLfferentlal effect on the
correspondence or congruence among E E G waveforms thus vanabdlty of power values across electrode sites A vana-
resulting m higher cortical couphng values The influence of bdlty score was determined for each subject by computing
gender on these measures was also mvesugated the standard deviation of the five power values, those from
Fz, Cz, C3, Pz, and Oz, for each of the bands The vanabdlty
METHOD scores were analyzed by an Age × Sex x Band A N O V A
Subjects t-Tests for independent means were used to compare vana-
bdlty scores of the 40 young subjects with those of the 40
F o u r groups of 20 normal volunteers participated in a older subjects for each of the four frequency bands
study of gender and age The groups comprised young
females and males aged 25-35 years and older females and
Corttcal Couphng
males aged 55-70 years All were screened with a health
quesUonna~re [1] for health problems that might adversely Cortical coupling was computed to measure phase rela-
influence their performance on electrophyslologlcal tests Uonshlps between E E G patterns from pairs of electrodes
All were judged to be m reasonably good health for their age, This time dependent measure is believed to reflect functional
all received a modest payment for thelr participation [42] communication, l e , information transmission between
brain areas [15, 65, 66]
EEG Recordmg Our procedures, modeled after those of Yagl et al [65],
used the Shannon-Weaver information transmission statistic
Subjects were seated in a comfortable, padded chlur in a
Txy [55] E E G from each electrode was dlgmzed at a 250/sec
darkened and electrically shielded room Disc electrodes
rate for 160 seconds Successive blocks of 400 digits were
were attached to the scalp with collodian at mldline (Fz, Cz,
used to calculate Txy The E E G at each sampling point for
Pz, and Oz) and left central (C3) sites, and referred to hnked
each of two inputs was classified as posture or negative with
earlobes (AI, A2) according to the International " 1 0 - 2 0 "
reference to a rather arbitrary baseline [62], and also as being
System [36] Subjects were requested to relax with eyes
larger or smaller than the previous dtgztai sample The sam-
closed whde three minutes of E E G was recorded on mag-
ple was then assigned to one of four categories positive and
neUc tape by a Hewlett Packard S-channel recorder The
nsmg, positive and falhng, negative and rising, negative and
E E G was amplified and traced on paper by a Grass (Model
falhng The correspondence between samples from two E E G
78B) 8-channel EEG/polygraph (band pass = 1-100 Hz)
signals was entered into a 4 x 4 contingency table Txy was
calculated from known probabd~t~es assocmted with the ta-
Power Spectral Analysts
ble's cell, row and column totals Cortical coupling values
Consecutive four second segments o f EEG, digitized at a can range from 0 00 (no relationship between E E G patterns)
128/sec rate, were displayed on a video terminal for visual to 2 00 (one E E G pattern can be predicted from the other)
lnspecUon and segments with obvious artifact were dis- An Age x Sex x Electrode pair A N O V A was computed on
carded E E G power was computed across a frequency band Txy values for the ten pa~rs of electrodes, an Age x Sex
of 3--15 Hz wzth 0 25 Hz resolution for each of the first 40 A N O V A was done for Txy values associated with each elec-
artifact-free segments using a fast Fourier approach [22,34] trode pair
and converted to ~tV2/(Hz/sec) units [61] A mean power
value for each 0 25 Hz point was obtamed by averaging RESULTS
across the 40 sets of values, ! e , those associated with the 40
four second segments Data reported in this paper are for Power Spectral Analysts
four frequency bands 5 25-7 00 Hz, 7 25-9 00 Hz, 9 25- Results from the Age x Sex × Area × Band A N O V A
11 00 Hz and 11.25-13 00 Hz (to be referred to as 5-7, 7-9, showed that gender did not have a slgmficant effect on E E G
9-11, and 11-13 H z bands) A mean was computed for the power nor did sex interact significantly with the other factors
eight 0 25 Hz power values comprising each band and con- ( p ' s > 0 30) However, E E G power differed slgmficantly
verted to log10 values [32] Power values were evaluated by across recording areas, F(4,312)=28 0. p < 0 0 0 1 Areas
PSA A N D C O R T I C A L C O U P L I N G O F E E G 195

TABLE 1
SIGNIFICANT RESULTS FROM AGE x AREA ANOVAs COMPUTED ON POWER
SPECTRAL DATA FOR FOUR FREQUENCY BANDS

Area Age x Area

Band F p F p Mean Compansons

5-7 72 4 <0 001 11 7 <0 001 Fz,Cz,C3,Pz > Ozt

Fz.Cz,Pz > C3*
Fz,Cz > Pz*
7-9 25 6 <0 001 50 <0 001 Fz,Cz,Pz > C3,Ozt
Cz > Fz*
9--11 37 9 <0 001 43 <0 01 Cz,Pz.Oz > Fz,C3t
Pz,Oz > Czt
11-13 51 6 <0001 51 <0001 Cz,C3.Pz,Oz > Fzt
Pz,Oz > Cz.C3*

*p<0 05, "tp<0 01

Degrees of freedom were 4/312 for both the Area and Age x Area effects

ranked in terms of greatest to least power were Pz, Cz, Oz, 1 O0 [---'-']YOUNG
F z and C3 A post hot mean comparison test revealed that
each of the five means differed significantly from all other E " ~ OLD
area means Mean power was also reliably different for the 95
four frequency bands, F(3,234)=33 5, p < 0 001 Power was rr

largest for the 9-11 Hz band, next largest for 7-9 Hz and ,'.

smallest for 11-13 H z The means associated with the four 'i: 0 0 I

I
bands differed significantly from each other The Area × 8s
"

,°
Band interaction was also highly significant, F(12,936)=71 6, °.
-J ,°
p<0.001, demonstrating the E E G power for the four fre-
8O
quency bands was differentially distributed across recording
areas (see Fig l) In general, for mldhne recordings the fron-
tal and central sites generated more power within the two 75 PZ
lower frequency bands, 5-7 and 7-9 Hz, than did Pz and Oz Fz Cz Oz"
Pz and Oz, however, generated more power than F z and Cz
FIG 2 Mean log., EEG power for forty subjects aged 25--35 years
within the 9-11 and I 1-13 Hz bands Power associated with and forty aged 55-70 years The means mclude data for the 5-7.7-9,
C3 was larger for the two intermediate bands than for the 5-7 9--11 and 11-13 Hz bands
and 11-13 Hz bands
Age was not directly related to magnitude of E E G power,
F(1,78)=0 0 1 , p > 0 50 However, the Age x Area interaction
F(1,76)=33 7, p < 0 001 t-Tests (see Fig 3) demonstrated
was significant, F(4,312)=5 51, p < 0 001 Power values were
that the age-related difference in E E G power vanablhty oc-
larger for the young than for the older subjects at Cz and Pz
curred for each band There were no gender effects on power
while the opposite was true at F z , C3 and Oz locations (see
variability nor were there any significant interactions
Fig 2) The Age x Area x Band interaction was also sigmfi-
cant, F(12,912)=2 30, p < 0 01 The meaning of the interac-
Corttcal Couphng
tion was explored with Age x Area A N O V A s computed for
each frequency band E E G power o f the young and old An Age x Sex × Electrode Pair A N O V A , computed on
subjects was not different for any frequency band cortical couphng values, revealed significant maan effects for
( p ' s > 0 20), although there was a significant Age x Area in- Age, F(1,76)=442, p < 0 0 0 1 , and for Electrode Paar,
teraction for each band (Table l) Table 1 also shows that for F(9,684)=365 8, p<0.001, but not for Sex ( p > 0 20) F o r the
each frequency band there was a rehable difference among ten electrode pairs combined. E E G of the older subjects was
E E G power means for the five recording areas ( p ' s < 0 001) more highly coupled than that for the younger subjects With
Figure 3 portrays, for each frequency band, the distribution two exceptions, Cz-Pz vs Cz-C3 and C3-Oz vs Oz-Cz, the
of E E G power across electrode sites for the two groups of mean for each electrode pair was different from means for all
subjects other electrode pmrs Two significant mteractions were ob-
Variability of E E G power among the five electrode sites tained, Age × Electrode Pair, F(9,684)=, p<0.001, and Age
was computed for individual frequency bands for each sub- × Sex × Electrode Pair, F(9,684)=2 31, p < 0 02 To better
ject (see the Method section) The v a n a b d i t y measures were understand the interactions, an Age x Sex A N O V A was
evaluated with an Age x Sex x Band A N O V A A significant computed on coupling data for each electrode pmrmg Table
age effect was obtained with power being significantly less 2 shows that for all but two of the ten electrode pairs, cou-
variable among sites for the old than for the young subjects, phng values were reliably higher for the older than for the
1% DUSTMAN ET AL

- YOUNG TABLE 2
0. . . . . . ..O OLD MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND ANOVA F AND P VALUES
7-9 Hz FOR CORTICAL COUPLING DATA FROM 40 YOUNG (25-35YEARS)
5-7 Hz AND 40 OLDER (55-70 YEARS) ADULTS

Young Adults Older Adults

Electrode
Pair Mean SD Mean SD F p

Fz-Cz 0 627 0 120 0 736 0 153 126 <OOOl

Fz-C3 0 390 0 108 0 415 0128 09 NS*
Fz-Pz 0 239 0 082 0 340 0 120 195 <OoOl
Fz-Oz 0 087 0 036 0 160 0 083 263 <0001
cz-c3 0 544 0 127 0 584 0 147 17 NS
cz-Pz 0509 0104 0651 0 125 318 <OOOl
cz-oz 0159 0065 0 279 0097 419 <0001
c3-Pz 0403 0094 0 524 0106 298 <OOOl
FIG 3 Mean log,, EEG power for forty subjects aged 25-35 years c3-oz 0 150 0048 0290 0 121 466 <OOOl
and forty aged 55-70 years dlustratlng reduced vanabdity of power Pz-oz 0422 0 120 0 630 0 138 537 <OOOl
across recording sites for the older group Note that for each fre-
quency band mterarea power vanabdlty was slgmficantly less for the
old than for the young subjects as shown by the r- and p-values *NS=Not slgmfkant
Data are shown for ten pours of electrodes

younger SubJects @CO 001) There was no age dtfference for spread of EEG alpha from occlpltal cortex for old than for
Fz-C3 and Cz-C3 patnngs One margmally stgntficant Age x young subjects Similarly, SEPs of older mdlvlduals, m con-
Sex tnteractton was found, Cz-Pz couplmg values of young trast to those of younger SUbJeCtS, were more likely to be
males were shghtly larger than those of young females whde recorded at sites some distance from their pnmary source,
for the older group, means for males were smaller than those centro-panetal cortex [27,44] The increased SEP spread m
of females, F(1,76)=3 99, p=O 049 old age was attnbuted to reduced central mhlbltlon [27] We
In view of the significant age differences found for both concur with that interpretation and speculate that our results
EEG power vanablhty and cortical coupling values, the two also reflect an age-related shift m the bram’s exclta-
measures were correlated to determme their relatlonshlp tory/mhlbltory balance
For each SubJect a mean was computed from the four power There are neuroanatomlcal and neurochemlcal findings
vanability scores, I e , those for the four frequency bands, that are compatible with an hypothesis of reduced mhlbltlon
and a mean was computed from the cortical coupling values m elderly people Antenor cortical areas, believed to exert
for the ten pours of electrodes The correlation of these mean inhibitory control over the ascending reticular system [17,
values was -0 412 @<O 001,78&l Thus, reduced power var- 21,52,57] expenence substantial cell loss dunng old age [ 10,
lablllty across recording sites was associated with higher 13, 531 Old age IS also associated with reduced turnover of
cortical coupling values neurotransmitters [5,37], particularly the monoammes [5,46,
491 which include those whose predommant action 1s be-
lieved to be mhlbltory, I e , dopamme, norepmephnne and
DISCUSSION
serotonm [2, 18, 26, 45, 501
Two pnnclpal fmdmgs relating to adult aging emerged Sensory evoked potentials have been reported to reflect
from our study First, EEG power values were slgnlficantly mhlbltory deficits m old age Early occumng components of
less vanable across electrode sites for the 55-70 than for the visual (VEP) and somatosensory evoked potentials were
25-35 year old SUbJeCtS The effect was strong, being ob- larger for old than for young subjects (28,601 Late compo-
served for mdlvldual frequency bands as well as for bands nents of VEPs recorded from frontal-central areas were slg-
combined Second, coupling of spontaneous EEG was stgmf- mficantly larger for older than for younger mdlvlduals and
scantly higher for the old than for the young indicating an VEP amplitudes increased more rapldly for the elderly m
age-related mcrease m waveform congruity or slmllanty of response to increased flash intensity [29] The larger amph-
EEG from the several recordmg areas The two results may tudes and enhanced augmentation were believed to reflect a
reflect a common mechanism since across SubJects EEG decreased ability to mhlblt or dampen the effects of repeated
power vanability was slgmficantly related to cortical cou- sensory stimuli Down’s syndrome (DS) mdlvlduals who
plmg values (p<O 001). SUbJeCts whose power loadmgs were have an immature frontal cortex and bramstem [8] and re-
more homogeneous across recording areas tended to duced levels of serotomn [20] and possibly of dopamme [41]
demonstrate lugher cortical couplmg scores have been characterized as having central inhibitory deficits
Our fmdmgs of reduced vanablhty of EEG power and [25] They, hke normal older SubJects, have large evoked
higher corttcal couplmg values for the 55-70 year old sub- potentials [3, 9, 16, 58, 591 and VEPs that augment more
jects suggest there may be a breakdown of ‘fimctlonal au- strongly to bnghter flashes than those of age matched nor-
tonomy’ of areas wlthm the older bram such that it responds, mals [331 Additional evidence of a relationstip between
at least electncally, m a more homogeneous or global man- electrophyslology and mhlbltory function IS provided by
ner There have been other reports of increased congruity of studies of alcohohcs who show accentuated EP augmenta-
electrocortlcal activity among bram areas for older people tion [19,38, 391 Similar to elderly normals and DS mdwldu-
Gaches [31] observed that there was a greater antenor als, alcoholics have frontal cortical damage [23,43] and
PSA A N D C O R T I C A L C O U P L I N G O F E E G 197

analyses of their neurotransm~tter enzymes and metabohtes relaxed with eyes closed The effect of cogmUve tasks on
md~cate a reduced turnover of the monoanunes, particularly cortical couphng o f young and old subjects should provide
of serotonm and dopamlne [35,40] These findings appear to useful reformation regarding age-related changes m mntercor-
complement those of Begle~ter and coworkers who showed t~cal relationships
that chromc alcohol consumption by animals can result m a Our results offer vahdlty for cortical couphng procedures
hyperexc~table brmn [6,7] Couphng was slgmficantly higher for E E G recorded from
The effect of age on E E G power vanabdlty across record- adjacent electrodes than for E E G from more d~stant s~tes
mg s~tes was substantml, observed for each frequency band F o r example, the mean cortical couphng value for adjacent
w~th probabd~ty levels less than p =0 002 (F~g 3) These age pairs of mldlme electrodes (Fz-Cz, Cz-Pz, Pz-Oz) was 0 596,
differences were not the result of consistently h~gher or the mean for Fz-Pz and Cz-Oz was 0 254 and 0 124 for
lower E E G power loadmgs for the older group since the Fz-Oz Cortical areas that are close together m~ght be ex-
young and old subjects d~d not differ slgmficantly w~th re- pected to share more information than areas separated by
spect to mean E E G power for any recordmg area or fre- longer d~stances
quency band Despite the absence o f s~gmflcant age differ- The absence of gender differences for our elec-
ences m mean E E G power, there were suggestions of E E G trophys~ologlcal measures was somewhat surprising given
alpha slowing for the older individuals F o r the 9--11 Hz band that sex dtfferences have been reported for E E G charac-
the young subjects had shghtly larger power loadsngs at four teristics [14,48] and for evoked potential measures [56]
o f five recording sites whde the older subjects had larger However, E E G gender effects appear to occur p n m a n l y on
power loadmgs at all recording s~tes for the slower 7-9 Hz low voltage fast frequencies with females being more hkely
band (F~g 3) A slowing of E E G rhythms dunng adult agmg to have fast E E G records than males [14,48] Gender has not
has frequently been reported (e g , [47,63]) previously been investigated with cortical couphng tech-
The rehably h~gher cortical coupling values for the older tuques Our results suggest that commumcatlon between
subjects demonstrate a greater s~mdanty of their spontane- corhcai areas does not differ for males and females, at least
ous E E G among recordmg s~tes than was found for the for the brain at rest, ~ e , subjects relaxed, w~th eyes closed
younger adults The functional tmportance of th~s age- The posslbdlty that gender differences extst for a more active
dependent result ~s not known Based on their observations state of mental activity has been suggested by several E E G
that cortical couphng values can be altered by mampulatmg measures [51,64] Whether corhcal coupling techmques wdl
mode of cogmt~ve processing, Callaway and H a m s [15] hy- reveal sex differences as a function of task remains to be
pothesized that cortical couphng may reflect reformation investigated
transmission between brain areas While appropriate levels In summary, we report that two measures of E E G actlv-
of mterarea commumcat~on are undoubtedly essential for ef- ~ty, power spectral analys~s and cortical couphng demon-
ficient cognitive functioning, ~t may be that an excess of strate strong age effects Both indicate an increased s~mdar-
'cross talk' among areas interferes w a h these processes and ~ty of E E G activity among cortical areas m normal elderly
contributes to decreased cognmve function in elderly people people The results are compaUble wtth an hypothes~s of
[ 11,12] Our procedures devtated substantially from those of weakened inhibitory function in old age, perhaps the result
Cailaway and H a m s [15] as we d~d not ~mpose a cogmttve of neuroanatom~cal and neurochemlcal changes that are
load on our subjects other than having asked them to remam assocmted w~th growing old

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