Week 1: GUI Programming - Swing & AWT Components

Introduction to GUI Programming

In Java, Graphical User Interface (GUI) programming allows developers to create interactive
applications where users can interact with graphical elements like buttons, text fields, labels,
and more. There are two main libraries used for GUI programming in Java:

1. AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit): Java’s original platform-independent windowing,

graphics, and user-interface toolkit.

2. Swing: A more modern, versatile, and lightweight toolkit built on AWT, which
provides a richer set of GUI components.

AWT vs Swing

AWT Swing

Platform-dependent (uses native OS Platform-independent (uses Java to render

widgets) components)

Limited features and flexibility Provides more components and features (e.g.,
tables, trees, sliders)

Components are heavyweight Components are lightweight (handled by Java

(depend on the OS) itself)

Examples: Button, TextField, Label Examples: JButton, JTextField, JLabel

Poorer look and feel Supports pluggable look-and-feel mechanisms

Why Use Swing?

 Lightweight: Swing components are not reliant on platform-specific code, making

them portable.

 Customizable: You can change the appearance of Swing components by customizing

or subclassing them.

 Rich Component Set: Swing includes components not found in AWT, such as JTable,
JTree, and JSlider.

 Pluggable Look-and-Feel: The look and feel of Swing applications can be changed at
runtime without changing the code.

Core Swing Components

1. JFrame: The main window that holds other components.

  Example: A window where all GUI components will be displayed.

2. JButton: A button that performs an action when clicked.

 Example:

3. JLabel: A component that displays a short string or an image.

 Example:

4. JTextField: A single-line text input field.

 Example:

5. JPanel: A container that can group other components.

 Example:

6. Layout Managers: Swing provides various layout managers to control how components
are arranged, such as:

 FlowLayout (default for JPanel): Aligns components in a row.

 BorderLayout (default for JFrame): Arranges components in five regions (North,

South, East, West, Center).
Basic Example: Creating a Simple GUI

Here’s a basic example of a Swing application that creates a window with a button and a
label.

Event Handling in Swing

In Swing, events occur when users interact with the GUI (e.g., clicking a button). Event
handling is a mechanism that catches these events and processes them.

Steps for Event Handling:

 1. Source: The object on which the event occurs (e.g., a button).

2. Event Object: Encapsulates information about the event.

3. Listener: Receives the event and processes it. It must implement the appropriate
interface (e.g., ActionListener for button clicks).

Example of handling button clicks:

Exercises for Week 1

Exercise 1: Create a Simple Swing Application

 Objective: Create a Java application with a JFrame containing a JLabel and a JButton.
When the button is clicked, the label text should change.

 Steps:

1. Create a JFrame and set its size.

2. Add a JButton and a JLabel to the frame.

3. Use an ActionListener to detect when the button is clicked and update the
label’s text.

 Expected Output: A window with a button and a label. Clicking the button changes
the label’s text.

Exercise 2: Adding Multiple Components to a JPanel

 Objective: Create a GUI application where you have a JPanel containing multiple
components (a label, a text field, and a button).

 Steps:

1. Create a JFrame and set its layout to BorderLayout.

2. Create a JPanel and add a JLabel, JTextField, and JButton to it.

3. Add the JPanel to the frame.

4. Add an event handler that changes the text of the JLabel when the button is
clicked.
  Expected Output: A window with a panel. The panel contains a label, text field, and
button. Clicking the button changes the label’s text.

Exercise 3: Experiment with Layout Managers

 Objective: Modify the layout of a simple Swing application using different layout
managers.

 Steps:

1. Create a JFrame with FlowLayout, BorderLayout, and GridLayout and observe

the differences.

2. Add at least three components to each layout and see how they arrange.

 Expected Output: A better understanding of how different layout managers control

the position of components in a Swing application.

Advanced Reading

 Java Swing Tutorial (Official): https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/

 Java Documentation on JFrame, JButton, JLabel: Java API Docs

Recommended Books

 Holzner Steven (2005), JAVA 2 Programming Black Book, DreamTech

 Wigglesworth and Lumby (2002), JAVA Programming, NCC

Conclusion

In Week 1, we have introduced GUI programming using Java's Swing and AWT toolkits. You
have learned how to create simple GUI applications, use basic components like JLabel,
JButton, and JTextField, and handle user interactions using event listeners. You are
encouraged to practice the exercises to solidify your understanding.