1.

Situate in Anglo-American history and briefly comment on the following

phrase: “No taxation without representation”
During this time, the colonies felt mistreated by the metropoly since the King, George III,
exceeded the power of the Parliament because he couldn't be kept under control. Britain had
become the Imperial power and had problems with this new territory after they applied
taxation which made the people upset. And even though the country was different in the
north and the south, they both opposed the idea of being exploited. It is with the Seven Years
War that the colonies, helped by France, started to oppose British rule. Therefore, “No
taxation without representation” started to be used by the colonies as a protest towards the
British taxes demanding representation in the British Parliament during the formulation of
taxation laws.

2. Situate in Anglo-American history and briefly comment on the following

phrase: “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
During this time, the colonies felt mistreated by the metropoly since the King, George III,
exceeded the power of the Parliament because he couldn't be kept under control. Britain had
become the Imperial power and had problems with this new territory after they applied
taxation which made the people upset. It is with the Seven Years War that the colonies,
helped by France, started to oppose British rule. This created a big crisis for Britain
considering that the ideal that Americans had was about how the people are free and deserve
justice and equality. "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase in
the United States Declaration of Independence and it gives three examples of the unalienable
rights which the Declaration says have been given to all humans by their Creator, and which
governments are created to protect.

3. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence: Whom is it addressed

to? What major grievances are listed therein? (name about three)
The Declaration of Independence is addressed to King George III. Jefferson accuses the King
of “establishing an absolute tyranny over these states” and provides a receipt with all the bad
things the King has done, such as “dissolving representative houses repeatedly and
continually for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people”.

4. The Bill of Rights: define and situate it in history (period, context). Name
three of its amendments
During this time the Constitution has become obsolete, this is because there are 10 states
now and the Constitution doesn’t suit all of them. The bill of rights guaranteed citizens
freedom of the press, the right to a fair trial, the right of consent to taxation, and protection
against general search warrants. However, there were many variations in the different states,
therefore, the Constitution was outdated and needed to be changed. At this time, the country
started to be divided into two: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists
supported the proposed Constitution and they were constituted by many aristocratic men.
And the Anti-Federalists were those who opposed this Constitution and were scared that it
would be arbitrary.

Article the third advocated for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of the
press. Article the fourth supported a regulated Militia which approved the right to keep bare
arms. Article the seventh says that no person should be accused of any crime without
evidence, saying that you are innocent until proven guilty.

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 5. The American constitution drafted: who/what identities were left out or
simply ignored? Why/on what basis were they out?
It is frequently asserted that when the US constitution was ratified in 1788, it was a very
progressive piece of legislation because it gave everyone the right to vote, making the US the
first modern democracy. However, on close inspection, one finds that the franchise at the
time was hardly universal. Indeed the following groups were certainly excluded: women,
slaves, and indigenous peoples.

6. What propelled the dispute over federalism and anti-federalism in

pre-constitutional America
The country started to be divided into two: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The
Federalists wanted a stronger national government and the ratification of the Constitution to
help properly manage the debt and tensions following the American Revolution. And the
Anti-Federalists were those who opposed the development of a strong federal government
and the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, preferring instead for power to remain in the
hands of state and local governments.

7. Definition of “checks and balances”. Provide historical instances from

Anglo-American contexts.
The system of checks and balances in government was developed to ensure that no branch of
government would become too powerful. The framers of the U.S. Constitution built a system
that divides power between the three branches of the U.S. government—legislative,
executive, and judicial—and includes various limits and controls on the powers of each
branch. The checks and balances system withstood one of its greatest challenges in 1937,
thanks to an audacious attempt by Franklin D. Roosevelt to pack the Supreme Court with
liberal justices.

8. Definition of “enfranchisement”. Provide historical instances from

Anglo-American contexts.
To enfranchise means to give full privileges of citizenship, especially the right to vote. The
right to vote is one of the most fundamental rights in the US and a cornerstone of their
democracy. However, this right didn’t apply to everyone in the past, especially women.
World War I was the final push for women's suffrage in the United States, and in 1918, the
19th Amendment was passed, giving women the right to vote.

9. Domestic system vs. factory system. Situate in history and briefly explain.
The Industrial Revolution had a big impact on England. This is the time when machines took
over. Before the 1700s, people manufactured products in their own homes. These people
were considered artisans. They made products by hand, often taking a long time to make
each object. While this work was slow, the finished products were of high quality. However,
machines were invented in the late 1700s which allowed textiles to be made faster and in
larger quantities. The new machines required a power source to make them run. Workers no
longer had to be skilled artisans. Instead, each worker was used to form part of an assembly
line.

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 10. Briefly comment on one of the initiatives about social reform brought
about/stemming from the Industrial Revolution in either UK or EEUU in
the first half of the 19th-century.
The Industrial Revolution had a big impact on England. This is the time when machines took
over. The work atmosphere in the factories was rough and many children worked under very
hard conditions because they were orphans or because their parents found that income very
convenient. Like this, the Education Act of 1870 was created and established obligatory
primary education for children, which produced one of the best-educated and most literate
populations of Europe.

11. Victorian morality: Main traits.

Victorian morality included traits like gender inequality, sexual repression, censorship.
Religion, morality, elitist thinking, and industrialization played an important role in the
formation of what we today know as the Victorian era morality. It changed England totally by
altering the very thread of social interaction, mores, and traditions.

12. Factory Acts: situate and explain. Provide instances.

The Industrial Revolution had a big impact on England. This is the time when machines took
over. Cities weren’t ready to maintain the number of people that started to arrive. They didn’t
have enough public services like health care or schools, which led to many sicknesses. The
work atmosphere in the factories was rough and many children worked under very hard
conditions. Major health problems arose in the urban slums making the quality of life way
poorer. This led to the Factory Acts of 1874 which improved the working hours for many
workers and eliminated child and female labor.

13. Chartism: definition in its historical context.

Chartism, British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the
People’s Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It
contained six demands: universal manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot,
annually elected Parliaments, payment of members of Parliament, and the abolition of the
property qualifications for membership. Chartism was the first movement that grew out of
the protest against the injustices of the new industrial and political order in Britain. The
movement was born amid the economic depression of 1837–38 when high unemployment
and the effects of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 were felt in all parts of Britain.

14. Annexation of Texas: Briefly refer.

After winning independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico had encouraged the development of
Texas. The problem with Texas was that it was the closest thing it had was the US and not the
capital of Mexico, which is why the Mexican government gave permission to some Americans
to live there and industrialize the territory. By 1835, Texas was filled with Americans. And
the problem started there when Americans wanted to annex this territory to American land.
Mexicans were surrounded and lost the war. Representatives of both countries signed the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848 where the United States gained California,
New Mexico, and the recognition of Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas. In
addition, this big territory that the U.S. had gained was annexed as pro-slavery.

15. Manifest Destiny: situate and briefly explain.

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Manifest Destiny was an extremely radical manifest that talked about how Americans
thought that they were the chosen ones. They were a fierce nation filled with pride that was
ready for an expansion of the territory. Manifest Destiny had its highest point of expansion
when Americans started to see Mexicans as inferior people that didn’t know how to govern
their territory. This led to a war with Mexico where Americans won and got to annex the
territory of Texas.

16. “The Independent Lone Star Republic”: what historical period and event
does it refer to. Please, briefly explain.
For nearly a decade, the Lone Star State was actually the Lone Star Republic, officially called
the Republic of Texas. After winning independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico had
encouraged the development of Texas. The problem with Texas was that it was the closest
thing it had was the US and not the capital of Mexico, which is why the Mexican government
gave permission to some Americans to live there and industrialize the territory. By 1835,
Texas was filled with Americans. And the problem started there when Americans wanted to
annex this territory to American land. Mexicans were surrounded and lost the war.
Representatives of both countries signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848
where the United States gained California, New Mexico, and the recognition of Rio Grande as
the southern boundary of Texas. In addition, this big territory that the U.S. had gained was
annexed as pro-slavery.

17. War with Mexico (1846): historical event and meaning in USA history.
Briefly refer.
Mexicans were surrounded and lost the war with the Americans. Representatives of both
countries signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848 where the United States
gained California, New Mexico, and the recognition of Rio Grande as the southern boundary
of Texas. The war caused the deaths of thirteen thousand Americans and fifty thousand
Mexicans. In return, Mexico asked the American government for money, which they agreed
on and gave Mexico a mere 15$ million. In addition, this big territory that the U.S. had
gained was annexed as pro-slavery.

18. “Fear of Slave-Power”: situate in history and briefly explain.

Slave power was perceived as a political power in the United States by the public. Prior to the
Civil War, the federal government was controlled by slave owners in the 1840s and 1850s. A
“Slave Power” increased in the north during the Mexican War. The fear of southern power
and slavery, which has been present in the North since the passage of the gag rule in 1836,
was caused by the belief that whites would lose their liberties if southern power and slavery
were expanded.

19. “State sovereignty”: situate in history and briefly explain.

State sovereignty means both the power of states to make their own laws and the power of
state governments to be free from federal interference in certain aspects of government. The
Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1791, says that powers not
given to the federal government by the Constitution, are usually given to the states. In
writing the amendment, the Founders wanted to reinforce the principle of federalism
outlined in the Constitution. They were afraid of giving the federal government too much
power because they didn't want a king with unlimited powers. But they also knew that the

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federal government needed some power. The Tenth Amendment made it clear that the
Federal government shouldn't have powers that aren't given to them by the Constitution.

20. List a mínimum of two historical causes for the start of the American
civil war and briefly explain it.
The slave trade brought a lot of profit to the U.S. because countries like England needed
American cotton in order to work the fabrics in the factories, and the cotton fields were
worked by the slaves in the South. The conditions in which these slaves lived were very bad.
They worked almost the entire day, they didn’t have the right clothing and they weren’t fed
properly. With time, Northerners became more polarized against enslavement. Sympathies
began to grow for abolitionists and against enslavement and enslavers. Many in the North
came to view enslavement as not just socially unjust, but morally wrong.

21. The Wilmot Proviso (1846): briefly explain.

The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful proposal in August 8th, 1846 by the Democrats in
the U.S Congress to ban slavery in the territory recently acquired from Mexico in the
Mexican-American War.

22.Sectional Strife in pre-civil war America: briefly refer.

Sectional Strife was a period during the 19th century when the three regions of the United
States were very different. The Northern, Southern and Western parts of the country were
subjected to regional differences and one of the most important issues was slavery. Dred
Scott’s case was very known during this period, he was a slave who was set free by his owner
and the courts couldn’t decide if he should remain a slave or be free.

23.The Missouri Compromise (1820): briefly refer.

In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the
Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a
free state.

24.The 1850 Compromise: briefly refer.

The Compromise of 1850 consists of five laws passed in September of 1850 that dealt with
the issue of slavery and territorial expansion. In 1849, California requested permission to
enter the Union as a free state, potentially upsetting the balance between the free and slave
states in the U.S. Senate. Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January
29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South.
Furthermore, California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government was
created in Utah.

25.Slave Fugitive Acts: situate historically and briefly refer.

The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of
runaway enslaved people within the territory of the United States. Enacted by Congress in
1793, the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escapees
to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight. The Fugitive
Slave Acts were among the most controversial laws of the early 19th century.

26.The Scott Decision: situate in American history (circumstances,

historical period) and briefly explain.

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The U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in
a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his
freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States;
and that the Missouri Compromise (1820), which had declared free all territories west of
Missouri and north, was unconstitutional. The decision added fuel to the sectional
controversy and pushed the country closer to civil war.

27. Pre-Civil war America: North-South similarities and dissimilarities. How

do such features bear on the start of USA civil war?
During the 19th century, the big pro-slavery territories were affected by the abolitionists and
there was a constant comparison of the South and the North. The North was industrialized
while the South was still not ready to be so due to the fact that it was an agricultural land,
which focuses mainly on cotton plantations. They were also different in terms of the weather
and a biracial society divided them since in the South, all the hard work was done by black
people. Also, in the South, public resources weren’t as developed as in the North because the
people from the South were used to seeing for themselves. In the north, anyone could aspire
to be from the middle class, even those who were considered slaves in the South. Their
differences pushed the country closer to civil war.

28.Pre-Civil War America: slave society and slave labor.

In the north, anyone could aspire to be from the middle class, even those who were
considered slaves in the South. The slave trade brought a lot of profit to the U.S. because
countries like England needed American cotton in order to work the fabrics in the factories,
and the cotton fields were worked by the slaves. The conditions in which these slaves lived
were very bad. They worked almost the entire day, they didn’t have the right clothing, they
weren’t fed properly, and, among other things, they also worked barefoot. The expression
“Working from sun to sun” comes from this time, when slaves had to follow this norm. The
work slaves did was divided in age and gender. Women did heavy fieldwork, often as much
as the men even during pregnancy. And old people took care of the young children while
doing light chores.

29.The Undergroud Railroad: situate historically and briefly refer.

During the era of slavery, the Underground Railroad was a network of routes, places, and
people that helped enslaved people in the American South escape to the North. According to
some estimates, between 1810 and 1850, the Underground Railroad helped to guide one
hundred thousand enslaved people to freedom.

30. Social Darwinism: definition and instance(s).

Social Darwinism is a loose set of ideologies that emerged in the late 1800s in which Charles
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was used to justify certain political, social,
or economic views. Social Darwinists believe in “survival of the fittest”—the idea that certain
people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Social Darwinism has
been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality at various times over
the past century and a half.

31. British and American imperialisms: affinities and differences.

Much of Britain’s imperialism in the 19th century - in Australia and South Africa, for
example - was almost exactly comparable with America’s westward expansion. The professed

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aim of both was to spread ‘freedom’ (for whites). Both involved dispossessing peoples seen as
‘primitive’. Also, America’s commercial and financial expansion in the 20th century was
closely similar to Britain’s preferred strategy in the 19th, which in the latter’s case is now
almost universally called ‘imperialism’. A difference they have is that America can’t rule
people like Britain could, because they don't have a significant ruling class. 19th-century
Britain did. Though they had developed a profoundly capitalist economy (before America),
and the middle class to go with it, they also retained a powerful pre-capitalist upper class
alongside this.

32.The dominion status: situate it in history and provide a definition.

The dominion status were autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in
status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external
affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as
members of the British Commonwealth of Nations.

33.The Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:

provide historical context(s), a definition and instances.
In 1823, President James Monroe called for an end to European intervention in North and
South America by introducing the Monroe Doctrine. This meant that Europe was unable to
further colonize in the Western Hemisphere. In response, America agreed not to interfere
with European relations. Almost a century later in 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt
presented the Roosevelt Corollary, which was an extension to the Monroe Doctrine. This
extension gave the United States the right to intervene in countries south of the United
States if necessary.

34.What were the three most important categories that Willson made out in
his Fourteen Points? Did they appeal to every nation? Please, refer
historical context.
Point 14 was the most important on Woodrow Wilson's list; it advocated for an international
organization to be established that would be responsible for helping to keep peace among the
nations. The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for
peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8,
1918, speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President
Woodrow Wilson. The Fourteen Points were accepted by France and Italy on November 1,
1918. Britain later signed off on all of the points except the freedom of the seas.

35.Taylorism: definition and historical context.

Taylorism was a factory management system developed in the late 19th century to increase
efficiency by evaluating every step in a manufacturing process and breaking down
production into specialized repetitive tasks.

36.President Wilson’s Mobile Address (1913).

In this speech delivered before the Southern Commercial Congress at Mobile, Alabama, on
October 27, 1913, President Woodrow Wilson announced his policy toward Latin America.
The promises of the address were not consistently observed, but relations with the Latin
American states were materially improved.

37. Dollar Diplomacy. What is it? Provide instances.

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Dollar diplomacy is the term applied to American foreign policy under President William
Howard Taft and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of
Latin American and East Asian countries, while also expanding U.S. commercial interests in
those regions.

38.Utilitarianism: definition and instances.

Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and
19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
according to which an action (or type of action) is right if it tends to promote happiness or
pleasure and wrong if it tends to produce unhappiness or pain—not just for the performer of
the action but also for everyone else affected by it.

39.What is an assembly line? What context in USA history would you set it
in?
The assembly line is a manufacturing process in which the arrangement of machines,
equipment, and workers pass from operation to operation in direct line until the product is
assembled. Henry Ford mastered the art of the moving variation. As a result, he was able to
reduce the labor time of manufacturing vehicles and increased the number of cars and parts
produced each day.

40. Corporation: what is it? Can you provide instances (historical figures
or company names)? Can you list and briefly explain different ways to
consolidate corporations?
A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. The first
American corporations were developed in the 1790s, almost instantly becoming key
institutions in the young nation's economy. The first important industrial corporation was
the Boston Manufacturing Co. in 1813. Its business model was imported from Great Britain,
where textile corporations helped spark the first Industrial Revolution some three decades
earlier. In addition, John Rockefeller controlled the oil company and Andrew Carniage the
steel company. It was here that the concept of “self-made man”, who was very poor and then
became very rich, started.

41. What is a cartel? How does it work in capitalist systems? Can you explain
what a trust and a holding are about?
A cartel is an association of companies where, without disappearing any of the associated
companies, they self-limit their field of action within a certain geographical area where only
one company offers its products and there is no concurrence of others. Trust is an agreement
of companies that is oriented to a greater depth than the cartel because it begins by
eliminating all the existing companies at first to become a new company by merging the
existing ones. Holding is based on a financial type company that controls all the activities of
other companies through the system of acquisition of all or a large part of their shares.

42.Labour movement in late 19th-century/early 20th-century USA and UK.

Main features.
The labor movement in the United States grew out of the need to protect the common
interest of workers. For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for
better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts
to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or

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retired. The earliest recorded strike occurred in 1768 when New York journeymen tailors
protested a wage reduction.

43.Immigration, acculturation and assimilation: define those terms in late

19th-century USA.
In the late 1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and
immigrate to the United States. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and
famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic
opportunity. Others came seeking personal freedom or relief from political and religious
persecution, and nearly 12 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1870 and
1900. Female German Jewish immigrants were uniquely impacted by both their gender and
class during the process of their assimilation to American life. Women aided their families’
economic stability, but they also contributed to the social and charitable activities of the
Jewish immigrant community. Through their work, German Jewish women immigrants
preserved Jewish tradition and expanded their roles beyond the home.

44.What was Nativism in late 19th-century USA?

Nativism was a feeling of superiority that developed among native-born Americans during
the age of immigration in the United States. This view was developed because the
native-born Americans felt threatened by the immigrants' different cultures, languages, and
religions.

45.The Welfare State: definition and instances of it in early 20th-century

Britain.
The Welfare State is a concept of government in which the state or a well-established
network of social institutions plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the
economic and social well-being of citizens. In the early 20th century, a Liberal government
was elected and they introduces a number of reforms that included a pension for people over
seventy (the Old Age Pensions Act), as well as the National Insurance Act of 1911 which
provided health insurance. Under this system, local councils were allowed to provide free
school meals and school medical inspections began. There was also an act that limited
miners to working an 8 hour day and an act to help the unemployed find work.

46.G. Lloyd’s “People’s Budget” (1909): main issues.

Lloyd George's 1909 People's Budget was devised to bring about social reform and featured
increases in income tax and excise duties, new taxes on cars, petrol and land, and a new
supertax for those with incomes above £5,000.

47. Progressivism, Muckraking and the Social Gospel in early 20th-century

USA. Main features.
Progressive reformers made the first comprehensive effort within the American context to
address the problems that arose with the emergence of a modern urban and industrial
society. The U.S. population nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900. The muckrakers played
a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. Muckraking magazines took on corporate
monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban
poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. In addition, the rapid
growth of urban-industrial society in the late 19th century forced Christians to find new ways
to express their social ideals in the face of overcrowded cities and the emergence of vast

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inequities in access to services, power, and wealth. As a result, a “social gospel” emerged in
the Protestant mainstream in the early 20th century. They insisted that Christians needed to
address directly, and in Christian terms, the new realities of urban industrial life.

48. The Settlement House Movement: situate it against its historical

context and briefly refer it.
Between the late 1880s and the end of World War I, the Settlement House Movement was an
influential Progressive-era response to the massive urban social problems of the day. The
United States was in a period of rapid growth, economic distress, labor unrest,
unemployment, low wages, unfair labor practices, and squalid living conditions. Established
in large cities, settlement houses were privately supported institutions that focused on
helping the poor and disadvantaged by addressing the environ-mental factors involved in
poverty. The basic settlement-house ideal was to have wealthy people move into poor
neighborhoods so that both groups could learn from one another.

49.Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive office: main issues and “New

Nationalism” policies.
In 1901, Americans were perhaps most alarmed about the spread of so-called trusts, or
industrial combinations, which they thought were responsible for the steady price increases
that had occurred each year since 1897.

Campaigning strenuously on a platform that he called the New Nationalism, Roosevelt

demanded effective control of big business through a strong federal commission, radical tax
reform, and a whole series of measures to put the federal government squarely into the
business of social and economic reform.

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