CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 1

Lecture-1-6
Course Plan / Outline

A. Course Information
1. Course Title: Differential Calculus and Integral Calculus
2. Course Code: Math 1113
3. Prerequisite: None
4. Semester: 1st Year Odd
5. Credit: 3.00
6. Class Hours: Three Hours per Week

B. Instructors’ Details
1. Name of the Instructor: Dr. Md. Helal Uddin Molla and Md. Zahangir Alam
2. Designation: Professor and Assistant Professor
3. Office Room: 221 and 226, Mathematics Department, RUET.
4. Contact Number: +8801730875698 and +8801722905846
5. Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
6. Weblink: https://www.math.ruet.ac.bd/helalmathru, https://www.math.ruet.ac.bd/zahangiramth
7. Consultation Hours:

C. Course Rationale
Differential and Integral Calculus has become one of the most important courses in which one can be gain
knowledge about function, limit, continuity, differentiability, expansion of a function, successive
differentiation, Partial differentiation, maxima and minima of a function at any point, tangent and normal,
Asymptotes, curvature and curve tracing. In this course one can also gain knowledge about integration by
various methods indefinite and definite integrals, beta and gamma function, area and volume of various curves,
surface of revolution and Multiple Integration.

D. Course Content
Differential calculus: Limit, Continuity and Differentiability. Differentiation of explicit and implicit function
and parametric equations. Significance of derivatives, Differentials, Successive differentiation of various type
of functions. Leibnitz’s theorem, Rolle’s theorem, mean value theorem. Taylor's theorem in finite and infinite
forms. Maclaurin’s theorem in finite and infinite forms. Lagrange’s form of remainders. Cauchy’s form of
remainder. Expansion of functions by differentiation and integration. Partial differentiation, Euler's theorem.
Tangent and Normal, maxima and minima, Points of inflection and their applications. Evaluation of
indeterminate forms by L’Hospital rule, curvature, evaluate and inviolate. Asymptotes, Envelopes, Curve
tracing.

Integral Calculus: Definitions of integration, integration by the method of substitutions, Integration by the
method of successive reduction. Definite integrals. Beta function and gamma function. Area under a plane curve
in Cartesian and Polar coordinates. Area of the region enclosed by two curves in Cartesian and Polar
coordinates. Parametric and Pedal equations. Intrinsic equation. Volumes of solids of revolution. Volume of
hollow solids of revolution by shell method. Area of surface of revolution, Multiple Integration.
Text Books
1. Differential and Integral Calculus, B.C. Dass and B.N. Mukherjee
2. An Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus, Joseph Edwards
3. Integral Calculus with Application, A.K. Hazra
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 2
Assessment and Marks Distribution
Students will be assessed on the basis of their overall performance in all the exams (class tests, final exam,
assignments, projects, and presentations. Final numeric reward will be the compilation of:
1. Continuous Assessment (Class Tests, Assignments, Projects, Presentations, etc.): (40%)
a. Class Tests: (20%)
b. Attendance (10%)
c. Others i.e., Assignments/Projects/Presentations: (10%)
2. Final Exam: (60%)

Function
Q1. Define function, even, odd and monotone function.

Function: A function is a relation between dependent and independent variables.

Example: (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2. (ii) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
Odd and Even functions: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd if it changes sign with the change of sign of the
variable 𝑥 that is if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even if it does not change sign
with the change of sign of the variable 𝑥 that is if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
Examples: (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is odd function and (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is even function.

Home Work: Q2. Determine odd or even function of the following cases:
𝟏
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 ),
𝟐
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 ) − (𝟏 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 ),
𝟐 𝒙
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳𝒐𝒈 ,
𝟐 𝒙
(iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ).

Monotone functions: Let, 𝑥 , 𝑥 be any two points such that 𝑥 < 𝑥 in the interval of definition of a
function𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be monotonically increasing if 𝑓(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 ) and monotonically
decreasing if 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 𝑓(𝑥 ).
𝒙
Q3: Show that 𝒇(𝒙) = is monotone ascending, 𝒙 > 𝟎.
𝒙 𝟏

Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 > 0.

Now, for any two points 𝑥 and 𝑥 where, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 > 0.

𝑓(𝑥 ) = and 𝑓(𝑥 ) =

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −

= ( )( )
=( )( )

If 𝑥 > 𝑥 then 𝑥 − 𝑥 >0

so, 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 0
or, 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 𝑓(𝑥 ), Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is monotone ascending/increasing.
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Q4: Show that, 𝒇(𝒙) = + + ⋯⋯⋯+ is monotone descending, 𝒙 > 𝟎.
𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝒏

Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = + + ⋯⋯⋯+ , 𝑥 > 0.

Now, for any two points 𝑥 and 𝑥 were, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 > 0.

𝑓(𝑥 ) = + + ⋯⋯⋯+

and 𝑓(𝑥 ) = + + ⋯⋯⋯+

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − + − + ⋯⋯⋯+ −

= ( )( )
+ ( )( )
+ ⋯⋯⋯+ ( )( )

= (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) ( )( )
+ ( )( )
+ ⋯⋯⋯+ ( )( )

If 𝑥 > 𝑥 then 𝑥 − 𝑥 <0

so, 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) < 0
or, 𝑓(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 ), Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is monotone descending/decreasing.
𝟏 𝒙
Home Work: Q5. Show that, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 + , 𝒙 > 𝟎, is monotone ascending.
𝒙

Limit
Q1. Define limit. What are the differences between 𝑳𝒕 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒇(𝒂).
𝒙→𝒂
Limit: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a limit ℓ at x tends to a if for every positive number 𝜀, we can
determine another small positive number 𝛿, such that |𝑓(𝑥) − ℓ| < 𝜀 for all values of x which satisfying the
inequality |𝑥 − 𝑎| ≤ 𝛿 and it is denoted by 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = ℓ.
→
Right hand Limit: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a right hand limit ℓ at x tends to a if for every positive
number 𝜀, we can determine another small positive number 𝛿, such that |𝑓(𝑥) − ℓ | < 𝜀for all values of x
which satisfying the inequality 𝑥 − 𝑎 ≤ 𝛿 and it is denoted by 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = ℓ or, 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = ℓ .
→ ℎ→
Left hand Limit: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a left hand limit ℓ at x tends to a if for every positive
number 𝜀, we can determine another small positive number 𝛿, such that |𝑓(𝑥) − ℓ | < 𝜀 for all values of x
which satisfying the inequality 𝑎 − 𝑥 ≤ 𝛿 and it is denoted by 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = ℓ or, 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ) = ℓ .
→ ℎ→

2nd Part: The statement 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) is a statement about the value of 𝑓(𝑥) when x has any arbitrary value near to
→
a except a. But 𝑓(𝑎) stands for the value of 𝑓(𝑥) when x is exactly equal to a or else by substitution of a for x
in the expression 𝑓(𝑥) when it exists.
𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 > 𝟎
Q2. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 , find the value of 𝑳𝒕 𝒇(𝒙).
𝒙→𝟎
−𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 < 𝟎
Solution: Right hand limit: 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 𝑥 = 0
→ →
Left hand limit: 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 (−𝑥) = 0
→ →
Since R.H.L=L.H.L, So limit exist and 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 Ans.
→
𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 < 𝟏
H.W. Q3. A function is defined as 𝝋(𝒙) = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 , Does 𝑳𝒕 𝝋(𝒙) exist?
𝒙→𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 > 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
H.W. Q4. Evaluate 𝑳𝒕 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝟐 .
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 4
Continuity
𝒙𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟏/𝒙)𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
Q1. Define Continuity. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = Show that 𝒇(𝒙) is
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎
continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎.
Ans: Continuity: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if its limit exists at that point and equal to
its functional value at 𝑥 = 𝑎 i.e, 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎). or, 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑙𝑡 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑎).
→ → ℎ→ ℎ→
2nd Part: Right hand limit (R.H.L): 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛(1/𝑥) = 0
→ →
Left hand limit (L.H.L): 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛(1/𝑥) = 0
→ →
and functional value (F.v): when 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓(0) = 0.
Since R.H.L = L.H.L = F.V
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 < 𝟏
Q2. A function is defined as 𝝋(𝒙) = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 , Is 𝝋(𝒙) continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏?
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 > 𝟏
Solution: R.H.L: 𝐿𝑡 𝜑(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 (𝑥 + 2) = 3
→ →
L.H.L: 𝐿𝑡 𝜑(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 𝑥 = 1
→ →
Since R.H.L≠L.H.L
Hence 𝜑(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.

𝒙 𝒄
𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
Q3. Find the values of c that makes f(𝒙) = 𝒄 𝟏 , continuous for every value of x.
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟎
Solution : If a function is continuous at any point then
Right hand limit (R.H.L) = Left hand limit (L.H.L) = Functional value (F.V) at that point.
Here the existing point is x=0.
Now, Right hand limit (R.H.L): 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑐
→ →
𝒙 𝒄 𝒄
Left hand limit (L.H.L): 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 =
→ → 𝒄 𝟏 𝒄 𝟏
Since R.H.L=L.H.L
𝒄
So, 𝑐 =
𝒄 𝟏
Or, 𝑐 + 2𝑐 = 0
Or, 𝑐(𝑐 + 2) = 0
Or, 𝑐 = 0 , −2 Ans.
𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝟓 𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝟓
Q4. Find the points of discontinuity of the following functions: (i) H.W. (ii)
𝒙𝟐 𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟔
Solution: (i) The function is undefined at the point where 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0
Or, 𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 12 = 0
Or, 𝑥(𝑥 − 6) − 2(𝑥 − 6) = 0
Or, 𝑥 = 2, 6.
Hence the points of discontinuity are 𝑥 = 2, 6.
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 5
𝟏 𝟏
⎧𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟎 < 𝒙 <
𝟐
⎪𝟏 𝟏
H.W. Q5. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = Show that 𝒇(𝒙) is discontinuous
⎨𝟐𝟑 𝟏
𝟐
⎪ −𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 <𝒙<𝟏
⎩𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
at 𝒙 = .
𝟐
−𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
H.W. Q6. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏, show that it is continuous
𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
at 𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝟑
⎧𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 − 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟎
⎪ 𝟑
H.W. Q7. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < , Show that 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous
𝟐
⎨
⎪−𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
⎩ 𝟐
𝟑
at 𝒙 = 𝟎 and discontinuous at 𝒙 = .
𝟐

Differentiation
Q1. Define differentiability of a function at any point. Show that every differentiable function is
continuous but converse is not always true. Or, Prove that if 𝒇′(𝒂) is finite, then 𝒇(𝒙) must be
continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒂.

Ans: Differentiable: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if

( ℎ) ( ) ( ℎ) ( )
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ ℎ→ ℎ
i,e. R.H.L of 𝑓′(𝑥) = L.H.L of 𝑓′(𝑥).
( ℎ) ( )
2nd Part: From the definition of differentiation, we can write 𝑓′(𝑎) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ) ( )
Now, we can write 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) = ×ℎ
ℎ
( ℎ) ( )
Or, 𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝐿𝑡 ×ℎ
ℎ→ ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ) ( )
= 𝐿𝑡 × 𝐿𝑡 ℎ
ℎ→ ℎ ℎ→
=𝑓′(𝑎) × 0
=0 since 𝑓′(𝑎) is finite.
𝐿𝑡 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑎).
ℎ→
∴ from the definition of continuity, it follows that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Hence, for the differential coefficient of 𝑓(𝑥) to exist finitely for any value of x, the function 𝑓(𝑥) must
be continuous at the point. The converse is not always true.

Q2. Find from first principles the differential coefficient of the following functions:
(i) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (ii) 𝑳𝒐𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (iii) 𝒙𝒙 (iv) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒙
Solution: (i) Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
( ℎ) ( )
We know, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ)
Or, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ
ℎ→
CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 6
𝑠𝑖𝑛(ℎ/2) ( ℎ/ )
= 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
(ℎ/ )
= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ × 𝐿𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥 + ℎ/2)
ℎ→ ℎ→
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 Ans.
(ii) Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 and 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥 + ℎ) ∴ 𝑢 + 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥 + ℎ)
∴ 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 [by subtracting]
When ℎ → 0 then 𝑘 → 0
( ℎ) ( )
We know, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ)
Or, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( )
= 𝐿𝑡 × 𝐿𝑡
→ ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ)
= 𝐿𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑘 𝑢 × 𝐿𝑡
→ ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ/ ) ℎ/
= 𝐿𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑘 𝑢 × × 𝐿𝑡
→ ℎ→ ℎ
ℎ/
=1 × × (−) 𝐿𝑡 𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + ℎ/2) × 𝑙𝑡 ℎ [as 𝑘 → 0 so, 𝑘 𝑢 → 0]
ℎ→ ℎ→ ℎ→
Hence, 𝑓′(𝑥) =− = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 Ans.
𝒙
(iii) 𝒙
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = 𝑒
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑒 ( ℎ) ( ℎ)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ( ℎ) ( ℎ) − 𝑒
=𝑒 𝑒 ( ℎ) ( ℎ)
−1
=𝑒 [𝑒 − 1]
Where, 𝑧 = (𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
When ℎ → 0 then 𝑧 → 0
( ℎ) ( )
We know, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
[ ]
= 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
=𝑒 𝐿𝑡 ×
ℎ→ ℎ
=𝑒 𝐿𝑡 × 𝐿𝑡 ………………… (1)
→ ℎ→ ℎ

Now, 𝐿𝑡 = 1,
→
( ℎ) ( ℎ)
and 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ) ℎ ( ℎ)
= 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
{ ( ℎ) } ℎ ( ℎ)
= 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
= 𝐿𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + ℎ/𝑥) + 𝐿𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→ ℎ ℎ→
= 𝐿𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + ℎ/𝑥) + 𝐿𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ/ → ℎ/ ℎ→
= 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
Hence, from Eq. (1) we get, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝐿𝑡 × 𝐿𝑡
→ ℎ→ ℎ
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 7
= 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) Ans.
(iv) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒙
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦 (say)
Or, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 …………. (1)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑦 + 𝑘 (say)
Or, 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝑦 + 𝑘) = 𝑥 + ℎ …………. (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) we get, 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝑦 + 𝑘) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = ℎ
When ℎ → 0 then 𝑘 → 0
( ℎ) ( )
We know, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( ℎ)
Or, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ

= 𝐿𝑡
→ ( )

= 𝐿𝑡
→ ( )

= 𝐿𝑡 ( )
→
( )

= 𝐿𝑡 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 + 𝑘) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
→ ( ) ( )

= 𝐿𝑡 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 + 𝑘) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
→
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
= = = Ans.

H.W Q3. Find from first principles the differential coefficient of the following functions:
(i) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (ii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (iii) 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙 (iv) 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (v) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝒙 (vi) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 𝒙

𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏/𝒙) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
Q4. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = , Show that 𝒇′(𝟎) does not exist.
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎

( ℎ) ( )
Solution: We know that 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( ) ( )
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
( ) ( )
R.H.D: 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
ℎ ( /ℎ)
Or,𝑓′(0) = lim
→
ℎ ( /ℎ)
Or,𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim 𝑆𝑖𝑛(1/ℎ) which is not defined.
→
Hence 𝑓′(0) does not exist.
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 8
𝒙𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟏/𝒙) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
Q5. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = , Does 𝒇′(𝟎) exist?
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎
( )- ( )
Solution: We know that f'(x) = Lt
→
( ) ( )
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
( ) ( )
R.H.D: 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
ℎ ( /ℎ)
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
ℎ ( /ℎ)
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim ℎ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(1/ℎ) = 0
→
( ) ( )
L.H.D: 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
ℎ ( /ℎ)
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
ℎ ( /ℎ)
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim ℎ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(1/ℎ) = 0
→
Since R.H.D = L.H.D
Hence 𝑓′(0)exist.

𝟑
𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 − < 𝒙≤𝟎
𝟐
Q6. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 , then show that 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎 but 𝒇′(𝟎) does
𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝒙 <
𝟐
not exist.
Solution: 1st Part: R.H.L: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 3 − 2𝑥 = 3 − 0 = 3
→ →
L.H.L: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 3 + 2𝑥 = 3 + 0 = 3
→ →
F.V: when 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 2𝑥 or, 𝑓(0) = 3
Since R.H.L=L.H.L=F.V, Hence f (x ) is continuous at x  0. (Proved)

( ℎ) ( )
2nd Part: We know that 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑡
ℎ→ ℎ
( ) ( )
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
( ) ( )
R.H.D: 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim −2 = −2
→
( ) ( )
L.H.D: 𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim 2 = 2
→
Since R.H.D ≠ L.H.D, Hence 𝑓′(0) does not exist. (Proved)
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 9
𝟏+𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 < 𝟎
Q7. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 , find 𝒇′(𝒙) for all values of 𝒙 for which it exists.
𝟐
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟏
Or, Does 𝒇′(𝒙) exist at those values of 𝒙 for which it exists?
1 + 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1
Here, existing points are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
( )- ( )
We know that f'(x) = Lt
→

At 𝒙 = 𝟎:
( ) ( )
R.H.D: 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim =0
→
( ) ( )
L.H.D: 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(0) = lim
→
Or,𝑓′(0) = lim 1 = 1
→
Since R.H.D ≠ L.H.D. Hence 𝑓′(0) does not exist.
At x=1:
( ) ( )
R.H.D: 𝑓′(1) = lim
→
( ) ( )
Or, 𝑓′(1) = lim
→

Or, 𝑓′(1) = lim

→
Or, 𝑓 (1) = lim + lim 8 + lim 2ℎ = ∞
→ → →

( ) ( )
L.H.D: 𝑓′(1) = lim
→
Or, 𝑓′(1) = lim =0
→
Since R.H.D ≠ L.H.D. Hence 𝑓′(1) does not exist.
Home Works:
𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙<𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
Q8. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < , then show that 𝒇′(𝒙)is exist at 𝒙 = but does not exist
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐 + (𝒙 − )𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 ≤𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
at 𝒙 = 𝟎.
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
Q9. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐, then discuss the continuity of 𝒇(𝒙) for𝒙 = 𝟏 and 2, and the
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐
existence of 𝒇′(𝒙) for these values.
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 10
𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
Q10. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, Is 𝒇(𝒙) continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 2? Does 𝒇 (𝒙) exist for these
𝒙
𝒙− 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟐
𝟐
values?
𝒙𝟐
− 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
Q11. If𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 , find whether 𝒇 (𝟎) exists for 𝒏 = 𝟏 and 2.
𝒏
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟏/𝒙) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝟏/𝒙) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
Q12. A function is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = , Show that the function is continuous
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎
at 𝒙 = 𝟎 but is not differentiable at that point.

Q13. Find the differential coefficients of the following with respect to x:

𝒙𝟒
(i) 𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒙 (ii) 𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝒙𝟏𝟎 (iii)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
Q14. Find the differential coefficient of : (i) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ( 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙) (ii) 𝒙𝒙 (iii) (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒙 (iv) 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 (v) 𝒙𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏𝒙 𝒙
(vi) 𝒂𝒂 (vii) 𝒆𝒆 (viii) 𝒆𝒙 (ix) 𝒙𝒆 (x) (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (xi) 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕 (xii) (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 (xiii) 𝒙𝒙
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
(xiv) (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (xv) (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (xvi) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
(xvii) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (xviii) 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
Q15. Find in the following cases: (i) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 (ii) 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒚𝒙 (iii) (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
Q16. If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 and 𝒛 = 𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 then show that 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒛 is independent of 𝒙.
Q17. Differentiate (i) 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 with respect to 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (ii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒙 with respect to 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 (𝟏 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝒙
(iii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 with respect to 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (iv) 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 with respect to 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏
𝒙
𝒙
𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝒙
(v) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 with respect to 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (v) 𝒙𝒙 with respect to 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏
𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐

Successive Differentiation
Definition: If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a general function of 𝑥, then its differential coefficient 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is
called the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥). The differential coefficient of 𝑓′(𝑥) is called the 2nd derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) and
it is denoted by𝑓′′(𝑥). Similarly, the differential coefficient of 𝑓′′(𝑥) is called the 3rd derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) and it
is denoted by 𝑓 ′(𝑥) and so on. If 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiated 𝑛 times with respect to 𝑥 then it is called the 𝑛th
derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) and it is denoted by 𝑓 (𝑥).So the successive derivatives of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are denoted by
𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), … … . . , 𝑓 (𝑥), … … … ..

Q 1. If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 then find 𝒚𝒏 .

Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝑒
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒
⋯⋯
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 Ans.
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 11
Q 2. If 𝒚 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝒙 + 𝒂) then find 𝒚𝒏 .
Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑎)
∴ 𝑦 = (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = (−1) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
( )
( )!
𝑦 = (−1)(−2) = (−1) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
( ) ( )
( )!
Similarly, 𝑦 = (−1)(−2)(−3) = (−1)
( ) ( )
⋯⋯⋯
( )!
𝑦 = (−1) Ans.
( )

Q 3. If 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) then find 𝒚𝒏 .

Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
⋯⋯
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Ans.
H.W. Q 4. If 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) then find 𝒚𝒏 . Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

Q 5. If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) then find 𝒚𝒏 .

Solution: Given, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) Let, 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑏 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
So, 𝑦 = 𝑒 {𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)} ∴ 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑏/𝑎)
= 𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑟{𝑎𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃) + 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃)}
= 𝑟𝑒 {𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃) + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃)}
= 𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃 + 𝜃)
= 𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 2𝜃)
⋯⋯
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑛𝜃) Ans. here, 𝑟 = √𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑏/𝑎)
(𝒏 𝟏)!
Q 6. If 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒙 then prove that 𝒚𝒏 = .
𝒙
Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) (by differentiating 𝑛times with respect to 𝑥.)
or, 𝑦 = 𝐷 (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = 𝐷 . 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = 𝐷 . {(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 }
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐷 𝑥
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 0
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 12
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 . {(𝑛 − 2)𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 }
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 . (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 𝑥
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 . 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 0
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 {(𝑛 − 3)𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 }
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)𝐷 (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 𝑥
⋯⋯
Proceeding in this way, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ ⋯ 2.1. 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ ⋯ 2.1.
( )!
or, 𝑦 = (Proved)

Leibnitz’s Theorem:
Statement: If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are two functions of 𝑥, Then the 𝑛th derivative of their product is
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑢𝑣 ,
where the suffixes in 𝑢and 𝑣 denote the order of derivations of 𝑢and 𝑣 with respect to 𝑥.
Proof: Let, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 2𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 2 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
Similarly,
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 2𝑢 𝑣 + 2𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 3𝑢 𝑣 + 3𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 3 𝑢 𝑣 + 3 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
⋯⋯
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑢𝑣 . (Proved).

Q 7. If 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒙 then prove that (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏𝒙𝒚𝒏 + 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 𝟏 = 𝟎.

Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
(1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑛times by Leibnitz’s theorem, where, 𝑢 = 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 .
𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2 = 0
or, (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 = 0. (proved).

Q 8. If 𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 then prove that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟐 − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏 𝟏 − 𝒏𝟐 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.

Proof: Given 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
∴ 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
√
or, √1 − 𝑥 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 = 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 = 4𝑦
or, 2𝑦 𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑦 (−2𝑥) = 4𝑦 (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
or,𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i) [Dividing by2𝑦 ]
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑛times by Leibnitz’s theorem
𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑛 𝑦 . (−2𝑥) + 𝑛 𝑦 . (−2) − 𝑦 . 𝑥 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0
 CSE/ Math 1113 (MHU) 13
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 = 0
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 = 0
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0. (proved).
Q 9. If 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒙) + 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒙) then prove that 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒏 𝟐 + (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏 𝟏 + (𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.
Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
∴ 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = − {𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)}
or, 𝑦 = − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). + {𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)}.
or, 𝑦 = [−{𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)} + {𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)}]
or, 𝑦 = [−𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ]
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑛times by Leibnitz’s theorem
𝑦 . 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2 + 𝑦 . 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 1 + 𝑦 = 0
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 . +𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑛 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 + 1)𝑦 . = 0
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑛 + 1)𝑦 = 0. (proved)

𝒏 𝒏
Q 10. If 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑩 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 then prove that
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝒚𝒎 𝟐 + (𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒎 𝟏 + (𝒎𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 )𝒚𝒎 = 𝟎.
Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
or, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 1+ . 2𝑥 − 𝐵𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 1+ . 2𝑥
√ √
√ √
or, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝐵𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
√ √
√ √
or, 𝑦 = −
√ √

or, √𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
√ √
or, √𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 + =𝑛 +
√ √ √

or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑦
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑚 times by Leibnitz’s theorem
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑚 2𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑚 2. 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚 1. 𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 2𝑚𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + (2𝑚 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑚 − 𝑛 )𝑦 = 0. (Proved).
𝟏
H.W. Q 11. If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 then prove that (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟐 + {𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟏}𝒚𝒏 𝟏 + 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.
Q 12. If 𝒚 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝒙) then prove that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟐 − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏 𝟏 − (𝒏𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.
Q 13. If 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝒙 then prove that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟐 − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏 𝟏 − 𝒏𝟐 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.
Q 14. If 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒏 then prove that (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒏 𝟏 − 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.
𝟏
Q 15. If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 then prove that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟐 − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏 𝟏 − (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.
Q 16. If 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒙 then show that (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 𝟐 + (𝟐𝒏𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 𝟏 + 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎.