GRAPHING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Ie ar ee eae gt a ea eat From the previous section, we have underscored that through a frequency Seale ° table, we can have information about the shape of the distribution of data. we now ies the graphical presentation of a frequency distribution table. This can provide ’an effective visual presentation of ungrouped data that have been organized into frequency distribution tables. Histogram The most common graphical representation of a frequency distribution table is a histogram. A histogram is a graph wherein classes are placed on the horizontal axis and the Class frequencies are indicated by the heights of the bars. Note that the bars are adjacent to each other. From our frequency distribution in Table 2.3, we construct the corresponding histogram using Microsoft Excel, as seen in Figure 2.2 Histogram 305 20 - i Om ‘Frequency 15,000 18,00021,00024,00027,00030,00033,000 upto upto upto upto upto upto upto 18,00021,00024,00027,000 30,00033,00036,000 Lot selling price per square meter Figure 2.2. Histogram of Lot Seliing Price per Square Meter in Laguna The instructions for constructing the histogram using Excel shown in Figure 2.2 are as follows 14. Encode raw data in an Excel spreadsheet downward, preferably in column A. The first data point should be encoded in cell A2. Cell A7 will contain the label 2. Encode the class interval for each class downward, preferably in column B. Put ” Bin as a label in Cell B1. In Excel, the class interval is labeled as Bin. In Cell B2, encode 0 as the point of origin. In Cell B3, encode the upper limit of the class interval of the first class, which in our example is 18,000. Do this until the last class. 3.. Ensure that your Excel has the add-in Analysis TooiPak installed. a. Whether you are using Windows or macOS, as well as the version of Excel : determine how to install this. Typically, you can install Analysis lecting it from the Excel Add-ins on the Tools tab. For further It the Microsoft Office Help. you have, will Toolpak by sel information, consulhe Data tab of Excel, and look for Data Kis installed, go to t! 4, Once Analysis ToolPal 5. corre in the list of Analysis Tools. : highlight column A of your raw data in the Input Range. Choose or a a ri class interval in column B of the Bin range - ad selected both cells A? and B7, make sure you click Label. 7. In the Output Range, select or highlight any blank cell, preferably the area atter * column B. For the purposes of demonstration, indicate cell D1 in the Output Range, 8. Before clicking OK, check Chart Output so Excel will generate the histogram. Excel will generate a frequency distribution in column D (class interval) and column E (frequency); and the histogram somewhere in your spreadsheet. However, you will still need to edit it to make it more meaningful for presentation purposes. a. In Column D, delete 0 in cell D2 and More in cell D10. b. Edit column D by including the lower limit, as in 15,000 up to 18,000 in cell D3, 18,000 up to 21,000 in cell D4, and so on. You'll see that the histogram is adjusting automatically, Because the bars of the histogram should be adjacent to each other, click the bars, which should highlight all the bars. Then, right click, select Format Data Series, reduce Gap Width to 0. . You are free to edit the headings, labels of the axis, shadings of the bars, size of the histogram, as you see fit. You may view the accompanying raw spreadsheet by scanning the QR code and/or using the provided URL for Chapter 2 on page 322 (see Sheet 2.1. Histogram). You may also view Savvy Data Science (2015) for a supplementary video tutorial. Various terminologies are used to describe histograms and their corresponding population distribution. This is illustrated in Figure 2.3. meurd shaped nom of ean ‘ommecica Swed = emeiar 1 1 [ky bioda Figure 2.3. Types of HistogramsFrom Figure 2.3, a histogram can be the following: + Mound-shaped symmetrical is a histogram where both sides are approximately equal from the middle. It is also called bell-shaped, normal distribution. * Uniform or rectangular is a histogram that has an equal frequency for every class. + Skewed left or skewed right isa histogram wherein one tail is obviously longer than the other. When the tail is longer on the left, then it is skewed to the left. If the tail is longer on the right, then it is skewed to the right. + Bimodal is a histogram that has more than one peak, and peaks are separated by at least one class. A bimodal histogram may indicate more than one population sampled. Note that for relative frequency histogram, the same principle applies. The difference is that, instead of the bar representing absolute frequencies, the relative frequencies are plotted. Indeed, histograms are valuable and useful tools in organizing and presenting data. If raw data was sourced from a truly random and representative sample of the population, the histogram should have a distribution shape that is reasonably similar to that of the population. While histograms are a great way to show how a dataset is distributed, they only work with quantitative data. We cover additional visual display formats that are appropriate for qualitative data in the section that follows. Microsoft Excel also offers a variety of charts and graphs to aid in the visual representation of data toward effective presentation. You can find them through Excel's Insert tab and then select Chart. The list includes column, bar, line, area, pie, tree map, sunburst, histogram, Pareto, box and whisker, scatterplot, waterfall, funnel, stock, surface, radar, and filled map. Whichever method you use, you must consider how it will apply to your data and how it will be understood by those who will use the information you produce. Charts and Graphs To decide on the best visual representation of your data, you need to have a good grasp of how charts and graphs work. But, before anything else, it is important to distinguish between a chart and a graph, which are commonly used interchangeably. The term chart is frequently used to refer to all graphical displays of data. A graph, on the other hand, is a diagram that specifically depicts data along two dimensions (the x and y axes) (Mind Tools, nd.) In this section, we discuss the bar graph, Pareto chart, pie chart, and time series graph—the commonly used visual techniques in organizing survey data in almost all fields. We will not do a comprehensive discussion of all graphs and charts because they are adequately covered by your courses in computer applications and Microsoft Excel. Bar Chart Among the many forms of charts, the first is the bar chart. A bar chart is used to illustrate any of the four levels of measurement. Bars can be horizontal or vertical. Bars arena a in width and space. The bars’ height or length indicate the values, frequency Percentage of the variables being presented. Note that the measurement scale used for each bar should be the same. Once the chart is done, it is appropriate to include a title ang labels to avoid misinterpretation. ‘i Figure 2.4 shows how a bar chart, both vertical and horizontal, is applied in actual public reports. Of course, the design you decide on will rely on how you believe the message or story wil be best presented to the intended audience. Your bar chart’s ability to present information clearly and to reduce the likelihood of misunderstanding are both crucial. Income reduction appears to influence travel 0 sf Suciget pre-pandemie and during/after pandemic budget reduction “mBefore pandemics During or after pandemic ‘wont at need one NES SS Toe eee in ereiecene, Taper ogee aces ce en ae prox yeloniestoio ay ’ neo ee ET =e =a, Lk 1 = s) coronas come Me a en 4 — oe Be. Sources: Left - Department of Tourism, Dr. Andrew L. Tan Center for Tourism, & Guide to the Philippines (2020, 19); Right - Department of Tourism, Dr. Andrew L. Tan Center for Tourism, ‘& Guide to the Philippines (202 3), Figure 2.4. Examples of Bar Charts (with Vertical and Horizontal Bars) Pareto Chart Aspecial kind of bar chart is the Pareto chart. A Pareto chartis a bar graph wherein the bar height indicates a category's frequency of occurrence. However, the bars are arranged in decreasing height (sometimes increasing height, which depends on the researcher or layout artist). s ap Perceptions on inconvenience of safety protocols a Travel during Pandemic 19% canier ang LGU equremats ha most aarvenient pct fon Tal Actty Wonton ce VT 25 eo = TT 2 Wot oc 3 yon 6% Wer a cur ht) Vite tty tee 6% Took an sao 0 INL 0% “oo * One 5 tad museum or etal wut et 44 “Tene so uckpating 3% Sources: Left ~ Department of Tourism, Dr. Andrew L. Tan Center for Tourism. & Guide to the Philippines ( 32); Right - Department of Tourism, Dr: Andrew L, Tan Center for Tourism, & Guide to the Philippines (2021, 22) Figure 2.5. Examples of Pareto Charts (with Vertical and Horizontal Bars) Figure 2.5 illustrates an application of Pareto charts in actual public reports. By looking at a Pareto chart, one will easily see the most frequent response relative to the next most frequent and the least frequent. It can facilitate the creation of recommendations to address a problem based on responses.Pie Chart Another popular visual presentation of data is the circle graph, usually called the pie chart. Apie chart illustrates proportional parts of the total sample or population that have a common characteristic. This chart is usually safe from misrepresentation and is Particularly useful in showing the division of components of the whole. Each division of the circle Comprises a part of the whole. These parts are labeled with percentages that should sum up to 100 percent. Figure 2.6 illustrates an application of pie charts in actual public reports. Notice that the divisions are clearly outlined, the parts are distinctly colored and identified, and the Proportions of the parts are Clearly labeled. Most importantly, the sum of alll the parts is 100 Percent. The accuracy of the charts can easily be verified. It is also clear that the reader can quickly and easily see the information that can be inferred from the charts. As a result, it is possible to swiftly make important descriptions and extrapolate consequences as necessary. 74% foresee a reduction 44% foresee a reduction in income in travel budget ‘oMone Less man 10% 10-20% «20-50% ‘eGreater than 30% ‘*No budget wil be allocated. «Reduced incraaned No change in budget Source: Department of Tourism, Dr. Andrew L. Tan Center for Tourism, & Guide to the Philippines (2020, 18) Figure 2.6. Examples of Pie Charts Time Series Graph And last, a time series graph or a line graph. A time series graph is effective in visualizing data measured across time (e.g., business and economics) because it can illustrate the change or trends in a variable across a time period. Data points are plotted sequentially at regular intervals over time. The time element is indicated on the horizontal axis while the measurement is on the vertical axis. A line graph is created by connecting line Segments to each data point. Examples of time series graphs are shown in Figure 2.7.