Unit 14 - TB1

C H E M I S T R Y
Unit 14A – Theory Book 1

Mg ksiaidrKh - võ (Dow) l%uh

ue.aki q c,h u`.ska Mg ksiaidrKh lsÍu jvd;a

S shï wvx.= Lksc mDÓú lfndf,a iq,N h. tfyhska uqyÿ
,dNodhl h'
q c,fha Na+ yereKq úg jvd;a u iq,N f,day legdhkh Mg2+ fõ' uqyÿ
uqyÿ q c,fhka ¨Kq ksIamdokh lsÍfï
wjidk woshf¾oS bj; ,k ødjKh ìg¾ka f,i ye`oskf
a õ. ìg¾ka ødjKfha ie,lsh hq;= ;rñka ue.aki
S s hï
whk we;s fyhska ue.aki
S shï ksiaidrKhg ìg¾ka fhdod .ekSu jvd;a fhda.H fõ' uqyÿ
q c,h fyda uqyÿ
q c,h
s di%e;sfhka (reverse osmosis) miq ,efnk bj; ,k n%hk
m%;w s a o fï i|yd fhda.H fõ' fï l%h
s dj,sfha uQ,l
s
mshjr ieflúka my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

1 mshjr

fï mshjf¾ uQ,sl wruqK CaO ksmoùu h' yqk.

q ,a ;dm úfhdackh lr CaO ,nd .kq ,efí' fï i`oyd
fvd,uhsÜ o Ndú; l< yels h.

CaCO3 (s) ∆ CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

∆
CaCO3 (s)· MgCO3 (s) CaO(s) + MgO(s) + 2CO2 (g)

s ¾;H neúka CO2 ld¾hlaIu f,i bj;a lsÍug yels whqßka ;dm úfhdack l%h
fï m%;sls%hdj m%;j s dj,sh
ie,iqï lsÍu uÕska ;dm úfhdack l%shdj,sfha M,odhs;ajh jeä l< yels h' ,efnk CaO wdY%s;j wmøjH
f,i CaCO3 ;sîu wjdishls.

2 mshjr

s wruqK Mg2+ wvx.= ødjKfhka Mg(OH)2 ksmojd .ekSuhs' m<uq mshjr u`.ska ksmojd
fï mshjf¾ uQ,l
.;a Tlaihsv (CaO fyda CaO yd MgO) ìg¾ka ødjKh iu`. m%;l s d lrjkq ,efí' tys oS c,h iu`. CaO
s %h
m%;l s d lsÍfuka Ca(OH)2 iEfoa. fï Ca(OH)2 c,fha oS u| jYfhka ødjKh ù Ca2+ yd OH− ,nd fohs.
s %h
Mg(OH)2 ys ødjH;d .=K;
s h Ca(OH)2 ys ødjH;d .=K;
s hg jvd l=vd ksid Ca(OH)2 u`.ska ,efnk fï OH−
u`.ska ødjKfha jQ Mg2+ whk Mg(OH)2 f,i wjlafIam ùu isÿ fõ. ta iu`. u ;j ;j;a Ca(OH)2 ødjH
fjñka OH− whk ksoyia lrhs' Ca(OH)2 wjlafIam jYfhka b;sß ùula isÿ fkdjk mßÈ ødjH fõ. ødjKfha
jQ Mg2+ m%udKh wjlafIam lsÍug wjYH CaO m%udKhla tla lrhs. Mg(OH)2 iuÕ Ca(OH)2 wjlafIam
;sîu wjdishls.
CaO(s) + CO2 (g) Ca (OH)2 (s) ----------------(1)
Ca (OH)2 (s) Ca2+(𝑎𝑞) + 2OH− (𝑎𝑞) ----- (2)
Mg2+(𝑎𝑞) + 2OH−(𝑎𝑞) Mg (OH)2 (s) ----------(3)
11
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 3 mshjr
iEfok Mg(OH)2 fmrd bj;a lr th idkaø HCl iu`. m%;l
s %h
s d lrjd MgCl2 idod.kS'

Mg (OH)2 (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

s aiQ fvd,uhsÜ (MgO.CaO) fhÿfõ kï tys jQ CaO by; mßÈ c,Sh ødjKfha jQ Mg2+ whk iu`. m%;l
ms,i s %h
s d
lrhs' tfy;a MgO c,fha wødjH ksid iEfok Mg(OH)2 wjlafIamh iu`. MgO o ñY% ù mj;S's

4 mshjr
fï ødjKh ;oska r;a lr c,h jdIam lrkq ,efí' iaMálSlrK c, m%udKh o ie,lsh hq;= ;rï wvq jk
mßÈ úh<kq ,efí¡ úh<s ,jKfha 16% (w/w) muK c, m%udKhla we;¡

MgCl2·6H2O(s) MgCl2·4H2O(s) + 2H2O(l)

MgCl2·4H2O(s) MgCl2·2H2O(s) + 2H2O(l)

,efnk >kh úoHq;a úÉfþokhg ,la lrk jdfka l=àrh ;=< oS m<uqj ú,Sk lr wk;=rej úoHq;a úÉfþokh
flf¾' ,jKh ú,Sk lsÍu i|yd r;a lrk úg tys jQ c,h iyuq,k
s a u jdIam ù bj;a fõ¡ fldaIh ;=<
WIaK;ajh 700-800 ŸC ys mrdihl mj;ajd .kS. MgCl2 yd ue.aki
S shï f,dayfha øjdxlhkag jvd by<
WIaK;ajhl ú,Sk ,jKh mj;ajd .; hq;h s , jk Mg
= ' ta ú,Sk ,jKh úoHq;a úÉfþokh lrk úg m%;M
f,dayh øj wjia:dfõ mej;Su ksid fldaIfhka bj;g .ekSu myiq h' Mg ys øjdxlfha oS øj Mg ys >k;ajh
1.584 g cm-3 o ú,Sk MgCl2 ys ^øjdxlfha oS& >k;ajh 1.68 g cm-3 muK o ksid iEfok ú,Sk Mg f,dayh
ú,Sk MgCl2 u; md fõ¡

wefkdavh ^ñksrka& wi, m%;l s dj: 2Cl-(aq)

s %h Cl2(g) + 2e

iEfok Cl2 jdhqj HCl ksIm

A dokh i|yd fhdod .kq ,efí' tu HCl kej; Mg(OH)2 iu`. m%;l s d lrjd MgCl2
s %h
ksIamdokhg fhdod .kq ,efí¡

lef;davh ^jdfka& wi, m%;l s dj: Mg2+(l) + 2e

s %h Mg(l)

iEfok øj Mg fldaIfhka bj;a lr .kS. fuys oS 99.8% muK Mg M,odjla ,nd .; yels h' ue.aki
S shïys
øjdxlh 650 °C muK ksid 700 °C jeks WIaK;ajfha § th øj f,i mj;S'
.a/*hsÜ wefkdavh

odylh i|yd bkaOk iys; jdhq iemhqu lrk k,

ue.aki
S h
s ï ksmojkq ,nk úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIfhys yrialv jHQyh

22
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 .=jkahdkd yd jdyk i|yd Yla;u
s ;a ieye,a¨ f,day wjYH fõ' fujeks .=K ,nd .ekSug wjYH ñY% f,day
ksIamdokhg Mg f,dayh b;d jeo.;a fõ'

a dokfha oS jdhqf.da,hg wu;r CO2 tla ùu wjdishls¡ yqkq.,a fyda fvd,uhsÜ ms,siaiSu ksid;a" úoHq;a
fï ksIm
úÉfþok fldaIh wdY%;
s j by< WIaK;ajhla ,nd .ekSug fmfg%d,
a h
s ï bkaOk oykh lsÍu ksid;a jdhqf.da,hg
CO2 tla fõ¡

fldaiaála fidavd ^NaOH& ksIamdokh

msßisÿ idkaø NaCl ødjKhla n%hska f,i ye|skf s a ødjKhla úoHq;a úÉfþokh lsÍu u`.ska NaOH
a õ' n%hk
ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs' w;=re M, f,i lef;davh wi,ska H2 jdhqj yd wefkdavh wi,ska Cl2 jdhqj msg fõ'

s jYfhka iEfok Cl2 yd H2 ujq, m%udK iudk jqj;a jdhq f,i tl;= lr .; yels Cl2 yd H2
ffioaOdka;l
ujq, m%udK iudk fkd fõ' c,Sh m%;sls%hd udOH ;=< Cl2 jdhqj iq¿ jYfhka osh úh yels ksid jdhquh jYfhka
/ia lr .; yels Cl2 ujq, m%udKh" H2 ujq, m%udKhg jvd iq¿ jYfhka wvq úh yels h'

NaCl(s)+ c,h NaCl(aq)

úoHq;a úÉfþokh
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)

úoHq;a úÉfþokh uÕska fldiaála fidavd ksIm

a dokh lsÍug Ndú; lrk fldaI laf,dafrd- we,al,s fldaI
f,i ye|skf
a õ' tajd ;=ka j¾.hls'

a) riÈh fldaI
b) m%dÖr fldaI
c) mg, fldaI

riÈh fldaI l%uh mokï lr f.k uq,a hq.fha § NaOH ksIamdokh lrk ,È¡ tfy;a mßirhg riÈh ksoyia
ùug yelshdjla ;sîu yd ksmojk NaOH wdY%s;j b;d iaj,am jYfhka riÈh wka;¾.;j ;sîu tys m%Odk
wjdis fõ'

mg, fldaIh yd m%dÖr fldaIh fndfyda ÿrg tl iudk fõ' m%Odk; u fjki jkafka m%dÖrhla fjkqjg" mg,
fldaIfha oS wefkdavh yd lef;davh fjka lsÍug Na+ whk i|yd mdr.uH mg,hla fhdod ;sîu fõ' mg,
fldaIh yd ieiª úg oS m%dÖr fldaIfha wefkdav l=àrfha øj uÜgu lef;dav l=àrfha øj uÜgug jvd jeäh'
ta ksid weianeiafgdaia m%dÖrh yryd øjia;sÓl mSvkhla wefkdav l=àr ødjKfha isg lef;dav l=àr ødjKhg
s d;aul fõ' wefkdav l=àrfha isg lef;dav l=àrhg Na+ whk ixl%uKh lrùu flfrys ta øjiaÓ;sl
l%h
mSvkfha n,mEula we;' lef;dav ødjKfha isg wefkdav l=àr ødjKh olajd OH¯ whk ixl%uKh ùu
je<elaùug ta øjiaÓ;sl mSvk n,mEu fya;= fõ' tfy;a mg, fldaIfha § Ok whk ixl%uKh i|yd muKla
bvla we;s mg,hlska lef;davh yd wefkdavh fjka lr we;' mg, fldaI Ndú;fha jdis f,i ksmojk
NaOHys ixY=oaO;dj by< ùu" wvq úoHq;a m%udKhla jeh ùu yd mdßißl n,mEï wju ùu oelaúh yels h'

fï úoHq;a úÉfþok l%hs dj,sfha § úoHq;a úÉfþokhg fhdod .kakd úoHq;a úNjh yd bf,lafg%dv
a mDIaGfha

33
talSh j¾.M,hlska talhS ld,hloS msg lrk wdfrdamKh jeo.;a idOlhla fõ¡ my; j.=fõ tu f;dr;=re
imhd we;'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak

 fldiaála fidavd ksIm
a dokh lsÍug Ndú; lrk fldaIj, wka;¾.; idOl
riÈh fldaI m%dÖr fldaI mg, fldaI
fldaI úNjh$V -4'4 -3'45 -2'95
Odrd >k;ajh/ A cm-2 1 0'2 0'4
NaOH ixhq;sh (w/w]) 50 12 35

mg, fldaI l%uh

mg, fldaI l%ufha oS Ndú; jk n%hk

s a ødjKh b;d msßisÿ úh hq;h
= ' n%hk s j Mg2+, Ca2+ yd
s a ødjKh wdY%;
SO2- whk ;sîu ksIamdok l%h
s dj,shg ndOd muqKjhs' ødjKh Ndiañl j;a u fï legdhk wjfCIm ùu ksid
s dldß;ajhg ndOd we;s fõ' fï whk NaOH ødjKhg tl;= ùu ksid fldaiá
fldaIfha l%h a la fidavdys
ixY=oO
a ;dj wvq ùu o wjdishls' tneúka ksIamdokhg fhdod .kq ,nk n%hska ødjKfha fï wmøjH whk
idkaøKh b;d my< uÜgul mej;sh hq;= h'
q c,h u`.ska ksiaidrKh lrk ¨Kq (NaCl) wdY%s;j Mg2+, Ca2+ yd SO42- whk we;¡ ta wkqj fï ¨Kq u`.ska
uqyÿ
idok n%hk a s jQ wmøjH whk bj;a lsÍug ridhksl msßhï lsÍu b;d jeo.;a mshjrls¡ m%udKj;a mßÈ BaCl2
s y
tla lsÍfuka SO42- whk BaSO4 f,i wjlafIam lr bj;a l< yels h' m%udKj;a f,i NaOH yd Na2CO3 tla
l< úg § Mg2+ yd Ca2+ whk Mg(OH)2 yd CaCO3 f,i wjlafIam lrjd bj;a l< yels h'

Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Mg (OH)2(s) 

Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) CaCO3 (s) 

Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) BaSO4(s) 

yhsv%cka

idkaø ¨Kq ødjKh ^n%hska

ødjK& we;=`M lsÍu

mg, fldaIh

wefkdav l=àrh ;=< ødjKh wdY%s;j wdrïNfha § m%Odk jYfhka Na+ yd Cl– whk we;s w;r b;d iaj,am
jYfhka c,h ú>gkfhka ,efnk H+ yd OH– whk we;¡ wefkdavh wi,ska OH– whk TlaislrKh ù O2
ksoyia lsÍug ,nd Èh hq;= iïu; úoHq;a úNjh 0'4 V yd Cl- whk TlaislrKh lr Cl2 ksoyia lsÍug ,nd
Èh hq;= iïu; úoHq;a úNjh 1'36 V fõ' fï ksid Cl2 ksoyia ùug wu;rj O2 ksoyia ùfï yelshdjla we;¡
O2 ksoyia ùu wvq lsÍug úúO Wml%u fhdod we;¡

4OH–(aq) O2 (g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e

2Cl–(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e

44
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 fldaiaála fidavd ksIamdokhg .kq ,nk n%hska ødjKfha NaCl idkaøKh idfmalaIj by< h' idfmaËj b;d
wvq OH– idkaøKhla yd b;d by< Cl– whk idkaøKhla we;s wjia:dfõoS OH– whk y;rla bf,lafg%dv
a h
u; tla ù O2 wKqjla yd c, wKq folla iE§u i`oyd we;s iïNdú;dj idfmaËj wvq h¡ wefkdav l=àr
ødjKh ;=< idfmalaIj by< Cl– whk idkaøKhla we;s neúka Cl– whk TlaislrKh ù Cl2 jdhqj iE§u
i`oyd idfmalaIj jeä iïNdú;djla we;'

úoHq;a úÉfþokh iu`. Cl– whk idkaøKh jvd;a wvq jk úg § OH– whk TlaislrKh ù O2 ksoyia ùfï
iïNdú;djla we;s ksid n%hska ødjKh uq`Mukska u úoHq;a úÉfþokhg Ndckh fkdlrhs' fï ksid wefkdav
l=àrhg wLKavj idkaø ¨Kq ødjKhla fmdïm lrk w;r wLKavj wefkdav l=àr ødjKh bj;a lsÍu isÿ
lrhs¡ moaO;sh ;=< Cl– whk idkaøKh wvq jqj;a Na+ whk idkaøKh wvq fkd fõ' moaO;sh ;=< ^iuia;
fldaIh u ie,l+ úg §& úoHq;a WodiSk;dj mej;Su uQ,sl ,CIKhls' tneúka Cl– whk Cl2 f,ig wefkdav
l=àr ødjKfhka bj;a jk úg § fjk;a RK whkhla wefkdav l=àr ødjKhg meñKSu fyda Na+ whk
lef;dav l=àr ødjKhg ixl%uKh úh hq;= h' TlaisyrKh isÿ jkafka lef;dav l=àrh ;=< §h'

c,Sh Na+ whkhg jvd myiqfjka H+ whkh TlaisyrKh fõ' wdrïNfha § lef;dav l=àrh ;=< jQ udOHfha
NaCl ke;s ksid tys jQ m%Odk ixrplh c,h fõ' c, wKq ú>gkfhys m%;sM,hla jQ H+ whk È.ska È.g
TlaisyrKh jk ksid c, wKq m%;sj¾;Hh f,i ú>gkh ù mj;ajd .;a iu;=,s;dj ì`o jefÜ' c, wKq
ú>gkfhka ,enqKq H+ whk H2 f,i bj;a ùu;a iu`. c, wKq È.ska È.g ú>gkh jk ksid lef;dav l=áh
;=< OH- whk idkaøKh jeä fõ'

c, wKq ú>gkfha iu;=,s; wjia:dj (1) iólrKh uÕska oelaúh yels h'

H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH- (aq)-------------- (1)

H+ whk H2 f,ig TlaisyrKh ksid iu;=,s;;dj ì|jeà we;s wjia:dj (2) iólrKh uÕska oelaúh yels
h'

H2O(l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)----------------(2)

wefkdav l=àrh ;=< Cl¯ whk TlaislrK ù Cl2 iEfok YS>%;djg iudk YS>%;djlska lef;dav l=àrfha H+
whk H2 f,ig TlaisyrKh fõ' fï ksid u iuia;hlaa f,i ie,l+ úg § wefkdav l=àr ødjKh ;=< Cl¯
whk wvq jk Ys>%;djg .e<fmk mßÈ lef;dav l=àrfha jQ c,h È.ska È.g ú>gkh ù OH– ckkh ùula
isÿ fõ' fï ksid iuia; moaO;sh úoHq;a jYfhka WodiSk fõ'

mg, fldaIh wdY%s;j jQ úoHq;a úÉfþokh iuÕ wefkdav l=àrh ;=< Cl- whk idkaøKh wvq jqj;a Na+ whk
idkaøKh wvq fkdfõ' tfia u lef;dav l=àrh ;=< c, wKq ú>gkfhka ,efnk H+ whk TlaisyrKh jk
ksid u OH– whk idkaøKh jeä ùu isÿfõ' fï ksid mg,h yryd úoHq;a úNj wka;rhla f.dvkef`.a'
lef;dav l=àrfha jQ OH– whk wefkdav l=àrhg ixl%uKh jqj fyd;a tys jQ Cl2 iu`. OH– whk m%;sl%shd
lrhs' tfy;a mg, fldaIfha mg,h yryd OH– whk ixl%uKhg yelshdjla ke;s fyhska mg, fldaIfha
lef;dav l=àr ødjKh wdY%s;j fï m%;sl%shdj isÿ fkd fõ'

mg, fldaIfha wefkdav l=àrh yd lef;dav l=àrh Ok whk ^Na+& i|yd mdr.uH mg,hlska fjka lr we;'
fï mg,fha b;d l=vd isÿre we;s w;r ta isÿrej, udhsu wdY%s;j RK whk ne`§ we;' tfyhska u ta isÿr
wjg wjldYfha RK úoHq;a fCIa;%h uÕska isÿr foig Ok whk wdl¾IKh fõ' RK whk úl¾IKh fõ'
55
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 ixY=oaO;dj by< NaCl uÕska iEÿ n%hska ødjKhla úoHq;a úÉfþokhg ,la lrjhs' lef;dav l=àrhg tla
k,hlska wLKavj c,h tla lrk úg ;j;a k,hlska NaOH iys; ødjKh bj;a lrhs'

wefkdavh ghsfÜkshïj,ska o lef;davh ksl,aj,ska o ;kd we;' mg, fldaIh uÕska NaOH ksIamdokh wLKav
l%shdj,shla f,i isÿ l< yels ùu úfYaI;ajhls' wLKavj 26] idkaøKh we;s n%hska ødjKhla wefkdav
l=àrhg fmdïm lrk w;r .e,Sï igyfka olajd we;s mßÈ wefkdavh l=àrfhka bj;a lrk ødjKfha n%hska
idkaøKh 24] muK f;la wvq ù we;'

fuys § wefkdav l=àrfha Cl- whk TlaislrK ù Cl2 f,i bj;ajk úg u lef;dav l=àrfhka H+ whk
TlaisyrKfhka H2 f,i bj;a fõ' fï ksid lef;dav l=àrh ;=< OH- whk idkaøKh jeä ùfï Ys>%;djh
iuÕ ieifok mßÈ" wefkdav l=àrfha jQ Na+ whk lef;dav l=àrhg ixl%uKh fõ' fï ksid lef;dav l=àrh
;=< NaOH idkaøKhla f.dvkef`.hs' Na+ whk ixl%uKh iu`. tla tla l=àrh ;=< úoHq;a WodiSk;dj we;s
fõ' úoHq;a úÉfþokh iuÕ fï l%shdj,sh È.ska È.g u isÿ fõ'

wefkdav l=àrh ;=< we;s Cl- whk mg,h yryd lef;dav l=àrh fj; .uka fkdlrk ksid iEfok NaOH
iuÕ wmøjHhla f,i NaCl ñY% fkdfõ'

wefkdav m%;sl%shdj (Ok w.%h):

2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e

lef;dav m%;sl%shdj (RK w.%h):

2H2O(l) + 2e 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)

iuia; m%;sl%shdj:

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

66
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 mg, fldaI l%uh u`.ska NaOH ksmoùu oelafjk .e,Sï igyk

NaCl ,jKh
c,h

n%hska ødjKh øj Cl2

isis,a lsÍu
n%hska ødjKh msßmyÿ
lsÍu iïmSvkh lsÍu
^Ca 2+, Mg2+ yd SO 42-

whk bj;a lsÍu)

úh<Su
msßisÿ n%hska ødjKh ^c,jdIam bj;a lsÍu&

úoHq;a úÉfþokh
wefkdav l=àrh Cl2 jdhqj ^wefkdavh l=àrfhka&
(26% (w/w)
n%hska ødjKh
n%hska ødjKh)
m%;spl%SlrKh c,h

Na+ whk mg,h

wefkdav l=àrh yryd ixl%uKh
24% (w/w) Na+(aq) whk
(24% (w/w)
n%hska ødjKh (lef;dav ødjKh)
n%hska ødjKh)
bj;a lsÍu
úoHq;a úÉfÊokh
H2 jdhqj + OH–(aq) whk
lef;dav l=àrh
^lef;dav l=àrfhka& ^lef;dav ødjKh&

c,Sh NaOH
inka ksIamdokhg"
32% (w/w)
frÈms<s ksmoùug
jdIamSlrKh

99% (w/w) jQ NaOH

77
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 NaOH iy w;=re M,j, m%fhdack
NaOH j, m%fhdack
1) inka ksIamdokh
2) lvodis" lD;%su fiao yd idhï l¾udka;h
3) m%n, Niauhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu
4) wmc,h msßhï lsÍfï oS ner f,day tajdfha yhsfv%dlaihsv f,i wjlafIam lsÍu

laf,daÍkaj, m%fhdack
1) frosms<s, oej yd lvodis m,am úrxckh lsÍu
2) mdkSh c,fha nelaàßhd úkdY lsÍu
3) HCl ksIamdokh
4) laf,daßkSlD; rn¾, lDñkdYl, idhï yd T!IO ksmoùu
5) PVC jeks nyqwjhjl øjH ksmoùug wjYH jhkhs,a laf,darhsâ ksmoùu

yhsv%ckaj, m%fhdack
1) HCl ksIamdokh
2) NH3 ksIamdokh
3) t<j`M f;,a yhsv%ckSlrKfhka ud.Íka ksIamdokh
4) bkaOkhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu

inka ksIamdokh

inka ksIamdokfha § ridhkslj isÿ jkafka fldaiaála fidavd iu`. g%hs.,

a sirhsâ c,úÉfþok m%;sl%shdjla
^ief*dkSlrKh& isÿ ù .a,sifrda,a yd oS¾> odu ldfndlais,sla wï,j, fidaähï ,jK iE§uhs' fï ,jK
inka f,i y`ÿkajhs' inka wKqjl ldnka yd yhsv%cka mrudKq wka;¾.; c,NS;sl j,s.hla yd c,ldó
ysila iys; m%foaYhla we;' c,ldó ysi wdY%s;j Na+ whkh fyda K+ whkh yd -COO- whk ldKavh we;'

i;a;aj f;,a fyda Ydl f;,a inka ksIamdokfha oS tla wuqøjHhla f,i Ndú; fõ' NaOH fyda KOH wfkla
uqøjHh fõ'

inka wKqjl c,NS;sl j,s.h yd c,ldó ysi

inka ksIamdokh l< yels l%shdj,s folls' WKqiqï l%shdj,sh (Hot Process) yd YS; l%shdj,sh
(Cold Process) hkq tu wdldr folhs' YS; l%shdj,sfha § inka yd .a,sifrda,a fjka lsÍu isÿ fkdlrhs' inka
;=< .a,sifrda,a ;eïm;a fõ' inka ksIAmdokh lrk WKqiqï l%shdj,sh yd ta wdY%s;j m%Odk mshjr y;r
ms<sn|j muKla fuys § i,ld n,kq ,efí'

1) ief*dkSlrKh
2) w;=re M,h jQ .a,siÍka bj;a lsÍu
3) inka msßmyÿ lsÍu
4) ksñ inka njg m;a lsÍu
88
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 f;,aj, j¾Kl yd wmøjH bj;a lsÍug il%sh *q,¾ ^w&¾;a (Activated fuller earth) f,i y`ÿkajk
úfYaI ueá øjHhla u;ska hjkq ,efí' tys WIAK;ajh 90 °C muK mj;ajd .kq ,efí' bka miq f;,aj,
;sìh yels ueá wxY= bj;a lsÍfuka miqj inka ksIamdokhg fhdod .kq ,efí' inka ksIamdokh wLKav
l%shdj,shla (Continuous Process) fyda ldKav l%shdj,shla (Batch Process) f,i fyda isÿ l< yels h'

ldKav l%shdj,sh idïm%odhsl l%uhhs' ldKAv l%shdj,sfha § ish¨ wuqøjH m%udK tl jr m%;sl%shd l=àrhg
tla lr m%;sl%shd ùug bv i,ihs' bkamiq M, fjka lrhs' wLKav l%shdj,sfha § m%;sl%shd l=àrhg wLKavj
m%;sl%shl imhk w;r wLKavj M, bj;a flf¾'
1. ief*dkSlrKh
fuys § msßmyÿ l< Ydl f;,a c,Sh NaOH ødjKhla iu`. ñY% lr r;a flf¾' m%;sl%shd l=àrhg msßmyÿ
l< Ydl f;,a ^Wod: fmd,a f;,a& yd c,Sh NaOH (fldaiaála fidavd) fyda KOH ødjKh fmdïm lrkq
,efí' fldaiaála fidavd c,fha Èh ùu ;dmodhl h' ta ksid fldaiaála fidavd c,fha Èh lsÍu fjk u
l%shdj,shla f,i isÿ lrhs'

f;,a yd c,Sh NaOH tlsfklg ñY% fkdjk l,dm folls' tfy;a fï ia;r foflys w;=re uqyK
q ; wdY%s;j
isÿ jk ief*dkSlrK m%;sl%shdfjka .a,ißka yd inka iEfoa' fuys § NaOH WodiSklrKhg ,lajk ksid
;dmh ksmofõ' m%;sl%shd ñY%Kfha WIaK;ajh 70 °Cys mj;ajdf.k ñY%Kh fyd`Èka ñY% lrhs' f;,a l=vd
ì`È;s njg m;a ù mDIaÀl j¾.M,h jeä fõ' fï ksid iuia; m%;sl%shd ñY%K mßudj wdY%s;j m%;sl%shdj
taldlrj isÿ fõ'

ief*dkSlrK m%;sl%shdj my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

R = C17H35 / C15H31/ C11H23 / C13H27

2. .a,sißka bj;a lsÍu

ief*dkSlrKfhka miq ,efnk c,Sh l,dmfha Ndiañl;dj wvq ù we;' c,Sh l,dmh ;=< .a,siÍka osh
ù we;' hï m%udKhla inka o Èh ù we;' c, l,dmh ;=< Èh jQ inka wKq whKslrKh ù we;s w;r"
my; mßÈ iu;=,s;;djla mj;ajd .kq ,efí'
c,Sh l,dmfha inkays ødjH;dj wvq lsÍug NaCl ^n%hsk&a tla lrhs' Na+ whk idkaøKh by< neúka my;
iu;=,s;;dj jï mig keUqre ù inka wKq c, l,dmfhka fjka fõ' ,jK ødjKh ;=< .a,siÍka Èh
fõ'
NaCl tla lsÍu ksid c, l,dmfha >k;ajh jeä fõ' wY=oaO inka c, l,dm fhka fjka jQ miq j .a,siÍka
iys; c, l,dmh fmdïm lr bj;a lrhs'

c,h + RCOO – Na+(s) RCOO–(aq) + Na+(aq)

Na+ whk idkaøKh jeä lrk úg

99
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 wY=oaO inka wdY%s;j ie,lsh hq;= ;rï f;;ukhla ^c,h& ;sîu yd WIaK;ajh 70 °C ksid fmdïm lr
bj;a lsÍu myiq fõ' m%;sl%shd l=àrfhka bj;a lrk c,Sh ,jK ødjKh wdY%s;j .a,siÍka ;sfí'

ta ksid w;=re M, f,ig .a,siÍka fjka lsÍug tu ,jK ødjKh fyd`o m%Njhls' ta ødjKfhka .a,siÍka
bj;a l< miq ,efnk ødjKhg wjYH ;rï kej; NaCl tla lr m%;spl%SlrKhg ,la flf¾' wY=oaO
inka ;=< we;s .a,siÍka bj;a lsÍug fï ,jK ødjKh Ndú; lrhs¡ fï ,jK ødjKh ;=< .a,siÍka
Èh jqj;a inka Èh fkdfõ'

fuys § ,jK ødjKh iu`. inka fyd`Èka ñY% lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'

fï ksid wY=oaO inka ;=< /`§ ;sfnk .a,siÍka bj;a lr hï m%udKhlg msßmyÿ l< yels h' .a,siÍka
iys; ,jK ødjKh yd ;rula ÿrg msßmyÿ jQ inka fjka lrkq ,nhs¡

3. inka msßmyÿ lsÍu

.a,siÍka bj;a lr hï m%udKhlg msßmyÿ l< inka ;=< c,h yd NaCl ,jK we;' ,jK iys; f;;a
a dmirKh lrhs' túg c,Sh ,jK ødjKh inkaj,ska fjka fõ' inkays jQ NaCl jQ ixhq;sh 0'5]
inka flakø
(w/w) f;la wvq fõ'

inka ;=< NaOH ;sîu mdßfNda.l

s hdg ydksodhl h' fldaiaála m%udKh by< inka ksid iug yd wefiys jQ
ishqï mglj,g n,j;a ydks we;s úh yels h' t ksid b;d iq¿ jYfhka fyda we;s NaOH WodiSk lsÍug
isÜßla wï,h" fmdiamßla wï,h fyda fmd,af;,a wdY%s;j jQ ksoyia fïo wï, tla lrhs'

4. ksñ inka njg m;a lsÍu

,jK bj;a l< miq ta inka ;=< we;s c,h bj;a lsÍu wjYH fõ' c, m%udKh 12] (w/w) f;la wvq lsÍug
120 °C muK WKqiqï l< inka wvq mSvk l,dmhlg ishqï ì`È;s mßÈ úisÍ hEug biskq ,nhs (Spray)'
fuys § c,h jdIamSlrKhg ;dmh ,nd .kakd ksid inka ì`È;sj, WIaK;ajh wvq fõ' wvq mSvk Ndckh
;=< inka ;eïm;a fõ' c,jdIAm bj;a lrhs' úh<s inka fjka lr .kq ,efí' úh<s inkaj,g msrjqïldrl"
j¾Kl yd iqj`oldrl ñY% lr wjYH mßÈ yev .kajd ksñ inka ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs'

inkaj, TFM w.h

inkaj, we;s uq¿ fïouh øjH m%udKh (Total Fatty Matter) ñka woyia fõ' tkï inka legfha we;s
RCOONa ^inka& m%;sY;hhs' frÈ fidaok inka leghl TFM w.h 54-56 muK jk w;r b;sßh msrjqï
øjH fYdaOkh j¾Okh flfrk øjH" j¾Kl wdÈh fõ'

lÀk c,fha inka Èh fkdùu yd fmK fkdkeÕSu inkaj, we;s wjdishls' thg fya;=j inka wKq
lÀk;ajhg fya;= jQ legdhk iu`. m%;sl%shd lr wjlafIam ùuhs'

RCOOˉ Na+ + M2+ (RCOO)2M + 2Na+

M = Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ jeks whk

laId,l (Detergents) lÀk c,fha § wjlafIam fkd fõ' lD;s%u laId,lj, we;s m%Odk ixrplh fidaähï
we,alhs,afnkaiskai,af*dfkaÜ h'

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10
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak
 inkaj, fYdaOk l%shdj
l=Kq hkq f;,a mg,hla jgd tl;= jQ ¥ú,s wxY+ yd ldnksl ixfhda. ñY%Khla fõ' c,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh
jeä ksid c,h muKla fh¥ úg l=Kq bj;a fkd fõ' inka u`.ska c,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh wvq lrk w;r u
fYdaOk l%shdj o j¾Okh lrhs'

Wmia;rfhka fjka ù c,
l,dmhg meñKs
ff;,uh l=Kq iys;
ñfi,a,dj
ff;,uh l=Kq
me,a,u

+ R-COONa+

Wmia;rh
ñfi,a,d wKqj

inka wKq f;,a ì`È;s iu`. by; wdldrhg ñfi,a,d idok neúka l=Kq bj;a fõ'

Na2CO3 ksIamdokh (fid,afõ l%uh / wefudakh

s d fidavd l%uh)

fidaähï ldnfkaÜ ridhksl l¾udka; .Kkdjlg wjYH jk wuqøjHhls' tneúka Na2CO3 ksIamdokh
f,dalfha m%uqL ridhksl l¾udka;hls' oekg f,dalfha jd¾Islj fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk 20la muK Na2CO3
ksIamdokh fõ'

Na2CO3 ksIamdokh wdY%s;j we;s m%Odk ridhksl m%;sl%shd my; oelafõ'

NH3 + H2O NH4OH

NH4OH + CO2 NH4HCO3

NaCl + NH4HCO3 NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Na2CO3 ksIamdokhg wjYH NH3 ,nd .kafka fyan¾ l%ufhks' yqk.

q ,a ;dm úfhdackfhka CO2 ksmojd .kq
,efí' wfkla m%Odk wuqøjHh jkafka Ca2+, Mg2+ yd SO42- bj;a lrk ,o msßisÿ l< idkaø NaCl ødjKhhs'
fuh n%hska f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Na2CO3 ksmoùu i|yd úfYaIfhka ilia l< wg¨j ;=< isÿjk l%shdj,sfha uQ,sl mshjr ieflúka my;
mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

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11
wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak