Biconditi onal Stateme nts

Example 1: Examine the sentences below. Given: p: A polygon is a triangle. q: A polygon has exactly 3 sides. Problem: Determine the truth values of this statement: (p p) q) (q

Unit 9> Less on 6 of 11

The compound statement (p q) (q p) is a conjunction of two conditional statements. In the first conditional, p is the hypothesis and q is the conclusion; in the second conditional, q is the hypothesis and p is the conclusion. Let's look at a truth table for this compound statement. p qp q TT TF FT FF T F T T q p T T F T (p q) (q T F F T p)

In the truth table above, when p and q have the same truth values, the compound statement (p q) (q p) is true. When we combine two conditional statements this way, we have a biconditional. Definition: A biconditional statement is defined to be true whenever both parts have the same truth value. The biconditional operator is denoted by a doubleheaded arrow . The biconditional p q

represents "p if and only if q," where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion. The following is a truth table for biconditional p p qp TT TF FT FF q T F F T q.

In the truth table above, p q is true when p and q have the same truth values, (i.e., when either both are true or both are false.) Now that the biconditional has been defined, we can look at a modified version of Example 1. Example 1: Given: p: A polygon is a triangle. q: A polygon has exactly 3 sides. Problem: What does the statement p q represent? Solution: The statement p q represents the sentence, "A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has exactly 3 sides."

Note that in the biconditional above, the hypothesis is: "A polygon is a triangle" and the conclusion is: "It has exactly 3 sides." It is helpful to think of the biconditional as a conditional statement that is true in both directions. Remembe r that a conditiona l statement has a oneway arrow ( ) and a biconditio nal statement

has a twoway arrow ( ). We can use an image of a oneway street to help us remember the symbolic form of a conditiona l statement, and an image of a two-way street to help us remember the symbolic form of a biconditio nal statement. Let's look at more examples of the biconditional. Example 2: Given: Problem: a: x + 2 = 7 b: x = 5 Write a values a Solution: The biconditonal a b represents the sentence: "x + 2 = 7 if and b as a sentence. Then determine its truth b.

only if x = 5." When x = 5, both a and b are true. When x 5, both a and b are false. A biconditional statement is defined to be true whenever both parts have the same truth value. Accordingly, the truth values of a b are listed in the table below.

a ba TT TF FT FF

b T F F T

Example 3: Given: x: I am breathing y: I am alive y as a sentence.

Problem: Write x

Solution: x y represents the sentence, "I am breathing if and only if I am alive." Example 4: Given: r: You passed the exam. s: You scored 65% or higher. s as a sentence.

Problem: Write r

Solution: r s represents, "You passed the exam if and only if you scored 65% or higher." Mathematicians abbreviate "if and only if" with "iff." In Example 5, we will rewrite each sentence from Examples 1 through 4 using this abbreviation.

Example 5: Rewrite each of the following sentences using "iff" instead of "if and only if." if and only if A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has exactly 3 sides. I am breathing if and only if I am alive. x + 2 = 7 if and only if x = 5. You passed the exam if and only if you scored 65% or higher. iff A polygon is a triangle iff it has exactly 3 sides. I am breathing iff I am alive. x + 2 = 7 iff x = 5. You passed the exam iff you scored 65% or higher.

When proving the statement p iff q, it is equivalent to proving both of the statements "if p, then q" and "if q, then p." (In fact, this is exactly what we did in Example 1.) In each of the following

examples, we will determine whether or not the given statement is biconditional using this method. Example 6: Given: p: x + 7 = 11 q: x = 5 Problem: Is this sentence biconditional? "x + 7 = 11 iff x = 5." Solution: Let p Let q q represent "If x + 7 = 11, then x = 5." p represent "If x = 5, then x + 7 = 11." q is false by the definition of a conditional.

The statement p

The statement q p is also false by the same definition. Therefore, the sentence "x + 7 = 11 iff x = 5" is not biconditional. Example 7: Given: r: A triangle is isosceles. s: A triangle has two congruent (equal) sides. Problem: Is this statement biconditional? "A triangle is isosceles if and only if it has two congruent (equal) sides." Solution: Yes. The statement r s is true by definition of a conditional.

The statement s r is also true. Therefore, the sentence "A triangle is isosceles if and only if it has two congruent (equal) sides" is biconditional. Summary: A biconditional statement is defined to be true whenever both parts have the same truth value. The biconditional operator is denoted by a doubleheaded arrow . The biconditional p q represents "p if and only if q," where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion.

Exercises
Directions: Read each question below. Select your answer by

clicking on its button. Feedback to your answer is provided in the RESULTS BOX. If you make a mistake, choose a different button. 1 Given: . a: y - 6 = 9 b: y = 15 Problem: The biconditional a b represents which of the following sentences?
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If y - 6 = 9, then y = 15. y - 6 = 9 if and only if y = 15. If y = 15, then y - 6 = 9. None of the above. RESULTS BOX:

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2 Given: . Problem:

r: 11 is prime. s: 11 is odd. The biconditional r s represents which of the following sentences?

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If 11 is prime, then 11 is odd. If 11 is odd, then 11 is prime. 11 is prime iff 11 is odd. None of the above. RESULTS BOX:

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3 Given: .

y x Problem: If both of these statements are true then which of the following must also true?
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(x x

y) y

(y

x)

x iff y All of the above. RESULTS BOX:

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4 Given: .

m n is biconditional Problem: Which of the following is a true statement?

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m is the hypothesis m is the conclusion n is a conditional statement n is a biconditional statement

RESULTS BOX:

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5 Which of the following . statements is biconditional?

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I am sleeping if and only if I am snoring. Mary will eat pudding today if and only if it is custard. It is raining if and only if it is cloudy. None of the above. RESULTS BOX:

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Give 5 examples of biconditional statement?

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Answer:
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1. The candidate becomes president if and only if he wins the election. 2. The player wins a trophy if and only if he wins the game. 3. Water falls from the sky if and only if it rains. 4. I'm breathing if and only if I'm alive.

5. You are permitted to vote if and only if you are registered.

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Geometry Chapter 2.2 Definitions and Biconditional Statements

Geometry Chapter 2.2 Definitions and Biconditional Statements I) Vocabulary: A) Perpendicular: Two lines that intersect to form right angles. B) Line Perpendicular to a Plane: A line that intersects a plane in a point and is perpendicular to every line that includes that point in the plane that intersects it. C) Biconditional Statement: A statement that contains the words "if and only if" (iff) and is equivalent to writing a statement combining a conditional statement and its converse. For the truth value of a biconditional statement to be true, both the conditional statemene and its converse have to have the same truth value. Example: Conditional Statement: If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite them are congruent. Converse Statement: If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent. Biconditional Statement: Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if the two angles of the triangle are congruent.