Logarithm Exercise
Logarithm Exercise
A. Surds
1. Introduction
A surd is an irrational number. In general, if x is rational, n is positive integer and if n x is irrational, then
n
x is called a surd of nth power. Here x is called radicand, n x is called radical sign and the index ‘n’ is
called order of the surd. n x is read as nth root of x and can be written as x1/n n x are called simple surds.
If it is a surd of nth order, then
(i) When n = 2, it is called quadratic surd.
(ii) When n = 3, it is called cubic surd.
When n = 4, it is called biquadratic surd.
Note: - Every surd is an irrational number but every irrational number is not a surd. So the representation
of monomial surd on a number line is same that of irrational numbers.
e.g.,
(i) is a surd and e is irrational number (ii) is an irrational number but it is not a surd
2. Types of Surds
(i) Pure Surd:
A surd which has unity only as rational factor the other factor being irrational is called Pure Surd.
e.g. 2 , 3 3, 4 4 , 4 5
(ii) Mixed Surd:
A surd consisting of the product of a rational and irrational is called Mixed Surd
e.g., 5 3 , 12 ,and if a is rational number and not equal to zero and n b is a surd, then a n b ,
are mixed surd. If a = 1 they are called pure surd. Mixed Surd can be written as Pure Surd.
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5.2 Surds and Logarithms
3. Rationalization of Surds
The process of converting a surd to a rational number by multiplying it with a suitable Rationalising
Factor.
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.3
a a2 – b a – a2 – b
a b
2 2
(iii) If a, b, c, d are positive rational numbers and b, c, d are surds then
bd bc cd
a b c d 4 4 4
4c 4d 4b
4b2 k
(iv) 5 a k b –b b
5
b–c
(v) 3 a b c c
3
3 3
(vi) a b is a R.F. of a2/3 – a1/3 b1/3 + b2/3 and vice versa
(vii) 3 a 3
b is R.F. of a2/3 + a1/3 b1/3 + b2/3 and vice versa
2 –k 2 –k
(viii) (a b)x (a – b)x = 2a, a2 – b = 1 ⇒x k 1
5. Algebra of Surds
n n n
(ii) a b ab [Here order should be same]
n n a
(iii) a b n
b
nm nm mn
(iv) a a a
n p p n n p m np
(v) n
a a , n
ap ap/n or, am a p
(am )p [Important for changing order of
surds]
1 1 1 m n
3 n mn m n
(vi) m
a n
a a m a a mn a
1
m m 1 1 n m
a a mn n m
(vii) n 1
am n a mn a
a
an
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5.4 Surds and Logarithms
1
n
(viii) If an = b then a b n ⇒ a b
m
n m
(ix) a an
3
Similar examples 3 , 4 5 6 ,.....
(v) These are not a surd:
(a) 9 3 is not a surd.
Illustration 1: If x 3 31/3 32/3 , then find the value of x3 9x2 18x 12.
Sol: x 3 31/3 32/3
⇒ x 3 31/3 32/3
Cubing both sides
3
(x 3)3 31/3 32/3
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.5
3 4 12 12 12 12
3 2 34 23 12
(34 )(23 ) 81 8 648
Illustration 4: Arrange 4
6 , 3 7 and 5 in ascending order.
Sol: L.C.M. of 4, 3, 2 is 12.
1 3
12
4
6 64 612 63 12
216
1 4
3
7 73 712 12 7 4 12
2401
1 6
12 6 12
5 52 5 12 5 15625
Hence ascending order i.e. 4 6 , 3 7 , 5
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5.6 Surds and Logarithms
B. Logarithms
1. Definition
If ‘a’ is a positive real number, not equal to 1 and x is a rational number such that ax= N, then x
is the Logarithm of N to the base a.
If ax= N then loga N = x. [Remember N will be + ve i.e., N 0]
e.g., 23 = 8 then log28 = 3
2. System of Logarithms
There are two systems which are general used Napierian Logarithms and Common Logarithms
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
log10 1 = 0
log10 10 = 1
log10 100 = 2
log10 1000 = 3
log10 10000 = 4
log10 100000 = 5
log10 1000000 = 6
So you can see, the base-10 log of a number tells you approximately its order of magnitude.
This is how logarithms can be very useful. It helps us to convert a large number to a very small
one and at the same time the smaller numbers can be converted to a number which can be
comparable to the bigger ones.
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.7
3. Properties of Logarithms
(i) Logarithms are defined only for positive real numbers
(ii) Logarithms are defined only for positive bases different from 1.
(iii) In logba, neither a nor b is negative i.e., log of (–) ve number not defined but the value of logba
can be negative e.g., 10–2 = 0.01, log10 0.01 = – 2
(iv) log of 0 is not defined as an = 0 not possible
(v) log of 1 to any base is 0. e.g., log21= 0 ( 20 = 1)
log of a number to the same base is 1. e.g., log4 4 = 1
Logarithms of the same number to different base have different values. i.e., if m n then
logma logna. In other words, if logm a = logna then m = n.
e.g., log216 = logn16 ⇒ n = 2, log216 log4 16. Here m n
Logarithms of different numbers to the same base are different i.e., if a b, then logma logmb.
In other words if logma = logm b then a = b
e.g., log102 log103 a b
log102 = log10y ⇒ y = 2 a=b
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5.8 Surds and Logarithms
(xiii) eloge x x
(xiv) logb a logc a.logb c
1
(xv) logb a log b a
2
m
(xvi) log n xm = loga x
a n
(xvii)If a 1, a > 0 then loga a = 1 ; loge e = 1
(xviii) loga 1 = 0 (a > 0, a 1)
(xix) alog m = mlog a
Figure 5.1
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.9
Figure 5.2
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
x
Illustration 1: If log (x2y3) = a and log = b, Find log x and log y.
y
x
Sol: log (x2y3) = a and log =b
y
2 log x + 3 log y = a .....(1)
And log x – log y = b .....(2)
a 2b
Multiply (2) by 2 and subtracting from (1) we have 5 log y = a – 2b; log y =
5
a 3b
Again multiplying (2) by 3 and adding 5 log x = a + 3b; log x =
5
16 25 81
Illustration 2: Find the value of 7 log + 5 log + 3 log .
15 24 80
16 25 81 24 52 34
Sol: 7 log + 5 log + 3 log = 7 log 5log 3log
15 24 80 3 5 23 3 5 24
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5.10 Surds and Logarithms
8
Illustration 3: If logx256 = then find x.
5
1 1 1
e.g. 2
log 2 (xyz) log 2 (xyz) log 2 (xyz)
x y z
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.11
SUMMARY
n
• A surd is an irrational number. In general, if x is rational, n is positive integer and if x is irrational,
then n x is called a surd of nth power.
• Rationalizing Factor: When the product of two surds is a rational number, then each surd is called
Rationalizing Factor (R.F.)
• Law of Surds and Exponents
If a > 0, b > 0 and n is a positive rational number then,
n
n n n n n n
(i) a a a (ii) a b ab [Here, order should be same]
n n a
(i) a b n
b
nm nm mn
(ii) a a a
n p p n p m np
(iii) n
a a , n
ap ap/n or n am a p
(am )p
[Important for changing order of surds]
mn m n
(i) m
a n
a a
m
a mn m n
(ii) n
a
a
1
n
(iii) If an = b then a b n ⇒ a b
m
n m
(iv) a an
• Comparison of Surds: If two surds are of same order then one whose radicand is larger is the larger
of the two or if x > y > 0 and n > 1 is + ve integer then n x > n y
• If ‘a’ is a positive real number, not equal to 1 and x is a rational number such that ax= N, then x is the
Logarithm of N to the base a.
If ax = N then loga N = x. [Remember N will be + ve i.e., N 0]
• Napierian Logarithms: The logarithms of numbers calculated to the base ‘e’ are called Natural
Logarithms or Napierian Logarithms.
• Common Logarithms: Logarithms to the base 10 are called Common Logarithms.
• Properties of Logarithms
(i) Logs are defined only for positive real numbers.
(ii) Logs are defined only for positive bases different from 1.
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5.12 Surds and Logarithms
(iii) In logba, neither a nor b is negative i.e., log of (–) ve number not defined but the value of logba
can be negative
Fundamental Laws of Logarithms
Logarithm to any base a (where a > 0 and a 1).
(i) loga(mn) = logam + logan [Where m and n are +ve numbers]
m
(ii) loga = logam - logan
n
(x) ploga q p
loga p
1
(xi) loga m
logm a
mn
(xii) loga loga m loga n loga p loga q
pq
(xiii) eloge x x
(xiv) logb a logc a.logb c
1
(xv) logb a log b a
2
m
(xvi) log n xm = loga x
a n
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.13
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5.14 Surds and Logarithms
SOLVED EXAMPLES
log10 6 1
Example 1: Find the value of .
log10 60
x
Example 2: Prove that (log x)2 – (log y)2 = (log xy) log
y
Sol: (log x)2 – (log y)2 is in the form (a2 – b2)
We know that a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a - b)
x
(log x)2 – (log y)2 = (log x + log y) (log x – log y)= (log xy) log
x y
(log x)2 – (log y)2 = (log xy) log
y
1 1
Example 3: If (3.5)x = (0.035)y = 103, find .
x y
Sol: (3.5)x = 103 ⇒ log3.5 1000 x
(0.035)y = 103 ⇒ log0.035 1000 y
1 1 3.5 2
log1000 3.5 log1000 0.035 log log1000 100 log10 10)2
x y 1000
0.035 3
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.15
⇒ 2(5log x) = 50
⇒ 5log x = 25
⇒ 5log x = 52
⇒ log x = 2
x = 102; x = 100.
Example 6: If a, b, c are three consecutive positive integers, then show that 2log b = log(1 + ac).
Sol: Let the three consecutive positive integers a, b, c be of the form m – 1, m, m + 1 respectively,
then a = m – 1, b = m, c = m + 1
Now, taking log(1 + ac) = log [1 + (m - 1)(m + 1)] = log (1 + m2 - 1) = log m2= 2 log m
But b = m
⇒ log(1 + ac) = 2 log m = 2 log b
2 log b = log(1 + ac)
Example 7: Find the value of
1 1 1
log1003 1 log1003 1 .... log1003 1
2 3 2005
3 4 2006
Sol: log1003 log1003 .... log1003
2 3 2005
3 4 2005 2006
log1003 ....
2 3 2004 2005
2006
log1003 log1003 1003 1
2
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5.16 Surds and Logarithms
log c = k(a - b) = ka – kb
log aa = a log a = kab – kac … (1)
log bb = b log b = kbc – kba … (2)
log cc = c log c = kca – kcb … (3)
(1) + (2) + (3) = 0
log10 aa bb cc = 0
aabb cc 10 1.
2
Example 10: Evaluate: 32 5 .
2 2
Sol: 32 5 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 5
2 2
5x
( 2)5 5 ( 2) 5 (am )n amn
( 2)2 ( 2) ( 2) 4
2 3
5 1
27 3 9 2
Example 11: Evaluate: (i) 5 4 x 125 3 (25) 2 (ii) .
125 25
5 1 5 1
4 4
Sol: (i) 5 125 3 (25) 2 =5 5 5 5 3 (5 5) 2
5 1 5 1
3 2
4 2
=5 53 3 (52 ) 2 5 4
5 3 (5)
4
5 5 55
=5 4
5 (5) 1
1
5 4 5 ( 1)
5 4 5 1
= 52 5 5 25
5
2 3 2 3
27 3 9 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
(ii)
125 25 5 5 5 5 5
2 3
2 3
3 3 2 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 2
=
5 5 5 5
2 3 2 ( 3)
3 3 3
= am an am n
5 5 5
2 3 1
3 3 1 5 5
= 1
5 5 3 3 3
5
Example 12: If 1960 2a.5b.7c , calculate the value of 2 a.7b.5 c.
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.17
⇒ 2a.5b.7c 2 2 2 5 7 7
⇒ 2a.5b.7c 23 51 72 .............(i)
Comparing powers of 2,5 and 7 on both sides of equation (i), we get
a=3
b=1
c=2
Hence value of:
1 1 7 7 7 7
2 a.7b.5 c
2 3.71.5 2
7 = = =
2 3
5 2 3
2 2
5 2 2 2 5 5 8x25 200
Example 13: Show that:
m n n l
l m
am an al
1
n l m
a a a
m n n l l m
am an al
Sol: L.H.S= n l m
a a a
m n n l l m
⇒ am ( n)
an ( l)
al ( m)
m n n l l m
⇒ am n
an l
al m
⇒ a(m n)(m n)
x a(n l)(n l)
x a(l m)(l m)
2 n2 2 l2 2 m2
⇒ am an al . ⇒ A 2 B2 (A B)(A B)
m2 n2 n2 l2 l2 m2
⇒a
⇒ a0
⇒ L.H.S 1 R.H.S
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5.18 Surds and Logarithms
True / False
Directions: Read the following statements and write your answer as true or false.
1
Q.1. (i) If log10 x a, then 10x a (ii) If x y z, then y logz x (iii) log2 8 3 and log8 2
3
x 3 x 1
Q.7. Solve: (i) 8 22x 4 2x 1
1 2x (ii) 3 4
3
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.19
2xz
Q.9. If ax by cz and b2 ac , prove that:
x z
p q 1 1 1
Q.10. If 5 4 20r ; show that: 0.
p q r
3n 1
9n 1
Q.11. Solve
3n(n 1)
3n 1
(n 1)
75 5 32
Q.12. Express in terms of log 2 and log 3: log 2log log
16 9 243
a2 b2 c2
Q.20. If l log ,m log and n log , find the value of l + m + n
bc ca ab
x y 1
Q.21. If log log x log y , show that x2 y2 6xy
2 2
a b 1
Q.22. If a2 b2 23ab , show that: log loga logb
5 2
a
Q.23. Solve for a and b if a > 0 and b > 0: logab log 2log2 2
b
log25
Q.24. If log2 (a b) log3 (a b) , find the values of a and b.
log0.2
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5.20 Surds and Logarithms
SOLUTIONS
True / False
(iii) 23 8
1 1
83 2⇒ (2x2x2)3 2
1
3x
2 3 2⇒2 2 Hence, True
log 25
(iii) logx
log 5
log 5 5 log 52
⇒ logx ⇒ logx
log 5 log 5
2log 5
⇒ logx loga mn n loga m
log 5
⇒ 2 logx ⇒ logx 2
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.21
2 2
2
2 3 3 3 2
8x 3 2x 2x 2x 3 2x 2x 2x 2x 4x2
3.(i) 8x3 125y 3 3
125y 3 5y 5y 5y 5y 5y 5y 5y 25y 2
1 1 1 11 b 1 a 1(b a) 1
(a b) 1
(ii) (a b) 1 .(a 1
b 1) . . . .
(a b) a b (a b) ab (a b) ab (a b) ab ab
5n 3
6 5n 1
5n 1.52 6 5n 1
5n 1 (52 6) 5n.51 (25 6) 5n.5(19)
(iii) 19
9 5n 5n 22 9 5n 5n 4 5n (9 4) 5n (5) 5n (5)
2 2
3 1 9 1 x6 1
(iv) 3x2 x9 3 x 3 x6
3
(3) (x )3 2 3
27 x 6 27
3x2
1 2 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
4. (i) (0.01) 2 (27)3 = 0.1 33 3 = (0.1) (3)2 3 3
4 2 2 2 0.1
1 10 1x1 10 2 9 2 1 20 18 21 8 3 1
= 9 = 1
2 1 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
27 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 1 1
(ii) 5 = 1 a0 1
8 4 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
3 3 2 3x 2x( 2) 2 4
3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1
= 1 1= 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
4
2
9 1 1 9 9 16 9 9 16 1
= 1 1= 1 1 16 1
1 1 1 1
4 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 1
2 2 2 2 16
9 16 4 1 4 9 64 4 51
=
4 4 4
1 1
1 1
1 1
5. 1 1 1 n = 1 1
1 n
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n n 1 n 1
⇒ 1 1 ⇒ 1 1 ⇒ n
1 n 1 n n n n n
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5.22 Surds and Logarithms
⇒ (xm n )(m n)
.(yl )(m n)
.(xn l )(n l) .(ym )(n l) .(xl m (l m)
) .(yn )(l m)
⇒ (x)(m n)(m n)
.(y)(l)(m n)
.(x)(n l)(n l)
.(y)(m)(n l) .(x)(l m)(l m)
.(y)(n)(l m)
2 n2 2 l2 2 m2
⇒ xm .xn .xl .ylm nl
.ym n lm
.ynl mn
2 n2 n2 l2 l2 m2
⇒ xm .ylm nl m n lm nl mn
2 n2 n2 l2 l2 m2
⇒ L.H.S xm .ylm nl m n lm nl mn
⇒ x0 .y 0 ⇒ 1.1 1 R.H.S
7. (i) 8 22x 4 2x 1
1 2x
2
⇒8 2x 4 2x x 21 1 2x
2
⇒8 2x 8 2x 1 2x
2
⇒8 2x 8 2x 2x 1 0
2
⇒8 2x 2x (8 1) 1 0
2
⇒ 8 2x 7 x 2x 1 0
⇒ 8y 2 7y 1 0
⇒ 8y 2 8y 1y 1 0
⇒ 8y(y 1) 1(y 1) 0
⇒ (y 1)(8y 1) 0
⇒y 1 0 and 8y 1 0
⇒ 2x 1 0 and 8 2x 1 0[Putting y 2x ]
⇒ 2x 1 and 8x2x 1
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.23
1
⇒ 2x 1 and 2x
8
1
⇒ 2x 1 and 2x
23
⇒ 2x 1 and 2x 2 3
In first case, value of x is not possible and in second case, value of x=-3
x 3 x 1
4
(ii) 3 3
x 3 x 1
1 1 1 1
(x 3) ( x 1)
⇒ 32 34 ⇒ 32 34
1 1
⇒ (x 3) (x 1)
2 4
[If bases are equal, powers are equal]
(x 3) (x 1)
⇒
2 4
⇒ 4(x 3) 2(x 1) [Cross multplying]
⇒ 4x 12 2x 2 ⇒ 4x 2x 2 12
14
⇒ 2x 14 ⇒ x ⇒x 7
2
a b c b c a c a b
xa xb xc
8. (i) L.H.S. 1
xb xc xa
a b c b c a c a b
xa b
xb c
xc a
2 ab ca ab b2 bc 2 bc ab bc c2 ca 2 ac bc ac a2 ab 2 b2 ca bc b2 c2 ab ca c2 a2 bc ab
xa xb xc xa
x0 1 R.H.S.
c
xa(b c)
xb xab ac
xab ac
(ii) (xb a )c xbc ca
xab ca ab bc bc ca
x0 1 R.H.S
b(a c) a ab bc ab bc
x x x x
9. Let ax by cz k
1 1 1
y
a k x ,b k and c kz
Now b2 ac
2
1 1 1 2 1 1
y y
⇒ k kx kz ⇒k kx z
Comparing, we get,
2 1 1 2 x z
⇒ ⇒ y(x z) 2xz
y x z y xz
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5.24 Surds and Logarithms
2xz
y
x z
p q
10. Let 5 4 20r k , then
1
p p
5 k ⇒5 k
1
q q
4 k⇒4 k
1
r
20 k ⇒ 20 kr
1 1 1 1 1 1
q p q p
20 4x5 k xk kr ⇒k kr
Comparing, we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 0 ⇒ 0
p q r p q r p q r
3n 1
9n 1
11.
3n(n 1)
3n 1
(n 1)
(n 1)
3n 1 3n 1
3n 1
3(n 1)(n 1)
3n(n 1)
9n 1
3n
2 n
(3x3)n 1
2 ) (1)2 n2 1
3n 1
3(n 3n 1
3
2 n
3n (32 )n 1
3n
2 n
32(n 1)
2 1
3n 1
3n 1 n2 1 (n2 n) (2n 2)
3n
n2 n 32n 2
3
1 n2 1 n2 n 2n 2 1 1 1
3n 3 2
3 2 3x3 9
2
75 5 32 75 5 32
12. log 2log log log log log ....... n loga m loga mn
16 9 243 16 9 243
75 25 32
log log log
16 81 243
75
16 32 m
log log . loga loga m loga n
25 243 n
81
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.25
75 81 32
log log
16 25 243
243 32
log log
16 243
243 32
log loga mn loga m loga n
16 243
log1 2 log2
Gm1m2
⇒ log F log
d2
Gm1m2
⇒F
d2
m1m2
⇒F G
d2
14. (i) log10 8 log10 25 2 log10 4 log10 32
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5.26 Surds and Logarithms
3200 m
log10 loga loga m loga n
32 n
log10 100 log10 102 2log10 10 2
1 1
1 1 n
(ii) log 4 log 125 log 32 log 4 log (125)3 log (32)5 . loga m n loga m
3 5
log 4 log5 log2
log(4 5) log2 . loga mn loga m loga n
log20 log2
20 m
log . loga loga m loga n
2 n
log 10 1
15 25 4
15. L.H.S. :2log log log
18 162 9
2
15 25 4
log log log loga mn n loga m
18 162 9
15 15 4 25
log log log
18 18 9 162
15 15 4 25
log log
18 18 9 162
15 15 4
18 18 9 m
log loga loga m loga n
25 n
162
15 15 4 162 3 3 4 18
log log
18 18 9 25 18 18 1 1
1 1 72
log 72 log log2 R.H.S
6 6 36
1
16. x log 48 3log2 log125 log3
3
1
⇒x log125 log3 log 48 3log2
3
1
⇒x log(125)3 log3 log 48 log23
loga mn n loga m
⇒x log5 log3 log 48 log8
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.27
5 6
⇒x log ⇒x log5 2 ⇒ x log10
3 1
⇒x 1 log10 1
2y 2x
1 25 25 4
(iii) log3 log log10 x
8 8 8 4
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5.28 Surds and Logarithms
m
loga loga m loga n
n
2 5log102
2 5x Putting log10 2 x
19. log (a + b) = log a + log b
⇒ log(a b) log ab
[logamn logam logan]
⇒a b ab ⇒ a ab b
⇒ ab a b ⇒ a(b 1) b
b
⇒ a(b 1) b ⇒ a
b 1
2 2
a b c2
20. l log ,m log and n log
bc ca ab
2 2 2
a b c
l m n log log log
bc ca ab
a2 b2 c2
log loga lmn loga l loga m loga n
bc ca ab
a2b2c2 10 10
log ⇒ log 1 ⇒ log 1 ⇒ log
2 2 2
ab c 10 10
m
log10 log10 loga loga m loga n
n
1 1 0
x y 1 1
21. log log x log y log xy log(xy)1/2
2 2 2
x y
(xy)1/2
2
Squaring both sides
2 2
1
x y
(xy)2
2
x2 y 2 2xy
⇒ xy
4
⇒ x2 y 2 2xy 4xy
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Foundation for Mathematics 5.29
⇒ x2 y2 4xy 2xy
⇒ x2 y2 6xy
22. a2 b2 23ab
a2 b2 2ab 23ab 2ab
(Adding 2ab both sides)
a2 b2 2ab 25ab
2
⇒ a b 25ab
2
a b
⇒ ab
25
2
a b
⇒ ab
5
Taking log both sides,
2
a b
log logab
5
a b
⇒ 2log logab
5
a b 1
⇒ log logab
5 2
a b 1
⇒ log loga logb
5 2
a
23. a 0 , logab log 2log2 2
b
(i)logab 2 2 1 2log10 log102 log100
ab 100 ..............(i)
a
(ii)log 2log2 2
b
a
log log22 log100
b
log100 2
a
log log22 log100
b
4a
⇒ log log100
b
4a
100
b
4a 100b ⇒ a 25b ...................(ii)
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5.30 Surds and Logarithms
log25
24. log2 (x y) log3 (x y)
log0.2
2 1 1
⇒2 a b⇒a b ..............(i)
2
2 4
2
and log3 (a b) 2⇒3 a b
1 1
⇒a b ................(ii)
3 2 9
Adding (i) and (ii)
1 1 9 4 13
2a
4 9 36 36
13 13
a
36x2 72
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