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Core Loss Reduction In Induction Motor Using Finite Element Analysis

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Research (JMESR)

Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2023

Core Loss Reduction In Induction Motor Using

Finite Element Analysis
Nelson F. Chukwu Joshua Odion
Department of Electrical and Electronic Instrumentation and Control Department
Engineering Total Energies Ltd
Akwa Ibom State University Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract— In this paper, we investigate the system. The Stability behaviour of Three Horse-Power
core losses of a 5.5kW induction motor under Induction Motor by Eigenvalue. Also, Design and
various operating conditions through Finite Implementation of Compliance Tests and Evaluation
Element Simulation. The Finite Element for a 37 kW Induction Motor based on International
Simulation of the motor was carried out in order to Standards was seen in [9,10]. Winding Reconfiguration
reveal the different indications of core losses. The of 5.5 kW Three-Phase Induction Motor for Improved
core loss however is reduced by comparing the Performance, in order to establish the effects of losses
same motor in single layer configuration and on both single-and double-layer configuration was
analyzed in [11]. [12,13] worked on the dynamic
double layer configuration. The result showed an
analysis, computerization and response evaluation of
improved core loss reduction in double layer
both separately exited generator and permanent
winding configuration. It is clear that motor in magnet synchronous motors. An impressive result was
double layer winding configuration, is more attained. Impact on structural dimensions as it affects
resistant to core loss, than the single layer induction motor performance, including losses was
winding. discussed in [14]. [15] opined that rotatory electrical
machinery play vital role in industrial drive and
Keywords—— Core loss; Induction Motor; Finite
Element; Single Layer; Double Layer
economy. The paper developed strategy for
optimization and future trends of field wound switching
I. INTRODUCTION motors. FACTS controllers for power system
compensation in order to drive industrial process,
Losses in electrical power generation, transmission dominated by electric motors was successful [16].
and distribution as well as the accompanying Dynamic and computer simulation of induction motor
appliances, such as electric motors demand significant for fault and performance analysis was of interest in
attention from both power suppliers and users. The [17]. Microgrid with focus on wind turbine and
economic growth and development of any nation are harnessing the potential of photovoltaic sources are
intrinsically tied to the availability of energy [1]. Losses important in losses consideration [18,19]. In [20], the
in power system and machines come in various forms. accurate behavioral modelling of induction motor helps
In [2], the input power to the stator windings is utilized in designing controller for the machine and is also
in producing useful mechanical power which is exerted useful in detection of faults in machines. The rotor
on the rotor, accounting for rotor copper losses. subsystem is expressed in qd coordinates and the
Availability of electricity is key for economic activities. stator subsystem is expressed in abc phase
Electricity power supply is the most important coordinates. Computer studies of an induction motor
commodity for the development of a nation [3]. Access for Voltage-behind reactance model demonstrate the
to a reliable electricity supply plays a pivotal role in improvement in computational efficiency as compared
with the qd or PD model. In this paper Voltage-behind-
empowering individuals and facilitating personal and
reactance model is developed in stationary reference
economic development. Performance evaluation of frame using MATLAB-SIMULINK platform. The article
asynchronous motor was conducted in [4]. However, it also provided 3-phase induction motor design and
is imperative to consider and work on the structural VBR modelling of the induction motor. This model was
analysis and geometry of Switched Reluctance Motors helpful in estimating rotor flux connection, magnetizing
as discussed in [5]. flux connection, rear emf, thrust and machine speed.
The dynamic behaviour of six-phase induction The recently proposed VBR model helps to achieve
motor was investigated in [6]. The core loss effect of the required direct interface of the stator circuit with
the motor was considered in the investigation. Effect of outside controllers also providing an improved
Saliency and Core Losses on the Dynamic Behavior of numerical accuracy with reduced computational errors.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor as well as the [21], specifically addressed the impact of induction
Contingency Analysis for Improved Power System motor load modeling. The paper proposes an induction
Stability, were carried out in [7,8]. Result showed an motor dynamic modeling methodology based on
improved reduction in core loss and more stable power advanced modeling capabilities. The goal is to

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Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2023

evaluate and determine the dynamic loading behavior. operating conditions. Implementation of Simulink
The article used d-q induction motor evaluation to model for induction squirrel cage motor simulation was
describe the modeling strategy. introduced. This model enables the users to have
Implementation of modular Simulink model for access to all the internal variables for getting an insight
induction machine simulation has been introduced. into the motor operation. It’s available to investigate
Unlike most other induction machine model and predict the transient behavior of the three-phase
implementations, with this model, the user has access induction motor using stationary reference frame.
to all the internal variables for getting an insight into Using SIMULINK, the simulation systematically started
the machine operation. Any machine control algorithm from simple sub-models and blocks for the induction
can be simulated in the Simulink environment with this motor circuits and components.
model without actually using estimators. Individual
parameter equations are solved in each block. Finally, II. METHOD
the operation of the model is to simulate dynamic A. FINITE ELEMENT
model of induction motor with torque and flux as
independent quantities. The author believes that the Magnetic field is the principle upon which the
Simulink will soon become an indispensable tool for design of electric machine is based and Maxwell
the teaching and research of electrical machine drives. equation gives the exact field distribution. Earlier the
magnetic circuit or permeance (magnetic Ohms-law)
[22], stated that the theory of reference frames has method was used for calculating approximate
been effectively used as an efficient approach for magnetic fields in devices of simple geometry [20]. For
analyzing the performance of the electrical machines. more accurate calculations, however, finite element
This paper presents a step-by-step Simulink computer algorithms programs are necessary. The key
implementation of an induction machine using stator limitation of the magnetic circuit method is that it
and rotor equations in the stator reference frame. For requires assumption of the magnetic flux paths. The
this purpose, the relevant equations are stated at the lengths and cross-sectional areas of all the paths must
beginning, and then a generalized model of a three- be known. Usually, the paths are assumed to consist
phase induction motor is developed and implemented. of straight lines, which is erroneous to some extent. To
The main objective of this paper is to simulate the calculate the effects of flux fringing, saturation, and
induction motor model in MATLAB/ Simulink and study leakage flux, one usually uses empirical correction
the effect of speed, torque, stator and rotor currents on factors. If a motor or other magnetic device has had
three phase induction motor performance essentially the same type of design for many years,
characteristics. In the paper, an implementation and then the empirical factors may be fairly well known.
dynamic modelling of a three-phase induction motor
with the use of MATLAB/Simulink are presented in Today’s motor designers involve new design
step-by-step manner. The simulated result has given a concepts, for which the flux paths and empirical factors
satisfactory response in terms of the torque and speed are unknown. Even if the design is a well-understood
characteristics. Further investigation will be on the older design configuration or concept, there is a great
simulation of induction motor model to determine the need for accurately determining the effects of
effect of saturation flux and effect of harmonics at geometric changes and saturation on motor efficiency
supply side. and other performance parameters related to the
magnetic field.
[23], provided a generic method created and
explained in detail to investigate the dynamic The Finite Element (FE) method is readily available
behaviour of three-phase induction motor. Using basic in the laboratory in the form of a commercial computer
function blocks found in MATLAB/SIMULINK software software with the trade name “Ansys Maxwell”. No flux
package, this model has been built up systematically. routes or associated empirical variables are required
This model is described in similar but modular for the software. This FE software correctly calculates
approach as in electrical machines theory. The motor magnetic fields and associated motor design
model includes multi-level blocks solving equations for parameters for complex machine geometry, with
each motor part or component. This approach enables saturation, remarkable armature reactance, and with or
the researchers to calculate or investigate motor without eddy currents.
parameters like; voltage, current, flux, speed and B. MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF MAXWELL
torque. The model could also be used for a wide range 2D
of horse power needed in scientific research and
numerical applications. A q-d axis-based model is The technique of finite elements is focused on
proposed to analyze the transient performance of conservation of energy. It is well known that the
three-phase squirrel cage induction motor using flux density, B, the field intensity, H, the current
stationary reference frame. Constructional details of density, J, the electric field, E, through the
various sub-models for the induction motor are given constitutive equations 1 to 3, are interrelated with
and their implementation in SIMULINK is outlined. each other [24].
Direct-online starting under different load conditions of B=μ.H (1)
a 3 hp induction motor (as a case study) is also
studied. The motor stator voltage, the stator and rotor H=v.B (2)
currents, the developed torque and rotor speed are J=σE (3)
numerically calculated and plotted for different
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Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2023

Where  is the material's magnetic permeability, v F. Maxwell 3D

is the material's magnetic reluctivity and  is the Maxwell 3D utilizes an assessment of finite
electrical conductivity of the apparatus in the elements to represent and fix electromagnetic field
conductive areas. problem in three dimensions. When used, the end
The law on energy conservation in electric motors connections and leakage effect are considered.
can be obtained from Maxwell's laws as follows: Maxwell 2D was used in this research work.
∇×H=J+∂D/∂t (Ampere’s law) (4) G. PARAMETERS OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
∇xE=-∂B/∂t+∇x(vXB) (Faraday’s law) (5) The machine data were extracted from an existing
three phase squirrel cage induction machine. The
∇.B=0 (6) pictorial view of the three-phase induction motor used
Where D is the density/displacement vector of the for the research work is shown in fig.1.
electrical flux.
C. ANSYS MAXWELL SOFTWARE
Maxwell comes with various design types and the
type is chosen based on the problem to be solved.
These include;
(i) RMxprt: Rotating Machinery Expert, an
integrated analytical instrument used in electrical
machine design and analysis.
(ii) Maxwell 2D: Maxwell 2D simulates and solves
2D electromagnetic field problems in XY axis using
Finite Element Analysis.
(iii) Maxwell 3D: Maxwell 3D utilizes Finite
Element Analysis to analyze and resolve
electromagnetic field problems in three dimensions. Fig, 1: The Induction Motor [4]
D. Ansys RMxpt For loss calculation, the total no load loss
The present study will lay emphasis on ANSYS 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 (7)
RMxprt due to its efficiency in electrical machine 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝐹𝐸 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ (8)
design and analysis. Maxwell and RMxprt together
generate a genuinely tailored machine design flow to where 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = total copper loss
satisfy market demand for greater effectiveness, and 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = rotational losses
reduced motors cost. RMxprt can calculate motor 𝑃𝐹𝐸 = iron core loss
efficiency, originate sizing decisions and replicate the 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ= windage and frictional losses
device in a couple of seconds using classical analytical
machines design and similar magnetic circuit III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
techniques. RMxprt's capacity to build up a full
Maxwell design (2D/3D) automatically includes design, The results of this work are detailed under different
content and boundary setting is a main advantage. conditions the machine was subjected to and these
The set-up includes the suitable symmetries and include no load condition, blocked rotor condition of
excitation for strict transient electromagnetic the motor, rated load, asymmetrical fault on phase A
assessment with coupling circuit topology. In view of and asymmetrical faults on phases A and B and these
the nonlinearities and eddy current impact, RMxprt were performed on the single- and double-layer
automatically produces a decreased model and winding motors. The graphs are as generated during
transmits it to Maxwell 2D modeler, where further simulation in Maxwell 2D.
assessment of the electrical drive can be
accomplished. RMxprt will be employed in this study to A. No load condition
design and generate machine data.
E. Maxwell 2D
ANSYS Maxwell is an integrated software package
with high performance that utilizes Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) to fix electrical or magnetic issues.
Finite components proved to be very solid and
appropriate for the assessment of electromagnetics.
Appropriate set of equations and their terms are used
in the ANSYS Maxwell environment based on the
selected solver such as electrostatics, magneto static,
eddy current and magnetic transient. Figure 2: No load core loss of three-phase single
layer winding

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Research (JMESR)

Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2023

D. Asymmetrical Faults Condition at Phase A

Figure 2 shows the core loss curve of the three-phase
single layer winding induction motor. The core
stabilizes at 57W on no-load.
B. Blocked Rotor Condition

Figure 5: Core loss of three-phase single layer

winding with asymmetrical fault at phase A
The core loss of the machine drops on loss of
excitation as seen in figure 5.
E. Asymmetrical Faults Condition at Phase A and B

Figure 3: Blocked rotor core loss of three-phase

single layer winding
Figure 3 shows the core loss curve of the three-
phase single layer motor under blocked rotor condition.
Since the rotor is blocked from rotating, core loss is
approximately 8W.
C. Rated Load Condition

Figure 6: Core loss of three-phase single layer

winding with asymmetrical fault at phases A and B
Figure 6 shows the core loss of the machine under
the condition of loss of phases A and B voltage
excitations.
F. No load condition

Figure 4: Rated load core loss of three-phase

single layer winding
Figure 4 shows the core loss curve of the machine
when rated load is applied at 1.5s. there is a reduction
of core loss from 57W to 55W as the load is
introduced.

Figure 7: No load core loss of three-phase double

layer winding
Figure 7 shows the core loss of the three-phase
double layer winding motor. The no-load core loss is
56.6W.

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Research (JMESR)

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G. Blocked Rotor Condition J. Asymmetrical fault Faults Condition at Phase A

and B

Figure 8: Blocked rotor core loss of three-phase

double layer winding Figure 11: Core loss of three-phase double layer
winding with asymmetrical fault on phase A and B
The blocked rotor core loss is shown in figure 8.
Since the rotor is not rotating, the core loss is 6.5W. Figure 11 shows the curve of the core loss of the
three-phase double layer winding motor on loss of
H. Rated load condition
phases A and B excitation voltage at 2.0s. The curve is
unstable, though reducing. The summary of the
performances of the core loss is shown in table 1. It
has the induction motor in the two configurations and
core loss analysis at their transient conditions.
Table 1: Core loss Performance at Different Condition

Condition Single layer Double layer

winding winding

No load 57W 56.6W

Blocked rotor 8W 6.5W

Figure 9: Core loss of three-phase double layer
winding on rated load
Rated load 55W 55.4W
Core loss as shown in figure 9, indicates a
reduction from 56.63W to 55.4W on introducing the Asymmetrical 45W 45W with less
load at 1.5s. fault at phase A ripples
I. Asymmetrical fault Faults Condition at Phase A
Asymmetrical 35W 34W with less
fault at phase A ripples
and B

CONCLUSION
In the study, it was seen that the core loss analysis
is performed under different condition of the three-
phase motor. The three-phase induction motor was
analyzed in its single layer winding and double layer
winding configurations. The no load, blocked rotor,
rated load, asymmetrical faults at phase A and
asymmetrical faults at phases A and B were
considered in both configurations. The result showed
Figure 10: Core loss three-phase double layer winding improvement in double layer winding configuration
with asymmetrical fault on phase A than single layer winding configuration.
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