Le Viet Tien, Ph.

D
EPSD, SEE, HUST

CONTENTS

1. Generality
2. Illumination characteristics
3. Lighting devices
4. Lighting calculations

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 1. Generality
1.1. Electric lighting

• Electric lighting
– “Lighting accounts for 20 to 25 percent of all
electricity consumed in the United States, and as a
nation, we spend billions on it each year.” [1]
– “Electric lighting represents about half of all
electricity used in modern commercial buildings.” [2]

– Lighting load characteristics

 Location depending [1] “DOE Expected to Adopt New Energy-Efficient Lighting

 Weather impacts Standards,” Lighting Design and Application, Dec. 1999,

Vol. 29, No. 12, p. 17

 Flatted load profile

[2] Lighting Design Practice, California Energy
Commission, March, 1990, p. 1.

1. Generality
1.1. Electric lighting

• Illuminance Categories The IESNA Lighting Handbook

Orientation and simple visual tasks: Visual performance is largely unimportant
A Public spaces 30 lx (3 fc)

B Simple orientation for short visits 50 lx (5 fc)

C Working spaces where simple visual tasks are performed 100 lx (10 fc)

Common visual tasks: Visual performance is important

D Performance of visual tasks of high contrast and large size 300 lx (30 fc)

E Performance of visual tasks of high contrast and small size, or 500 lx (50 fc)
visual tasks of low contrast and large size
F Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and small size 1000 lx (100 fc)

Special visual tasks: Visual performance is of critical importance

G Performance of visual tasks near threshold 3000 to 10,000 lx
(300 to 1000 fc)

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 1. Generality
1.2. Classifications

• Based on illuminance requirement

– Average lighting : For area lighting
 Same illuminance level throughout the lighting space.
 Uniform luminaire spacing (Square, rhombus …).
 High luminaire mounting height.
– Lighting at a point : Provide specific levels of
illuminance in selected areas, to enhance visibility.
 High illuminance level in a narrow space.
 Luminaire located near the lighted objects.
– Mixed lighting : A combination of average lighting
and at-a-point lighting for the area with various
illuminance levels required.

1. Generality
1.2. Classifications

• Indoor vs outdoor lighting

– Weather considerations.
– Reflection surfaces surrounding lighted spaces.
• Ordinary vs emergency lighting
– Emergency lighting has at least 10% higher
illuminance comparing with ordinary lighting.
– Supplied by independent electric sources.
– Assure the personnel evacuation safely from the
working area.

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 2. Illumination characteristics
2.1. Definitions

• Luminous flux (lumen): The flux rate of a light source on a

square foot of surface.

W(): The energy per unit wavelength

(): The spectral luminous efficacy

• Illuminance (lux or footcandles):

– The density of the luminous flux
(d) incident on a surface (dS).
– Illuminance is also calcualted by
Candle power (Cd – candela)

2. Illumination characteristics
2.2. Factors

• Light loss factor:

– Used to increase the initial illumination level to compensate
for the normal deterioration of the lighting system in use.
– LLF values may be recommended by the luminaire
manufacturer (Lamp lumen depreciation – LLD).

• Lamp’s maintained efficacy (lumens per watt, lm/W):

– Used for light source selection regarding cost of energy for
operate a lighting system.

• Coefficient of Utilization:
– Used for the zonal-cavity method of lighting calculation.
– 3 factors considered: The efficiency and photometric
distribution of the luminaire, the relative shape of the room,
and the reflectance of the room surfaces.

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 2. Illumination characteristics
2.2. Factors

• Lamp’s maintained efficacy

2. Illumination characteristics
2.2. Factors

• Coefficient of Utilization:

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 3. Lighting devices
3.1. Lamps

• Incandescent lamp:
– Light is given off from a piece
of wire (filament) heated white
hot.
– Inert gas cools the filament to
cut down on evaporation.
– The gas is usually a nitrogen-
argon combination
– The bulb gets a dark spot on
top after long use by
evaporated tungsten.

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3. Lighting devices
3.1. Lamps

• Fluorescent lamp:
– 2 electrodes, one at either end of the tube.
– A drop of mercury added inside the tube to make it start or
light up initially.
– A “ballast” device is included in the circuit to permit the
electrodes to reach sufficient voltage to start the arc going
across the tube.

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 3. Lighting devices
3.1. Lamps

• Discharge lamp:
– Sodium and mercury are
commonly used materials.
– Mercury-vapor lamp: The mercury
is vaporized by the current flowing
through the lamp. Gives off great
amounts of concentrated green-
blue light.
– Sodium lamp: Same principle of
operation. The light produced is a
highly intense yellow-orange.

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3. Lighting devices
3.1. Lamps

• Lamp types comparison :

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 3. Lighting devices
3.2. Accessories

• Functions: Modify the distribution

of light from the lamps.
Fluted
• Components: reflector
– Reflector: Stop and redirect the light
rays in the desired direction
– Refractor: transparent; the light rays
hitting its surface are bent and pass
through in the desired direction.
– Diffusing glassware: Protect the lamp,
decrease the brilliancy of the light
source, act as a secondary light
source.

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4. Lighting calculations
Area/Indoor lighting

• Lighting type : Average illuminance

• Requirement : Reasonably uniform illuminance levels for
work or other activities located throughout the space.
• Method : Lumen method
E: Average maintained illuminance (Fc)
A: Lighted area (ft2)
N: Total number of lamps in all the luminaires contributing to the area
being illuminated (lamps per luminaire times number of luminaires)
LLF: Light loss factor (LLF=LLDXLDD)
BF: Ballast factor
TF: Tilt factor
CU: Coefficient of utilization

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 4. Lighting calculations
Area/Indoor lighting

• Coefficient of utilization: As a function of ceiling-cavity

reflectance, wall reflectance and room-cavity ratio RCR.
L, W : Length and width of the lighted room
hRC : The height of the room cavity

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4. Lighting calculations
Area/Indoor lighting

• Calculation Procedure :
– Find the Recommended Level of Illumination
– Choose a Lamp Type and Lumen Rating
– Select the Luminaire
– Find the Coefficient of Utilization
– Determine the Light-Loss Factors
– Determine the Number of Luminaires N
– Determine the Final Luminaire Quantity and Spacing
– Related Calculations.

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 Ex. 1. A lighting system needs to be designed for a metalworking shop. The area of the
shop is 12 m (40 ft) x 60 m (200 ft). The height of the room cavity, hRC = 4 m (13 ft).
The height of the ceiling and floor cavities is 1 m (3 ft) each. In this facility, medium
bench and machine work will be performed. Design an appropriate lighting system.
Solutions:
1. Find the Recommended Level of Illumination
The level recommended for medium bench and machine work (category E) is 500 lx (50
fc), then adjusted up to 750 lx (75 fc) to allow older workers to see more accurately.
2. Choose a Lamp Type and Lumen Rating
As a rough approximation, half the initial lamp lumens (LL) are effective in producing the
maintained illumination level (E).

Where S: Area per luminaire

D: Spacing, D=(1÷1.5)hRC

D = hRC = 4m  LL =24000lm A 400-W pulse-start, phosphor-coated metal

D = 1.5hRC = 6m  LL =54000lm halide lamp, LL = 40,000 lumens, LLD =
0.77..
3. Find the Coefficient of Utilization
Assume a ceiling-cavity reflectance cc=30%, a wall reflectance w=30%,
The room-cavity ratio RCR=5hRC(L+W)/LW=2,  CU=0.54 for this 400-W luminaire

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4. Select the Luminaire and determine the Light-Loss Factors

A highintensity discharge (HID) luminaire that combines a reflector and refractor will be
used.
The mean LLD value for a 400-W phosphor-coated pulse-start metal halide lamp is 0.8.
The LDD value for enclosured luminaire type equals 0.86.
So, for the low-bay 400-W luminaire, LLF =LLD.LDD=0.80X0.86 = 0.69.
5. Determine the Number of Luminaires N
Assume lamps per luminaire =1,
Ballast and tilt factors = 1.
Where
E: Maintained level of illumination, Let N=36, 3 rows, 12 luminaires each row
A: Area of space to be lighted, 60m
LL: Initial-rate lamp lumens,
CU: Coefficient of utilization,
LLF: Light-loss factor
12m

6. Determine the Final

Luminaire Quantity and Spacing
The average square spacing S of the luminaires
The spacing between luminaires should also be
twice the distance of the spacing from the walls.
Check the luminaire spacing criterion (1.7) to ensure that it exceeds the actual spacing-
to-mounting-height ratio (4.47/4=1.12).

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 Reference

• H. Wayne Beaty, Handbook of Electric Power

Calculations, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
• Anthony J. Pansini, Guide to Electrical Power
Distribution Systems, 6th Edition, The Fairmont Press
Inc., 2005
• Electric Power Supply and Distribution, Dept. Army
and Airforce, US, Feb. 1995

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 Bach Quoc Khanh 23

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