MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NAME:- Pritam Ghosh

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO:- 14200321064
SUBJECT NAME:- NEURAL NETWORK &
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
SUBJECT CODE:- PE-EC702C
4th Year 7th Semester

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1. Explain Crisp set operation, properties and relations and operations on relations with
examples.
Ans:
Crisp Set Operations, Properties, and Relations in Fuzzy Logic Control:
Crisp sets and their operations form the foundation of classical set theory and are used extensively in mathematical
logic, computer science, and various control systems, including Fuzzy Logic Control. Here's an overview:

Crisp Set Operations:-

Crisp sets are well-defined collections of distinct objects. If an element belongs to a crisp set, it is included entirely
(membership = 1); otherwise, it is not included at all (membership = 0).

Basic Operations:-
 Union ( ∪ ): The union of two sets \(A\) and \(B\) is a set containing all elements that are in \(A\), \(B\), or both.
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
 Intersection ( ∩ ): The intersection of two sets A and B is a set containing all elements that are common to both
A and B.
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∩ B = {3}.
 Difference ( − ): The difference of two sets A and B (denoted as A - B) is a set containing all elements that are
in A but not in B.
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A - B = {1, 2}.
 Complement ( 𝐶 ): The complement of a set A contains all elements that are not in A.
Example: If the universal set U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2, 3}, then the complement of A (denoted as A^C)
is {4, 5}.

Properties of Crisp Sets:-

a) Idempotent Law:
 A∪A=A
 A∩A=A
b) Commutative Law:
 A∪B=B∪A
 A∩B=B∩A
c) Associative Law:
 A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
 A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
d) Distributive Law:
 A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
e) De Morgan's Law:
 (A ∪ B) = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
 (A ∩ B) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

Relations in Crisp Sets:-

A relation in a crisp set is a subset of the Cartesian product of two sets. It is a way of showing a connection between
elements of one set with elements of another.
Example:
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y}. A relation R from A to B could be:
R = {(1, x), (2, y)}

Operations on Relations:-
 Inverse Relation (R⁻¹): If R is a relation from A to B, then the inverse relation \(R^{-1}\) is a relation from B
to A defined as:
𝑅 = {(b, a) | (a, b) ∈ R}
Example: If R = {(1, x), (2, y)}, then 𝑅 = {(x, 1), (y, 2)}.
  Composition of Relations (R ∘ S): If R is a relation from A to B, and S is a relation from \(B\) to \(C\), then
the composition of R and S is a relation from A to C defined as:
R ∘ S = {(a, c)} | there exists b ∈ B such that (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ S}
Example: If R={(1,x),(2,y)} and S={(x,α),(y,β)}, then R∘S={(1,α),(2,β)} .

Fuzzy Logic Control:-

Fuzzy logic extends classical (crisp) set theory by allowing for degrees of membership, rather than binary membership.
Fuzzy sets can be applied in fuzzy logic controllers, where they help in decision-making processes that involve
uncertainty and imprecision.
 In a fuzzy logic controller:
a) Input variables are mapped to fuzzy sets with membership functions.
b) Logical operations on these fuzzy sets (like fuzzy union, intersection, and complement) are performed.
c) Relations are defined using fuzzy rules, leading to outputs that are then defuzzified to provide a crisp control
signal.
Example:
If A is the fuzzy set representing "temperature is high," and B is the fuzzy set representing "humidity is low," the fuzzy
intersection A ∩ B could represent the situation where both temperature is high and humidity is low, but with a degree
of membership indicating the extent to which this is true.

Operations on Relations in Fuzzy Logic:-

In fuzzy logic, relations are generalized with degrees of relatedness. The composition of fuzzy relations is crucial in
fuzzy control systems to infer outputs from fuzzy inputs.
Example:
Given two fuzzy relations R and S, representing different control rules, their composition helps determine the overall
control action by combining the effects of these rules.

2. Explain fuzzy set operation, properties and operations on relations with examples.
Ans:
Fuzzy Set Operations:-
In fuzzy logic, a fuzzy set is a set where each element has a degree of membership ranging from 0 to 1, unlike classical
sets where an element is either in the set or not (membership is either 0 or 1).
1. Union (OR Operation):
The union of two fuzzy sets A and B is defined as the maximum of the membership values of the elements in each set.
Mathematically:
μA∪B(x)=max(μA(x),μB(x))
Example:
Let A and B be two fuzzy sets with membership functions μA(x) and μB(x):
 μA(x) = {(x1,0.2),(x2,0.7)}
 μB(x) = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.4)}
Then, μA∪B(x) will be:
 μA∪B(x1) = max(0.2,0.5)=0.5
 μA∪B(x2) = max(0.7,0.4)=0.7

2. Intersection (AND Operation):

The intersection of two fuzzy sets A and B is defined as the minimum of the membership values of the elements in each
set. Mathematically:
μA∩B(x)=min(μA(x),μB(x))
Example:
Using the same sets AAA and BBB from the union example:
 μ¬A∩B(x1)=min(0.2,0.5)=0.2
 μ¬A∩B(x2)=min(0.7,0.4)=0.4
3. Complement (NOT Operation):
The complement of a fuzzy set A is defined as the difference between 1 and the membership value of each element.
Mathematically:
μ¬A(x)=1−μA(x)
Example:
For a fuzzy set A with membership function μA(x):
 μA(x)={(x1,0.2),(x2,0.7
The complement ¬A will have:
 μ¬A(x1) = 1−0.2=0.8
 μ¬A(x2) = 1−0.7=0.3

Properties of Fuzzy Sets:-

1. Commutativity:
o A∪B=B∪A
o A∩B=B∩A
2. Associativity:
o (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
o (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
3. Distributivity:
o A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A∩C)
o A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A∪C)
4. De Morgan's Laws:
o ¬(A∪B) = ¬A ∩ ¬B
o ¬(A∩B) = ¬A ∪ ¬B

Operations on Fuzzy Relations:-

A fuzzy relation R between two fuzzy sets A and B is a fuzzy set on the Cartesian product A × B with a membership
function μR(x,y).
1. Composition of Fuzzy Relations:
If R is a fuzzy relation from set A to set B and S is a fuzzy relation from set B to set C, the composition of R and S is a
fuzzy relation from A to C and is defined by:

Example:
Let R be a fuzzy relation from A to B and S be a fuzzy relation from B to C:
 μR(x,y) = {((x1,y1),0.6), ((x1,y2),0.3)}
 μS(y,z) = {((y1,z1),0.5), ((y2,z1),0.7)}

The composition R∘SR will have:

2. Fuzzy Equivalence Relations:

A fuzzy relation R on a set A is a fuzzy equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
 Reflexive: μR(x,x) = 1 for all x ∈ A.
 Symmetric: μR(x,y) = μR(y,x) for all x,y ∈ A.
 Transitive: μR(x,z) ≥ min(μR(x,y),μR(y,z)) for all x,y,z ∈ A.
Example:
Let R be a fuzzy relation on a set A = {x1,x2}:
 μR(x1,x1) = 1, μR(x1,x2) = 0.7, μR(x2,x2) = 1
 μR(x2,x1) = 0.7 (symmetric)

Application in Fuzzy Logic Control:-

In fuzzy logic control, fuzzy sets and relations are used to model the uncertainty and imprecision inherent in many
control processes. The operations and properties described above are applied to design fuzzy controllers that can handle
complex, nonlinear systems.
Example:
Consider a fuzzy logic controller for a temperature control system:
 Fuzzy Sets: Temperature can be divided into fuzzy sets like "Cold", "Warm", and "Hot" with different
membership functions.
 Fuzzy Rules: The control action can be determined by fuzzy rules like:
o IF Temperature is "Cold" THEN Heater is "High"
o IF Temperature is "Warm" THEN Heater is "Medium"
o IF Temperature is "Hot" THEN Heater is "Low"
 Operations on Relations: The relation between temperature and heater settings can be modeled using fuzzy
relations, and operations like composition can be used to infer the appropriate control actions.