CHAPTER 5 : ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CONIC SECTIONS
1. are formed on a plane when that plane slices through the edge of one or PARABOLA
both of a pair of right circular cones,
The parabola is a conic section, created from the intersection of a right circular conical
2. are curves obtained as the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane. surface and a plane which is parallel to another plane that is tangential to the conical
The 4 types of conic section are the hyperbola, the parabola, ellipse and the circle. surface.
The parabola is the locus of points in that plane that are equidistant from both the
directrix and the focus.
.

1. Horizontal Parabola

Vertex : V(h, k) P(x, y)

N   Latus
Focus : F(h + a, k) rectum
Directrix :x=h–a D V F
  
Axis :y=k
Latus rectum : x = h + a a a

Length of latus rectum = 4a

Special distances : VF = VD = a
2
Standard Form of Parabola : (y – k) = 4a(x – h)

Properties : Any point P(x, y) on parabola satisfy PF = PN

2 2
PF = PN : (PF) = (PN)
2 2
 2  2
 [ x  (h  a )]  ( y  k )  =  [ x  (h  a )]  ( y  y) 
2 2
   
2 2 2 2 2
[x + (h + a) – 2x(h + a)] + (y – k) = x + (h – a) – 2x(h – a)
2
(y – k) = 4ax – 4ah
2
(y – k) = 4a(x – h)

4-1
 Using the Standard Form of Parabola
Note : 1. The points D, V and F all lie on the axis with V = midpoint of DF
2. e = 1, e = eccentricity 1. Complete the square (of the x or y variable)
3. Directrix is perpendicular to axis of parabola
x + nx = (x + n ) – ( n ) or x – nx = (x – n )2 – (– n2 )2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
y + ny = (y + n ) – ( n ) or y – ny = (y – n )2 – (– n2 )2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
F V D
4. If xF < xV < xD, then a < 0
   minus its 2 minus its
2 square square

2
2. Form the standard form of horizontal parabola : (y – k) = 4a(x – h).

(a) Identify axis of parabola as (y – k) = 0  y = k.

2. Vertical Parabola (By the same method)
(b) Identify vertex as V(h, k), and find the value of a.
Vertex : V(h, k) (c) State the focus as F(h + a, k), directrix x = h – a.
Focus : F(h, k + a) 2
Latus 3. Form the standard form of vertical parabola : (x – h) = 4a(y – k).
Directrix :y=k–a rectum
F
 (a) Identify axis of parabola as (x – h) = 0  x = h.
Axis :x=h
 a
Latus rectum : y = k + a V
 (b) Identify vertex as V(h, k), and find the value of a.
a (c) State the focus as F(h, k + a), directrix y = k – a.
Length of latus rectum = 4a D

 4. To sketch graph of parabola
Special distances : VF = VD = a
(a) Sketch the correct shape based on axis of parabola and the sign of a.
2
Standard Form of Parabola : (x – h) = 4a(y – k) (b) Label the vertex, focus, (directrix if required)
(c) Add on the x-axis and y-axis (included axes interceptions if possible)

D
Note :
 eg 1 :
2 2
y – 8y – 12x – 8 = 0  (y – 4) – 16 – 12x – 8 = 0 y

x = –5
V
 2
 (y – 4) = 12(x + 2)
1. If yF < yV < yD, then a < 0
F Axis : y = 4 (Horizontal parabola), V(–2, 4) 
F(1, 4)

4a = 12  a = 3 V(–2, 4)
O
 Directrix : x = –5,

F(1, 4), - 23 x

4-2
 eg 1 : Find the equation of the parabola with V(2, 4) and F(5, 4).
eg 2 :
2
y + 10y + 20x – 35 = 0 y
2
7 Axis is y = 4 (Horizontal parabola) a = = xF – xV = 5 – 2 = 3
(y + 5) – 25 + 20x – 35 = 0 4 2 2
2
 (y + 5) = –20(x – 3)
O x Parabola : (y – 4) = 4(3).(x – 2)  (y – 4) = 12(x – 2)
 V(3, –5)
Axis : y = –5 (Horizontal parabola), V(3, –5), F(–2, –5) eg 2 : Find the equation of the parabola with directrix, x = 2, and F(10, –3).

x=8
4a = –20  a = –5 Axis is y = –3 (Horizontal parabola)
F(–2, –5), Directrix : x = 8, 2a = xF – xD = 10 – 2  a = 4  V(6, –3)
2 2
Parabola : (y + 3) = 4(4).(x – 6)  (y + 3) = 16(x – 6)
2
eg 3 : x – 12x – 8y + 28 = 0 y eg 3 : Find the equation of the parabola with V(5, 1) and F(5, –2).
2
(x – 6) – 36 – 8y + 28 = 0 Axis is x = 5 (Vertical parabola) a = = yF – yV = (–2) – 1 = –3
2
 (x – 6) = 8(y + 1)

2 2
7 Parabola : (x – 5) = 4(–3).(y + 1)  (y – 5) = –12(x + 1)
Axis : x = 6 (Vertical parabola), V(6, –1), 2 F(6, 1)
4a = 8  a = 2  eg 4 : Find the equation of the parabola with directrix is x = 7, and F(–1, –2).
O V(6, –1) x Axis is y = –2 (Horizontal parabola)
F(6, 1), Directrix : y = –3,
y = –3 2a = xF – xD = (–1) – 7  a = –4  V(3, –2)
2 2
Parabola : (y + 2) = 4(–4).(x – 3)  (y + 2) = –16(x – 3)
2
eg 4 : x + 4x + 16y – 76 = 0 y=9 y eg 5 : Find the equation of the parabola if its axis is parallel to the x-axis, y-axis is
2
(x + 2) – 4 + 16y – 76 = 0 its directrix, and the parabola passing through (4, 7) and (4, –1).
2 V(–2, 5) 19
 (x + 2) = –16(y – 5)
 4 Axis is y = k (Horizontal parabola) :
7  ( 1) 2
Axis : x = –2 (Vertical parabola), V(–2, 5), F(–2, 1) k= = 3  (y – 3) = 4a(x – h)
4a = –16  a = –4
 2
O x y-axis (directrix) : h = a
2 2
F(–2, 1), Directrix : y = 9, (4, 7) : (7 – 3) = 4h(4 – h)  h – 4h + 4 = 0
2
h=2,a=2  (y – 3) = 8(x – 2)

eg 6 : Find the equation of the parabola if its axis is parallel to the y-axis, y = –2 is
its directrix, and parabola passing through (–10, 10) and (14, 10).
To express into standard form (by given info on the properties of parabola)
Axis is x = h (Vertical parabola) :
1. Identify the axis of parabola – F and V lie on axis, directrix  axis 14  ( 10) 2
h= = 2  (x – 2) = 4a(y – k)
2
2. Identify the coordinates of the vertex
y = –2 (directrix) : a = k – (–2) = k + 2
2 2
3. Find the value of a. [ a = xF – xV or a = yF – yV ] (14, 10) : (14 – 2) = 4(k + 2)(10 – k)  k – 8k + 16 = 0
2
k=4,a=6  (x – 2) = 24(y – 4)

4-3
 2
Special Parabola : Axis of parabola is x-axis with Vertex at Origin, O(0, 0), F(a, 0) eg 1 A parabola has the parametric equations x = t + 1 and y = 2t where t .
Show that the coordinates of the focus of the parabola are (2, 0).
2 y
1. Parabola Equation : y = 4ax
Q P A line passing through the focus cuts the parabola at points P and Q. If the
2  value of t at point P is 2, flnd the value of t at point Q.
2. Parametric Equations : x = at , y = 2at
O F
2    2
x=t +1: x=(
y
) +1 2
 4(x – 1) = y
2
3. Coordinates on parabola : T(at , 2at ) x 2
2 2
 P(ap , 2ap ) , Q(aq , 2aq ) , R(ar , 2ar) , etc
2  R  Vertex (1, 0) and a = 1  Focus of the parabola is (2, 0)
T

2ap  2aq 2a( p  q ) 2 2q  0 40
4. mPQ = = = P(5, 4) and mQF = mFP : =
ap 2  aq 2 a( p  q )( p  q ) p  q (q 2  1)  2 52
2 1
2 2  2q – 3q – 2 = 0  (2q + 1) (q – 2) = 0  q=– or 2
 mPT = , mPR = , etc 2
p t pr
1
Since tP = 2  tQ = –
2
y  2ap 2
5. Equation of PQ : =  (p + q)y = 2x + 2apq
x  ap 2 pq Alternative
40 4
 PT : (p + t)y = 2x + 2apt , PR : (p + r)y = 2x + 2apr, etc P(5, 4) : mFP =  PQ : y – 0 = (x – 2)
52 3
 2  4 4
4(x – 1) = [ (x – 2)]
2 2
6. mt (P) = lim (mPT ) = lim  =
2
=
1 2q = [(q + 1) – 2]
t p t  p  p  t  2 p p 3 3
5 1
(4x – 5)(x – 5) = 0  x= or 5 (2q + 1) (q – 2) = 0  q=– or 2
1 1 1 4 2
 mt (T) = , mt (Q) = , mt (R) = , etc
t q r 5
Since xP = 5, Q( , –1) Since tP = 2
4
y  2ap 1 2

1 1
7. Tangent at P : =  py = x + ap 2t = –1 tQ = – tQ = –
x  ap 2
p 2 2

2 2
 Tangent at T : ty = x + at , Tangent at Q : qy = x + aq , etc

y  2ap 3
8. mN (P) = – p and Normal at P : = – p  y + px = 2ap + ap
x  ap 2

 mN (T) = – t and Normal at T : y + tx = 2at + at3 ,

mN (Q) = – q and Normal at Q : y + qx = 2aq + aq3, etc

4-4
 2
eg 2 A parabola is represented by the parametric equations x = 2t and y = 4t.
P and Q are two points on the parabola, with non-zero parameters p and q 2 2
(d) R(2r , 4r) : mPR = mN(P)  = –p
respectively. Point S is the focus of the parabola. pr
(a) Find the gradient of the chord PQ in terms of p and q.   2 
2  2  2 
 r = –(p + )  R  2  p   ,  4 p   
  p   p  
Deduce the gradient of the tangent at point P. p
  
(b) Determine the coordinates of A, where the tangent to the parabola at P
cuts the x-axis.
Alternative (d)
(c) State the coordinates of S and show that AS = PS. 2
(d) Normal at P : y – 4p = –p(x – 2p )
(d) Determine the coordinates of R in terms of p, where the normal to the 2 2 2
For R(2r , 4r) : 4r – 4p = –p(2r – 2p )  4(r – p) = –2p(r – p)(r + p)
parabola at P meets the parabola again.
  2 
4 p  4q 2 2 1 2  2  2 
2 2
(a) P(2p , 4p) , Q(2q , 4q)  mPQ = =  mt(P) = =  r = –(p + )  R  2  p   ,  4 p   
2 p 2  2q 2 pq p p p p   p  
 p  
 

04p 1 2 2
(b) A(k, 0) : =  k = –2p  A(–2p , 0)
k  2 p2 p

Alternative (b)
1 2 2 2
(b) y – 4p = (x – 2p )  Cuts x-axis (y = 0) : x = –2p  A(–2p , 0)
p

(c) S(2, 0) : AS = (2  2 p2 )2 = 4 p 4  8 p2  4

PS = (2 p 2  2)2  ( 4 p  0)2 = 4 p 4  8 p2  4  AS = PS

Alternative (c)
2 2
(c) S(2, 0) : AS = │2 + 2p │ = 2 + 2p
PS = (2 p 2  2)2  ( 4 p  0)2 = 4 p 4  8 p2  4 = 2 + 2p2  AS = PS

4-5
ELLIPSE

1. Ellipse is a curve in a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum
of the distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve. PF1 + PF2 = 2a : PF1 = 2a – PF2
2 2
2. There are two foci, and two directrices. (PF1) = (2a – PF2)
2 2 2
(PF1) = (2a) + (PF2) – 2(2a)(PF2)
1. Horizontal Ellipse
2 2 2
(PF1) – (PF2) = 4a – (4a)(PF2)
Centre : C(h, k) 2 2
 2   2 2
 [ x  (h  c)]  ( y  k )  –  [ x  (h  c)]  ( y  k )  = 4a – (4a)(PF2)
2 2

: V1(h – a, k) , V2(h + a, k) Latus T2    

Vertices
rectum  P(x, y)

Foci : F1(h – c, k) , F2(h + c, k) [x2 + (h – c)2 – 2(x)(h – c) + (y – k)2] – [x2 + (h + c)2 – 2(x)(h + c) + (y – k)2]
c 2
Major axis :y=k (length = 2a) V1 F1 C F2 V2 = 4a – (4a)(PF2)
    
Minor axis :x=h (length = 2b) a 2
4cx – 4ch = 4a – (4a)(PF2)
Latus rectum : x = h – c, x = h + c b 2
(a)(PF2) = a – c(x – h)
Length of latus rectum = 2(
b2
) 
T1 2
 2 2 2
a  a [ x  (h  c)]  ( y  k )  = [a – c(x – h)]
2

Special distances : CV1 = CV2 = a , CT1 = CT2 = b , CF1 = CF2 = c  

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2 a [(x – h) – c] + a (y – k) = (a ) + c (x – h) – 2(a ).[c(x – h)]
Standard Form of Ellipse : + = 1 (a > b)
a2 b2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a [(x – h) + c – 2c(x – h)] + a (y – k) = (a ) + c (x – h) – 2(a ).[c(x – h)]
2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a – c )(x – h) + a (y – k) = a (a – c )
Properties : Any point P(x, y) on ellipse satisfy PF1 + PF2 = 2a
2 2 2 2 2 2
b (x – h) + a (y – k) = a b

Note : 1. The points V1, F1, C, F2 and V2 all lie on the major axis ( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
+ =1
with C = midpoint of V1V2 = midpoint of F1F2 a2 b2
2. Since T is a point on ellipse : TF1 + TF2 = 2a (but TF1 = TF2)
 TF1 = TF2 = a

3. Considering ΔCTF : CT + CF = TF
2 2 2
 b2 + c2 = a2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Distances relations : c = a – b or b = a – c

c
4. c = ea or e= (< 1, since c < a) , e = eccentricity
a

4-6
2. Vertical Ellipse (By the same method) 2 2
eg 1 The general equation of a conic is 25x + 9y + 50x – 36y – 164 = 0.

: C(h, k) V2 (a) Determine the standard form of the equation and identify the conic.
Centre

(b) Find the centre and foci of the conic.
Vertices : V1(h, k – a) , V2(h, k + a)
Latus (c) Sketch the conic and indicate its centre and foci.
: F1(h, k – c) , F2(h, k + c) F2
Foci rectum
 2 2 2 2
a P(x, y) (a) 25(x + 2x) + 9(y – 4y) – 164 = 0  25(x + 1) + 9(y – 2) = 225
Major axis :x=h (length = 2a)
c ( x  1)2 ( y  2 )2
Minor axis :y=k (length = 2b)  + = 1  Conic is an ellipse
9 25
T1 T2
Latus rectum : y = k – c, y = k + c  C  (b) Centre is (–1, 2) (c)
y
b
b2 a = 5, b = 3 :
( x  1)2 ( y  2 )2
Length of latus rectum = 2( )
a c = 25  9 = 4 (–1, 6)● + =1
 9 25
Special distances :
F1
 Foci are (–1, –2) (–1, 2)
CV1 = CV2 = a , CT1 = CT2 = b , CF1 = CF2 = c
and (–1, 6) ●
Distance relation : V
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
c = a – b or b = a – c or a = b + c
2 2 2 x
(–1, –2)●
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
Standard Form of Ellipse : + = 1 (a > b)
b2 a2

Note : Latus rectum is a line passing through the focus and perpendicular to axis.
eg 2 The parametric equations of a conic are x = a cos θ – 3 and y = b sin θ + 4,
where a and b are positive constants and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2.
(a) Find the standard form for the equation of the conic, and identify the type
of conic.
(b) If a = b = 5, determine and sketch the conic.
2 2
(a) cos θ + sin θ = 1 : (b) a = b = 5 : y
2 2 2
( x  3) 2
( y  4) 2 (x + 3) + (y – 4) = 5 ●8
+ =1
a2 b2  Conic is a Circle (–3, 4)
●
 Conic is an ellipse
●
–6 0 x

4-7
 2 2 eg 5 The sum of the distance of the variable point P from the point (0, 6) and
eg 3 The equation of an ellipse is 3x + y + 30x + 10y + 79 = 0. the distance of P from the origin is 10 units. State the conic that describe
(a) Obtain the standard form for the equation of the ellipse. the locus of P as P varies.

(b) Find the coordinates of the centre C, the focus F1 and the focus F2 Find the standard form for the equation of the conic, hence sketch the conic.
of the ellipse. Locus is an ellipse.
y
(c) Sketch the ellipse, and indicate the points C, F1 and F2 on the ellipse.
8
2 2 (0, 0) , (0, 6) are its foci, and 2a = 10

(a) 3x + y + 30x + 10y + 79 = 0 (c)
y 6
2 2
 3(x + 10x) + (y + 10y) + 79 = 0
 Centre is (0, 3) , c = 3, a = 5
0 x 3
2
 3(x + 5) + (y + 5) = 21
2
 b= 52  32 = 4   
F1 ●
x 2 + ( y  3) = 1
2
( x  5)2 ( y  5)2  0
+ =1 16 25 
7 21 (–5, –5) –4 4 x
–2 
(b) Centre C = ( –5, –5) ●
2 2
a = 21 , b = 7 :

c= 21 7 = 14 F2 ●

 F1( –5, –5 + 14 ) ( x  5)2 ( y  5)2

+ =1
and F2( –5, –5 – 14 ) 7 21

eg 4 Find the values of p, q and r which make the ellipse

2 2
4x + y + px + qy + r = 0 touches the x-axis at the origin and passes
through the point (1, 2).
Express the equation obtained in the standard form and hence find its foci.
Touches x-axis at origin : O(0, 0) lies on ellipse
0+0+0+0+r=0  r=0

(x = 0 is an axis of ellipse)  p = 0
2 2
(1, 2) : 4(1) + (2) + 0 + q(2) + 0 = 0  q = –4
2 2 2 2 2 ( y  2 )2
4x + y – 4y = 0 : 4x + (y – 2) – 4 = 0  x + =1
4
 C(0, 2) , a = 2 , b = 1  c = 22  12 = 3
 Foci are (0, 2 + 3 ) and (0, 2 – 3 )

4-8
HYPERBOLA

1. A hyperbola is the set of all points where the absolute difference between their PF1 – PF2 = 2a : PF1 = 2a + PF2
distances from two fixed points (the foci) is constant, usually denoted by 2a.
2 2
(PF1) = (2a + PF2)
2. Hyperbola have two foci and two directrices.
2 2 2
3. Hyperbolas have two asymptotes. (PF1) = (2a) + (PF2) + 2(2a)(PF2)
4. The plane intersect both halves of the cone, producing two separate 2 2 2
(PF1) – (PF2) = 4a + (4a)(PF2)
unbounded curves.
2 2
 2   2 2
 [ x  (h  c)]  ( y  k )  –  [ x  (h  c)]  ( y  k )  = 4a + (4a)(PF2)
2 2
1. Horizontal Hyperbola    
y  k ( x  h)
: C(h, k) =
Centre b a [x2 + (h – c)2 – 2(x)(h – c) + (y – k)2] – [x2 + (h + c)2 – 2(x)(h + c) + (y – k)2]
Vertices : V1(h – a, k) , V2(h + a, k) c a
2
= 4a + (4a)(PF2)
Foci : F1(h – c, k) , F2(h + c, k) V C V2 F2 4cx – 4ch = 4a + (4a)(PF2)
2
 1   
Major axis :y=k Latus 2
P(x, y)
c(x – h) – a = (a)(PF2)
Minor axis :x=h rectum
2
Latus rectum : x = h – c, x = h + c yk
=–
( x  h) [c(x – h) – a2] 2 =  a [ x  (h  c)]2  ( y  k )2 
b2 b a  
Length of latus rectum = 2( )
a 2 2 2 2 2 2
c (x – h) + (a ) – 2(a ).[c(x – h)] = a [(x – h) – c] + a (y – k)
2 2 2

Special distances : CV1 = CV2 = a , CF1 = CF2 = c

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c (x – h) + (a ) – 2(a ).[c(x – h)] = a [(x – h) + c – 2c(x – h)] + a (y – k)
( x  h) 2
( y  k)2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Standard Form of Hyperbola : – =1 (c – a )(x – h) – a (y – k) = a (c – a )
a2 b2
2 2 2 2 2 2
b (x – h) – a (y – k) = a b
Properties : Any point P(x, y) on hyperbola satisfy PF1 – PF2 = 2a
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
– =1
a2 b2
Note : 1. The points V1, F1, C, F2 and V2 all lie on the major axis
with C = midpoint of V1V2 = midpoint of F1F2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2. By definition : b = c – a or c = a + b
yk ( x  h)
3. Asymptotes : =±
b a
c
4. c = ea or e = (> 1, since c > a) , e = eccentricity
a

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2. Vertical Hyperbola (By the same method) y2 x2
eg 2 The equation of a hyperbola is – = 1.
Centre : C(h, k) F2  48 16

Vertices : V1(h, k – a) , V2(h, k + a)  P(x, y) (a) Find the coordinates of the foci.
: F1(h, k – c) , F2(h, k + c) yk ( x  h)
V2
Foci =– (b) Determine the equations of the asymptotes.
a b a
Major axis :x=h
C 2
(a) c = 48 + 16  c = 48  16  foci : (0, –8) , (0, 8)
Minor axis :y=k
V1
Latus rectum : y = k – c, y = k + c y  k ( x  h)
=
 c (b) Asymptotes : y = ±
48
x  y=– 3x , y= 3x
b 2 a b 16
F1 Latus
Length of latus rectum = 2( )
a
Special distances : CV1 = CV2 = a , CF1 = CF2 = c rectum
eg 3 Find the equation of the hyperbola (in standard form) with asymptotes
( y  k)
2
( x  h) 2 y = 4 (x – 2) and y = – 4 (x – 2), and hyperbola passing through origin.
Standard Form of Hyperbola : – =1 3 3
a2 b2
y = 16 (x – 2)
2 2
Asymptotes : y = ± 4 (x – 2) 
3 9
yk ( x  h)
Note : Asymptotes : =± y 2
( x  2) 2
a b Hyperbola : = +A
16 9
4 y2 ( x  2 )2 4 ( x  2 )2 9 y2
2 2 O(0, 0) : 0= +A  = –  – =1
eg 1 The equation of a hyperbola is x – y – 4x = 0. 9 16 9 9 4 64
(a) Find the standard form for the equation of the hyperbola.
State the coordinates of the centre and vertices of the hyperbola.
eg 4 Find the equation of the hyperbola (in standard form) with asymptotes
(b) Determine the equations of the asymptotes of the hyperbola,
and show that the asymptotes are perpendicular to each other. y = 1 (2x + 5) and y = – 1 (2x – 13), and hyperbola passing the point (2, 1).
3 3
(c) Sketch the hyperbola.
a ( x  h)
2 2 Asymptotes : y – k = ± [Given y = 31 (2x + 5) and y = – 31 (2x – 13)]
(a) (x – 2) – y = 4 (c) y b
( x  2 )2 y2  2y = 6  2(y – 3) = 0  k=3
– =1 y=x–2
4 4 2( x  2)
1 1
Centre : (2, 0) Vertices : 0) y = (2x + 5)  y – 3 = (2x + 5) – 3 =
(0, 0) , (4,
3 3 3
y ( x  2) ( y  3) ( x  2) ( y  3)2 ( x  2)2
(b) Asymptotes :
2
=±
2
 =  =
0 2 4 x 2 3 4 9
 y = x – 2 , y = –x + 2 2
( y  3) ( x  2) 2
Hyperbola : = +A
4 9
Since (m1)(m2) = (1)( –1) = –1
 The asymptotes are perpendicular y = –x + 2 ( y  3)2 ( x  2 )2 ( y  3)2 ( x  2)2
(2, 1) : 1=A  = +1  – =1
to each other. 4 9 4 9

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eg 5 Find the equation of the hyperbola (in standard form) with asymptotes
y = 2 (2x + 1) and y = – 2 (2x – 5), and hyperbola passing the point (4, 2). 1
3 3 (b) PQ : y – c = (x – cp)  pqy = –x + cp + cq
p pq
a ( x  h) PQ becomes tangent at P when q → p, (q = p)
Asymptotes : y = k ± [Given y = 32 (2x + 1) and y = – 32 (2x – 5)] 2
b  tangent at P : p y = –x + 2cp
 2y = 4  2(y – 2) = 0  k=2
4( x  1)
 y = 2 ( 2x + 1 )  y – 2 = 2 ( 2x + 1) – 2 =
3 3 3
( y  2) ( x  1) ( y  2)2 ( x  1)2
 =  = To Identify shape of conic by Inspection / Observation on its Cartesian Equation
4 3 16 9
2 2
( y  2) ( x  1) 1. Parabola – When either x or y is squared — but not both.
Hyperbola : = +A
16 9
2 2
( y  2)2 ( x  1)2 ( x  1)2 ( y  2)2 eg The equations y = x – 4 and x = 2y – 3y + 10 are both parabolas.
(4, 2) : 0=1+A  = –1  – =1 2 2
16 9 9 16 In the first equation, you see an x but no y , and in the second
2 2
equation, you see a y but no x . Nothing else matters.

eg 6 Show that the parametric equations x = ct and y = c , where c is a constant,

t 2. Ellipse – When x and y are both squared and
2 the coefficients are positive but distinct.
define a point on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c .

The points P, Q, R and S, with parameter p, q, r and s respectively, lie on 2 2

eg The equation 3x + 2y – 9x + 10y – 6 = 0 is one example of an
2 2 2
the rectangular hyperbola xy = c . ellipse. The coefficients of x and y are distinct and both positive.
(a) Show that pqrs = –1 if the chords PQ and RS are perpendicular.
(b) Find the equation of the line passing through the points P and Q. 3. Hyperbola – When x and y are both squared, and
Deduce the equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola the coefficients are of opposite signs.
at the point P.
2 2
eg The equation 4y – 3x – 10y = 12 is an example of a hyperbola.
x = ct , y = c : xy = ct . c or t = x = c
2
 xy = c 2 2
This time, the coefficients of x and y of opposite signs.
t t c y

(a) P(cp , c ) , Q(cq , c ) , R(cr , c ) , S(cs , c )

p q r s
c c

p q 1 1
mPQ = =  By the same method : mRS =
cp  cq pq rs
1 1
PQ  RS : mPQ .mRS = –1  . = –1  pqrs = –1
pq rs

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