Scribd
Upload
30 views

Training 2 - Basics of Vibrations

Uploaded by

eleng.cmacgmcolumbia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

Training 2 - Basics of Vibrations

Uploaded by

eleng.cmacgmcolumbia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Basics of vibrations

Vibration definition

Vibration - periodic back-and-forth motion of the


particles of an elastic body or medium, commonly
resulting when almost any physical system is
displaced from its equilibrium condition and allowed
to respond to the forces that tend to restore that
equilibrium.
Vibration definition

Vibrations can be periodical which means that forces acting on machinery are
happening in repetitive manner like for example force generated by unbalance
acting one time per every shaft rotation. Another type is random vibration. Event
generating forces is happening randomly like for example in cavitation.

Every rotating or reciprocating machinery in operation will generate vibrations.


Those vibrations will be the results of rotating and frictional forces. Vibrations can
be also generated by external forces. Only requirement is that an object needs to
be able to react to the forces that are acting on it.
Vibration definition

One of most common ways to


illustrate vibrations is a mass on a
spring. When we apply force to the
mass it will start to oscillate. If the
forces are applied periodically the
response will be periodic. If this is
done in random matter the
response will be random. Force
applied on time will generate
oscillating movement that will be
damped over the time.
Vibration definition

We know why vibrations are occurring. We also


need to evaluate and compare vibrations to be
able to assessed machinery condition. We have
3 main parameters of vibrations:

• Amplitude
• Period / frequency
• Phase

We can describe those parameters with usage of


a mass on a spring example.
Vibration definition

A pencil attached to the mass would draw a sine wave


on a piece of moving paper.
Amplitude

The amplitude is a height of the vibration waveform.


Taking into consideration mass on spring, it is how far
up and down the mass is moving.
Amplitude – Peak, Peak – Peak, RMS

Amplitude can be presented in different forms.


We have:

• Peak (1)
• Peak-Peak (2)
• RMS (3) 1
2
The most used form of presenting vibration
results is RMS velocity. In general sense it 3
describes the average amount of energy
contained in the vibration waveform.

𝑇
1 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑓 𝑡
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 0

For sine wave RMS = 0,707*Peak


Period and frequency

Period and frequency describe repetition of the signal.


Period and frequency

• Period is a duration of periodic event.


• Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating
event per time unit.

Period
Period and frequency - examples

Fan is rotating 5 times per second.


This means that we have 5 events each second thus:
frequency = 5 cycles per second [cps] or Hertz [Hz]

If the fan’s speed doubles, its frequency also doubles.


We would have f = 10 [Hz]

To calculate period we need to use presented equation.


For the fan with f = 5[Hz]: 1
1 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑠 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑠 = = 0.2[𝑠] 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 [𝐻𝑧]
5 [𝐻𝑧]

If the speed doubles:


1
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑠 = = 0.1[𝑠]
10 [𝐻𝑧]

By increasing machine rotating speed we increase frequency


and reduce period.
Period and frequency - examples

What is the rpm?


rpm = revolutions per minute

To calculate Hz from rpm we need to divide it by 60.

1186 rpm = 19.77 [Hz]


1800 rpm = 30 [Hz]
3600 rpm = 60 [Hz]
Period and frequency - examples

What are the amplitude Peak, frequency and period of presented signal?

mm/s

s
Amplitude units

We can measure three main parameters of vibration:


• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration

It is crucial to always provide information about which


unit was used for measurement because they present
different information and cannot be directly compared.
Displacement

Displacement is an amount of object’s movement. For a mass on


a spring it is distance between lowest and highest point.
Displacement

Typical units of displacement are:

- Metric: micron pk-pk


- Imperial: mils pk-pk

Displacement is usually used for measurements of low speed machinery


(with rpm below 600). It is because at higher frequencies displacement can
be low. Displacement can be measured directly with proximity probes. They
are usually installed on shafts with sleeve bearings. This method gives us
possibility of tracking exact movement of a shaft inside of bearing.

It should be noted that displacement amplitude is usually presented in


Peak-Peak value. This is more natural because it describes total
movement of element from its highest point to lowest.

Displacement is proportional to stress.


Velocity

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. It describes how


quickly the mass is moving.
Velocity

When we consider a mass on a spring, highest velocity is


present when mass is in the middle of movement.
Velocity

Typical units of velocity are:

- Metric: mm/s RMS


- Imperial: in/s Peak

Velocity is used to assessed vibration severity on most types of machinery.


It provides best signal response on widest range of frequencies. It is
typically used for a range of 2-2000Hz.

Velocity is proportional to fatigue.


Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It describes how


quickly the mass is accelerating or slowing down.
Acceleration

Highest acceleration is present when mass is changing direction


at highest or lowest point. Mass needs to decelerate, stop and
then move with another direction.
Acceleration

Typical units of acceleration are:

- Metric: g’s or m/s² RMS


- Imperial: g’s RMS, in/s² Peak and AdB

Acceleration is typically used for high speed machineries (rpm > 10000). It
is also used for diagnostics of rolling element bearings and high
frequencies signals like cavitation.

Acceleration is proportional to force.


Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration
Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration
Phase

Phase describes relative motion between measured points. For a phase to


have meaning it needs to be related to another vibration point or to
stationary element. There always needs to be reference point either from
tachometer reference on shaft or another measurement point. Phase gives
us a lot of information in diagnosis and helps to better understand
characteristics of vibration. Units for phase are degrees °.
Phase

Two springs are moving together. They are in phase - 0° difference


Phase

Two springs are moving in opposite direction. They are out of phase - 180° difference
Phase

Two springs are moving with 90° phase difference.


Phase

Two ends of shaft are moving in same direction. They are in phase - 0° difference
Phase

Two ends of shaft are moving in opposite direction. They are out of phase - 180° difference
Phase

Phase is used for balancing. To balance the rotor we need to correct its mass
distribution. We use phase to find angle of mass heavy spot relatively to marker on the
shaft. Greatly simplified, to balance we need to put the same mass at opposite angle
for them to suppress each other.
THANKS!
Any questions?
Next part – vibration signals
www.info-marine.com
[email protected]
[email protected]

You might also like