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B RF Introduction

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rudravyas233
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© © All Rights Reserved
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23-08-2024

Introduction What is a Wave?


to
RF Engineering

Dr. Dhaval Pujara

P r o fesso r & Di r ecto r ,


S cho o l o f T echno lo gy,
P andi t Deendayal Ener gy Uni v er si ty,
Gandhi nagar 382 4 26

Emai l: dhav al.pujar a@so t. pd pu .a c.i n

Wave What is RF?

A disturbance that propagates from one


point in a medium to other points without
giving the medium, as a whole, any
permanent displacement.

RF Waves What are Microwaves?

The term RF is an abbreviation for the


“Radio Frequency”.

It refers to alternating current signals that


are generally applied to radio applications,
with a wide electromagnetic spectrum
covering from several hundreds of KHz to
Millimetre waves.

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23-08-2024

Microwaves What are Millimetre Waves?

The term Microwave refers to alternating


current signals with frequencies between
300 MHz (3 X 108 Hz) and 30 GHz (3 X 1010
Hz), with a corresponding electrical
wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm (Pozar
defines the range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz)

Millimetre Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum

The term Millimetre Waves refers to


alternating current signals with frequencies
between 30 GHz (3 X 1010 Hz) to 300 GHz
(3X1011 Hz), with a corresponding electrical
wavelength between 1 cm to 1 mm.

IEEE Frequency Spectrum Maxwell’s Equations

Equation Interpretation
Gauss's Law:
.D   v The total electric flux through any closed
surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.

.B  0 Non-existence of magnetic monopole

B Time varying magnetic field produces an


 E   emf which may establish a current in a
t suitable closed circuit.
Ampere's Circuital Law:
D
 H  Jc  Circulating magnetic fields are produced
t by changing electric field and electric
current

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23-08-2024

Why to use Microwaves? Importance of Microwaves

 Wider bandwidth due to higher frequency.

 Smaller component size leading to smaller


systems.

 More available and less crowded frequency


spectrum.

 Lower interference due to lower signal


crowding.

Applications of Microwaves? Applications of Microwaves

 Mobile Phones : 2G GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz)


 Mobile Phones : 3G CDMA-2000
(2.4 GHz)
 Bluetooth : 2.4 GHz
 WiFi (IEEE 802.11a) : Around 5.0 GHz
 WiFi (IEEE 802.11 b & g) : Around 2.4 GHz
 WPAN (UWB) : 3.1 – 10.6 GHz
 GPS carrier frequency : 1.2276 – 1.57542 GHz
 Satellite Broadcasting : Several GHz
 RADAR : Several GHz

Applications of Microwaves Applications of Microwaves

 Using MWs it is possible to detect invisible damage  Medical Applications: Detection of Cancer,
such as voids and cracks inside concrete structures. Selective Heating, Heart Stimulation,
 The underground hidden objects and mines can be Sterilization, and Imaging.
detected using microwaves.  Astronomy and Space Exploration: In this
 Oil can be distinguished from rock and water due to application, gigantic dish antennas are used to
difference in their dielectric properties and hence monitor, collect, and record incoming MW signals
MWs can be used to indicate the location of oil. from outer space, providing vital information
 Concealed weapon detection using MWs, as they can about other planets, stars, etc.
penetrate through normal clothes.  Range and speed detection of Vehicles on the
 Microwave ovens, microwave clothes dryers, fluid highway.
heating systems, automatic door openers, automatic
 Weather forecast using MWs.
toll collection, etc.

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23-08-2024

Circuit Theory V/S Field Theory Challenges – Microwave Ckt Design

 Circuit Theory generally  Field Theory deals with  Generally at RF and Microwave frequencies the
deals with scalars vectors (amplitude & conventional circuit analysis principles fail.
(amplitude) phase)

 KVL, KCL, Ohm’s Law are  Maxwell’s equations are  The behavior of electronic components (resistor,
applicable applicable capacitor, inductor, transistor, etc.) will be
 More suitable for low  More suitable for high different at high frequencies as compared to low
Frequency Ckts Frequency Ckts frequencies.
 Analysis by Z, Y, h  Analysis by S parameters
parameters  New circuit theory has to be employed for high
frequency design.
 Effects of parasitic  Effects of parasitic
elements: neglected elements: not neglected
 For analysis of high frequency circuits, S-
 Distributed Parameters
 Lumped Parameters parameters will be applicable.

At Low RF Frequencies… Lumped & Distributed Elements

 The length of the circuit is generally much Lumped Element:


smaller than the wavelength.
A self-contained and localized element that offers one

 Propagation delay time is approximately particular property throughout the frequency range of
zero. interest.
Distributed Element:
 Maxwell’s equations simplify into all of the
An element whose property is spread out over an
low-frequency laws such as, KVL, KCL and
Ohm’s law. electrically significant length or area of a circuit instead
of being concentrated at one location or within a
 Circuit elements are ‘Lumped Parameters’. specific component.

What is Propagation Delay? Propagation Delay

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23-08-2024

Propagation Delay

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