2223 Level J - Course Revision Questions

Gr8 Science – Course Revision Questions

1. Cells & Genetics
Term I – Week 1:
Chapter 1: Cellular Nature of Life:
Section 1.1: Characteristics of Living Things-pgs. (4-13):
1. A fig tree, a bacterium and a turtle are examples of [___________].

2. Dinosaurs and Geckos are examples of animals called [___________].

3. All organisms need [___________] to power their life functions.

4. When organisms first appeared on Earth, they appeared in the [___________].

5. Organisms need energy for [m_______], [gr_______], and [rep_____] body parts.

6. A plant captures the energy in sunlight to make [___________].

7. Plants make sugar in which they trap [___________] energy.

8. Plants and some microorganisms capture the [___________] from sunlight directly
to make [___________].

9. Animals get their energy by eating [___________] or by eating [___________].

10. B A substance that an organism needs to take into its body to use as food or to build
or repair itself, is called a [___________].

11. To build body parts and perform chemical processes, organisms need nutrients
including [___________], and gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen.

12. Plants get nutrients including water from the [___________].

13. Plants get the gaseous carbon dioxide and oxygen directly from the [___________].

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14. Which of the following is a nutrient for humans? Put Y if it is a nutrient and N if it
is not a nutrient:
Bread [___________], water [___________], air [___________], oxygen
[___________], nitrogen [___________], carbon dioxide [___________], cheese
[___________].

15. Which of the following is not a nutrient for a flowering plant? (a) water (b) oxygen
(c) carbon dioxide (d) plastic pot (e) nitrogen salts. Write your answer in
alphabetical order using letters separated by commas without space. Answer: (d).

16. A substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for
growth are called [___________].

17. In order to live, organisms need nutrients, [___________] and the right
environment.

18. G When a living thing increases in size we say that it [___________] and when it
makes new parts we say it [___________] new parts.

19. To grow and develop, an organism needs to take in [___________] materials to

build additional body parts.

20. G When a living thing makes new offspring, we say that it [___________].

21. G To replace individuals that die and ensure that a particular organism will not
become extinct, organism must [___________].

22. Cells cannot arise from [___________] material. They come only from cells that
already [___________].

23. The first of six characteristics of living things is that organisms increase in size:
[___________] and make new parts: [___________].

24. The second of six characteristics of living things is that organisms can make
offspring (young organism of the same kind): [___________] to replace organisms
that die.

25. The third of six characteristics of living things is that organisms can react to stimuli
(plural of stimulus): [___________].

26. The fourth of six characteristics of living things is that organisms must use:
[___________] to live.

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27. The fifth of six characteristics of living things is that organisms have
[___________] to help them survive.

28. The sixth of six characteristics of living things is that (1): all organisms are made
of one or more [___________].

29. Living things can

(1) [___________], which means to produce more of its own kind,
(2) [___________] which means become bigger,
(3) [___________] which means make new parts,
(4) [___________] to stimuli which means change when things around them
change, and (5) [___________] which means stop being alive.

30. Tomatoes reproduce by making seeds that can become [___________].

31. A four-year-old girl [___________] to become a (larger) seven-year-old girl. A

small tree grows into a [___________] tree.

32. In order to live, and survive, a bacterium must take in food for energy. What else
should a bacterium do in order to survive? Be able to perform cellular
[___________], [___________] to its environment, increase in size or grow and
[___________] new parts, and [reproduce], i.e. make more copies of itself.

33. G An organism [___________] to a stimulus; i.e. it reacts to it.

34. G When an organism changes over time to develop characteristics that allow it to
live in a changing environment, we say that it [___________] to the environment.

35. The large feet of a snow rabbit that allow it to run on soft snow without sinking in
it is called an [___________].

36. When multicellular organisms grow in size; they actually make more
[___________].

37. When organisms get new parts, like legs on a tadpole or flowers on a plant, we say
that they [___________] new parts.

38. G A [___________] is a physical or chemical change in an organism’s external or

internal environment that causes a response.

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39. The organism’s ability to respond to an external stimulus is called [___________].

40. G The reaction of an organism to the stimulus is its [___________].

41. When a plant on a window bends in the direction of the light, the bending is called
a [___________] to light coming from the window.

42. A [___________] that makes a rabbit run away is the sight of a predator.

43. Drooling is the [___________] of a dog to the sight of food. The sight of food is
the [___________].

44. G The ability of an organism to control its internal environment is called

[___________].

45. G A [___________] is the basic unit of life.

46. For a cell or organism to maintain homeostasis, it must spend [___________].

47. An organism needs to maintain a constant internal state called [___________] so

that it can function well. It is the actual state of stable [___________] that must be
achieved for a biological system to function well.

48. An [___________] is a structure or behavior that helps an organism survive better

in an environment. Sharp claws that help an eagle catch fish more efficiently are
called an [___________].

49. B All organisms are made up of one or more basic units of life called
[___________].

50. Bodies of organisms are organized into cells, tissues, organs and organ
[___________].

51. Examples of unicellular organisms include [___________], protozoans, and yeasts.

52. B Organisms made up of one cell that can be seen in a microscope are called
[___________].

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53. Unicellular organisms are [___________] and every single cell must carry out all
of the basic [___________] needed to sustain the life of the organism.

54. Go to YouTube and look at bacteria and Protista. Write one sentence about how
each looks.
Demonstration: go to YouTube. See bacteria, Protista, for no more than ½ min each.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=onion+skin+cells+under+microscope&FORM=VI
RE1#view=detail&mid=DE9FEF264C2B706DFEE1DE9FEF264C2B706DFEE1
55. B The first living things to appear on Earth were [___________] organisms.

56. B An organism made up of many cells is called [___________].

57. B Plants, animals, humans and seaweeds are examples of [___________]

organisms.

58. The body of a multicellular organism consists of [___________] cells each group
of which does one function only and cannot live alone.

59. Multicellular organisms are organized into different parts. Each part performs a
different [___________].

60. Plant roots are made of cells specialized to absorb minerals and [___________]
from the soil.

61. Leaf cells are specialized to make [___________] out of sunlight, carbon dioxide
and water.
62. Stomach lining cells are specialized to break down [___________] into smaller
parts.

63. Heart cells are specialized in contracting to [___________] blood to the body.

64. All cells of an organism need to work together to perform all the functions of
[___________].

65. An important difference between the cell of a unicellular organism and a cell of a
multicellular organism is that a unicellular organism carries out [___________] of
the organism’s life functions, but each cell of a multicellular organism carries out
[___________] functions and cannot live alone.

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66. B A multicellular organism's body is made up of many cells, which are grouped
together into larger parts, such that each part performs one [___________] for the
organism.

67. The microscope allowed scientists to [___________] cells and see how they
function in an organism.
68. In 1660s Robert Hooke examined a piece of cork, and observed that it was made
up of tiny compartments that he called [___________].

69. Van Leeuwenhoek found hundreds of tiny unicellular organisms swimming in a

[___________] water.

70. Onion cell are shaped like [___________]

71. We add iodine stain when viewing onion cells in a microscope because starch will
turn [___________] so the view becomes clearer.

72. Onion skin cells are packed close together so it becomes easier for cells to
[___________] together.

73. Cells come from other [___________]: each cell divides to form [___________]
cells.

74. B The cell theory states that all living things are made up of one or more
[___________].

75. B The cell theory states that cells carry out the functions needed to support
[___________].

76. B The cell theory states that cells come only from [___________] cells.

77. Cells cannot arise from [___________] material. They come only from cells that
already [___________].

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MFGGBBxSf8

Section 1.2: Inside a cell-pgs. (14-23):

78. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are used to build cell [___________] (e.g. cell
membranes) and may be used as food.

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79. B All cells are made of the same basic chemical elements: carbon, [___________],
oxygen, [___________], phosphorus, and [___________] that combine in millions
of ways to form molecules of different compounds.

Term I – Week 2:
80. G Five classes of compounds are found in all living things: (1) [c___________],
(2) [l___________], (3) [p___________], (4) [n___________] and (5) water.

81. B [___________] are energy-rich compounds that contain carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. Sugars and starch are examples of carbohydrates. However, they are less
energy-rich than lipids, that are made up of exactly the same elements but in
different combinations.

82. [___________] are made in plants, so the fruits and vegetables you eat contain large
amounts of them.

83. B Living cells break down sugars to obtain [___________].

84. Plants pack energy into a smaller volume by tying single sugar molecules together
to form large [___________] molecules composed of many sugar molecules.

85. Potatoes, rice, and wheat products (bread and pasta) are rich in [___________] and
are good energy sources.

86. Carbohydrates are components of cell membranes and cell [___________] (e.g.
wood). (building material).

87. B Fats, oils and waxes are examples of [___________] also called fats.

88. Animals and plants store extra energy in their cells as [___________] also called
lipids. Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and contain
[___________] the energy of equal weight of carbohydrates.
89. Cholesterol is an important lipid, and is a component of cell [___________]. Too
much cholesterol is not healthy because it collects on the inside of blood vessels
and blocks the flow of [___________].

90. Proteins are essential components of living organisms and are composed of
[___________] acids (20 different ones) linked together to form folded chains.

91. Proteins contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes

[___________].

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92. Your body can make [___________] amino acids, but others must be taken in from
food.

93. [___________] are the building blocks of proteins.

94. One function of proteins is that (1) they are the [___________] for cell and body
parts (e.g. muscle, blood). (2) Another function of proteins is that some act as tools
called [___________] to help certain chemical reactions to occur in the body. (3)
A third function of proteins is that they can be used as [___________] to provide
the body that consumes (eats) them with energy and with amino acids needed to
build proteins for that body for growth and repair.

95. G Enzymes are tools that facilitate chemical reactions in the body and are made
mainly of [___________] that [___________] chemical processes.

96. Nucleic acids are large molecules made up of chains of subunits called
[___________].

97. Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

[___________].

98. The two kinds of nucleic acids are [___________] and [___________], which, store
information for building and running the cells.

99. G [___________] is a very large nucleic acid molecule that holds the genetic
information / instructions a cell needs for making [___________].

100. G [___________] is a single stranded nucleic acid that is also involved in building
proteins.

101. About two thirds of a cell is [___________]. Almost all chemical processes inside
cells take place in [___________] solutions. Water helps a cell keep its
[___________]. When a plant loses too much water, the cells shrink and the plant
wilts.

102. B Water maintains [___________] by helping keep the body temperature

constant. Water takes part in many [___________] processes and transports
[___________] in and out of a cell.

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Qs. 103-134: Refer to Figures 24 & 25 pgs.22-23:

103. B The [___________] is a jellylike material inside the cell that contains organelles
and dissolved substances, and is the site where most cells activities occur.

104. B [___________] are small structures suspended in the cell’s cytoplasm that have
specific functions. E.g. mitochondria, ribosomes.

105. B The cell [___________] is a flexible structure that separates the inside of the
cell from its external environment.

106. B The cell wall [___________] and protects the cell, and is found only around
plant cells.

107. G All cells are surrounded by a boundary called [___________] that holds the cell
together, gives its shape and it [___________] what enters and leaves the cell. The
cell membrane allows some substances to enter while keeping other substances out.

108. B The cells of plants, fungi, and some bacteria have an additional boundary, a
thick, stiff structure that surrounds the cell membrane called [___________].

109. B The main organelles of an animal cell are: cell membrane, nucleus,
[___________], endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi body, small vacuole,
[___________].

110. B The [___________] of a cell is a large oval organelle, it is the control center
that directs all the activities of the cell.

111. The nucleus is protected in most living things by the nuclear [___________],
which is a double membrane that contains pores. The nucleus contains DNA.

112. DNA is a long chainlike molecule, coiled up into [___________].

113. B A [___________] is a rod-shaped structure made up of a protein and DNA.

114. Most DNA is located in the chromosomes inside the [___________].

115. B [___________] are tiny structures outside the nucleus in which proteins
are built. They are the site of protein synthesis. [___________] are attached to the
surface of the [___________], which is a network of tubes and passageways.

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116. Bacteria have neither [___________] nor nuclear membranes. The DNA in
bacteria is suspended in the cytoplasm.

117. B Most cells have [___________], rod-shaped organelles that use the energy in
food to produce a form of energy the cell can use, ATP (adenosine triphosphate),
the common “currency” of energy carrier that cells use).

118. B Many plant cells have [___________], green, disk-like organelles that trap the
energy in sunlight into sugar. This process is called [___________]. Chloroplasts
capture [___________] energy and use it to produce sugar. In a plant cell,
photosynthesis takes place in the [___________].

119. Animal cells do not contain [___________]. They get their [___________] when
animals take sugar and other food compounds from plants or animals they eat.
Chloroplasts trap the sunlight energy into [___________], which mitochondria
change into a useful form of and energy-carrying molecule, ATP.

120. The [___________] body is an organelle that resembles a stack of flat pancakes
and vesicles. The [___________] body receives material from the [___________],
finishes processing and packaging them, then transports them to the cell and other
cells as well.

121. B The endoplasmic reticulum consists of a [___________] of tubes and

passageways through which proteins and other materials are transported from one
place to another in a cell.

122. B A [___________] is a saclike organelle that stores water, food and other
materials.

123. Animal cells may have many small vacuoles or none at all. Plant cells tend to have
one large vacuole, called a [___________], which stores materials and gives the
plant cell its shape.

124. When a plant cell lacks water, its central vacuole is partially empty and the plant
[___________].

125. B A [___________] is a small round organelle that contains enzymes that break
down large food and waste particles. It is usually found in animal cells but not in
plant cells.

126. G Put Y where the structure is found, in animal cells and N where it is not. An
animal cell contains: Cell membrane, [__], Cell wall [__], Cytoplasm [__],
nucleus [___], Chloroplasts[___], Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) [__], one large
vacuole [___], several small vacuoles [__], lysosome[___], mitochondria [__],
ribosomes [__], Golgi bodies [___].

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127. G Put Y where the structure is found, in plant cells and N where it is not. A plant
cell contains: Cell membrane, [___], Cell wall [___], Cytoplasm [___], nucleus
[___], Chloroplasts [___], Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) [___], one large vacuole
[___], several small vacuoles [___], lysosome [___], mitochondria [___],
ribosomes [___], Golgi bodies [___].

128. The figure below shows an [___________] cell has many different structures,
each with a particular function.

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129. A [___________] cell has several structures not found in animal cells,
including a large vacuole, a cell wall, and at least one chloroplast as shown in the
diagram below.

130. In which part or organelle of a plant cell you will find

a) Chromosomes? [___________]
b) Food and water storage? [___________]
c) Chlorophyll? [___________]
d) Cell wall? [___________]

131. B The [___________] is a rigid thick structure outside the cell membrane that
protects the cell and gives it its shape.

132. B The [___________] vacuole is a large vacuole in plant cells that stores water,
food, and wastes. It takes up most of the cell volume.

133. Hormones are protein enzymes that are produced in [___________] and
transported through the ER to the [___________], where they are packaged and
sent out of the cell.

134. Bacterium’s organelles are not surrounded by [___________].

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Section 1.3: Cell Differentiation-pgs. (24-31):

135. A muscle cell is designed to [___________]. A nerve cell is designed to transmit
a [___________].

136. An organism begins life as a single cell. During the early development of a
multicellular organism, cells multiply and [___________] to form many specialized
cells.

137. A skin cell is thin and flat, the best shape to [___________] the outside of an
organism's body.

138. Because the cells of a multicellular organism are too specialized, any one cell
[___________] on its own.

139. During the early development of a multicellular organism, cells multiply and
differentiate, then they form [___________] cells.

140. Together, all the specialized cells in the organism's body perform its life
[___________].

141. Single cells of a multicellular organism are unable to survive on their own because
they cannot perform all life [___________].

142. Cells are [___________] to the jobs they do.

143. Plant root cells have tiny [___________] that increase the surface area for
absorbing water and minerals from soil.

144. [___________] cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop
into any of the more than 200 types of cells in the body.

145. In developing embryos, stem cells differentiate into all the [___________] cells
that make up a newborn baby.

146. Any organism starts as one cell. As it divides into cells, cells become specialized.
The final organism will have a complete set of organ [___________].

147. Muscle and bone tissues are examples of [___________] tissues.

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Multicellular Organisms Are Organized:

148. A green leaf cell is specialized in making [___________].

149. Muscle tissue contains only [___________] cells.

150. In a plant stem, one kind of tissue, [___________], forms tubes that transport food
from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

151. In a plant stem, one kind of tissue, [___________], forms tubes that provide
pathways for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

152. B A tissue is a group of similar [___________] performing the same job, or

function.

153. B An [___________] is a body-part made up of two or more kinds of tissues.

154. An earthworm's intestine is an organ lined with 3 tissues: muscle tissue, a tissue
that produces [___________] and a third that [___________].

155. A plant leaf is an [___________] whose function is to make food for the entire
plant. A leaf contains 3 tissues: one that [___________] and protects the leaf, a
tissue for performing [___________], and tissues for [___________] food,
minerals, and water to and from the leaf.

156. B An [___________] is a group of organs that function together to do a major job

for the organism.

157. The most complex level of organization in organisms is an organ [___________].

158. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas are organs that make up an animal's [___________].

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159. G The five levels of cellular organization are: [___________], tissues,

[___________], organ systems and [___________].

Term I – Week 3:
Chapter 2: Cell Processes
Section 2.2: Photosynthesis-pgs. (48-57):
160. A human being feels tired when his/her body tries to [___________].

161. [___________] are organisms like plants, green algae, and green bacteria that
captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to produce its own food (sugars).

162. Sunlight energy is saved in sugar as [___________] energy.

163. Most photoautotrophs are green and are called [___________] because they
produce food (sugars).

164. [___________] are organisms like some kinds of bacteria that extract energy from
chemicals (like sulphur or nitrogen) to make their own food (sugars) out of carbon
dioxide and water.

165. Both chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs are generally called [___________].

166. Green frogs and grass hoppers [___________] autotrophs although they are green.
They do not have chlorophyll.

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167. A heterotroph is an organism that [___________] other organisms.

168. The energy that a cricket obtains when it eats plants came initially from the
[___________].

169. The energy that a robin obtains when it eats crickets came initially from the
[___________].

170. B [___________] is a sugar. Sugars are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates contain

chemical energy that originally came from the sun as sunlight energy.

171. A photoautotroph needs [___________], carbon dioxide and water to make food.

172. Glucose is important for photoautotrophs and heterotrophs because it is the basic
form of [___________] that plants make.

173. Plants and other photoautotrophs manufacture food by [___________].

174. G [___________] is the process in which energy in sunlight is converted to

chemical energy in glucose and other sugars. (Refer to Figure-15 pg.51).

175. In the first part of photosynthesis, cells use sunlight energy to split [___________]
molecules into oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen ions (H+ + e–), the first part takes place
during the day in the chloroplasts.

176. Oxygen produced in photosynthesis is partly used in cellular [___________]

inside mitochondria and mostly released into the atmosphere.

177. B [___________] is the substance that captures sunlight and gives plants their
green color, and it is found mostly in leaves.

178. In the second part of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions undergo
a series of reactions to form sugars, including [___________]. The energy that was
originally captured from the sun is stored as chemical energy in the bonds between
atoms of the sugars.

179. B The overall process of photosynthesis can be summarized in the following

chemical equation.
[___________] + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ----------► C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
180. The starting materials for photosynthesis are water and [___________].

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181. B A plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air through tiny openings, called
[___________], in the leaves (singular, stoma) regulate the movement of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and water vapor in and out of a plant by opening and closing.

182. B The opening and closing of a stoma are controlled by two curved cells that
surround the [___________].

183. During the day, the [___________] cells open the stomata. The stomata are
[___________] at night.

184. Water in soil is taken into a plant through its [___________].

185. The rate at which photosynthesis occurs [___________] with increasing amounts
of sunlight intensity, carbon dioxide and water. The rate also increases as
temperature [___________].

186. Two identical plants A and B were separately placed in two sealed transparent
plastic bags with CO2 concentration of 0.40 % for A and 0.03 % for B. The rate of
photosynthesis (in units “u”) against light intensity was found to be as follows:
Light intensity 0 1 2 3 4 5
Conc. 0.40 % (in A) 0 0.6 u 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.5
Conc. 0.03 % (in B) 0 0.2 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25

On a graph paper, plot rate of photosynthesis (on v-axis) vs. light intensity,
a) For equal light intensity, does an increase is CO2 concentration increase the
rate of photosynthesis? [___________]
b) At light intensity 4 units, how many times is the rate of photosynthesis in A as
large as the rate in B? [___________]
c) At what light intensity is the rate of photosynthesis equal in A and B?
[___________]
d) At light intensity 7 units, predict the rate of photosynthesis in A.?
[___________]

187. Nearly all of the oxygen in Earth's [___________] came from photosynthesis.
This oxygen is important for almost all organisms (for respiration).

188. Plants convert some of the sugars to other structures, such as starch and
[___________] in woody plants. Some sugars are converted to other carbohydrates,
to lipids, and to amino acids that are used to build [___________]. The rest of the
sugars are stored in the photoautotroph's body for future use.

189. A plant compacts sugar molecule and stores them as [___________] molecules.

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190. Starch is stored in [___________] in the roots, fruits, seeds and tubers of many
plants. Starch is stored as [___________]. When a plant needs energy, it breaks
down the stored starch to form sugar molecules.

191. Stored starch in [___________] serves as food for the tiny plant that develops
within the seed.

192. Iodine solution turns dark [___________] in the presence of starch.

Term I – Week 4:
Section 2.3: Cellular Respiration-pgs. (58-65):
193. G Almost all organisms get energy by the process of [___________]. (Refer to
Figure-20 pg.59).
194. The process that releases energy from food is called [___________],
which takes place in the folded membranes of the mitochondrion.
195. B During cellular respiration, cells break down [___________] into smaller
molecules to release the energy it contains.

196. B Because cellular respiration cannot be completed without oxygen, the process
is also called [___________] respiration which means using oxygen.

197. In cellular respiration the energy in glucose is used to make ATP molecules that
are the “currency” that all living things use for any process that needs
[___________].

198. B In Part 1 of cellular respiration which takes place in a cell's [___________], the
glucose molecule (6 carbon atoms) is partially broken down into two smaller
pyruvate molecules (3 carbons), and a small amount of the energy is released: 2
ATP molecules are produced. Oxygen is [___________] for this part of cellular
respiration.

199. B In Part 2 of cellular respiration the (pyruvate) molecules diffuse from the
cytoplasm into the cell's [___________] together with oxygen molecules.

200. In Part 2 of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria the (pyruvate) molecules
react with the oxygen in a series of reactions that produce [___________], about
(34 ATP molecules) and produce as a byproduct carbon dioxide and water.

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201. Cellular respiration must take place [___________] to provide a continuous

supply of energy to the organism.

202. In cellular respiration [___________] are used up and [___________] are

produced, together with around 36 ATP molecules (energy currency of all
organisms).

203. B The process of cellular respiration can be summarized in the following chemical
equation:
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 60 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + [___________]
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (36 ATP molecules).
204. Cellular respiration is [___________] as breathing, which is often called
respiration.

205. [___________] is the mechanical process that brings oxygen into the lungs and
expels carbon dioxide. [___________] is the chemical process by which energy in
glucose is used to produce chemical energy (ATP).

206. B The equation for cellular respiration is the [___________] of the equation for
photosynthesis.

207. Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the atmosphere when they
perform photosynthesis. [___________] animals and plants take in oxygen and
release carbon dioxide when they perform cellular respiration.

208. Because cellular respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis, these two life
processes form a cycle that keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere relatively [___________].

209. G Fermentation is the process that breaks down [___________] in absence of

oxygen. Fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm.

210. When oxygen is not available or is in short supply; many heterotrophic organisms
can release a small amount of energy by performing [___________] in which a
sugar molecule produces only 2 ATP molecules (as opposed to 36 in respiration).

211. Different organisms use many different chemical ways of releasing energy by
[___________], which is obtaining a small amount of energy (2 ATP molecules)
without using oxygen. The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic
acid.

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212. B In yeast and bacteria, fermentation converts sugar to acids, gases,

or [___________]. In oxygen-starved muscle cells, it produces [___________].

213. Humans have used alcoholic fermentation to produce drinks and beverages for the
last 12,000 years: the products are alcohol and carbon dioxide. Also, humans have
used microorganisms to perform lactic acid fermentation to
produce sour foods such as pickles, kimchi and [___________]. Fermentation also
occurs naturally in the stomach of mammals, such as humans, cows and sheep.

214. Organisms keep the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere relatively

[___________] by (1) plants performing photosynthesis which traps sunlight
energy into sugar molecules and (2) in the process of cellular respiration in which
they use up oxygen in the atmosphere to obtain energy out of sugar.

215. Alcoholic fermentation of dough produces alcohol and [___________]. When

dough ferments the carbon dioxide bubbles that form make the bread dough rise.
When it is baked, the bubbles grow in size, making the bread rise much more. When
the bread is baked, the alcohol evaporates.

216. In industry, alcoholic fermentation of corn is used to produce alcohol that is added
to gasoline, because alcohol is [___________], and the part that comes from
petroleum is not.

217. Lactic acid fermentation can take place in muscles when the organism is under
stress, and more energy is needed than can be provided by [___________].
Fermentation does “take over” as is stated in the book, but it adds to cellular
respiration to provide a little bit more energy. Lactic acid builds up in the muscles
and makes them sore.

218. Hard exercise causes muscles to feel sore due to the formation of [___________]
due to fermentation that takes place in muscle cells when more energy is needed
than can be provided by cellular respiration because oxygen in not enough.

219. B The kind of fermentation that causes bread to rise is [___________]

fermentation.

220. The kind of fermentation that causes muscles to ache is [___________]

fermentation.

221. Anaerobic bacteria are those that live without [___________], they meet their
energy needs by performing [___________] respiration.

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222. Bacteria found near vents are autotrophs, they use the chemical energy contained
in the vent [___________] to make food.

Chapter 3: Cell Division & Growth

Section 3.2: Asexual & Sexual Reproduction-pgs. (82,85,86):
223. G Many plants and animals reproduce by sexual reproduction, in which two
parents contribute genetic material to their [___________] which is genetically
similar to both parents but not identical.
224. G Two parent organisms transmit genetic material to their offspring through
the formation of [___________], or sex cells.
225. G The gamete produced by a female is called [___________].
226. G The gamete produced by a male in his reproductive organs is a
[___________].
227. A gamete contains exactly [___________] the amount of genetic material
contained in a body cell of the parent that produced it.
228. G An egg containing genetic material from the mother and a sperm
containing genetic material from the father come together and join to form a single
cell called a [___________].

Term I – Week 5:
229. G The process of forming a zygote is called [___________].
230. [___________] is the joining of a male gamete and a female gamete to form
a single cell called a [___________].
a) A woman contributes 23 chromosomes to the zygote. Chromosome No. 23
is always a/an [___________] chromosome.
b) A man contributes the other 23 chromosomes to the zygote. About half the
time, chromosome No. 23 contributed by the man is an X chromosome, and
the other half, a [___________] chromosome.
c) The zygote will have 23 [___________] of chromosomes. Chromosome-
pair No. 23 can be XX about half the times, and the zygote will grow into a
[___________]. They are XY about the other half the times, and the zygote
will grow into a [___________].
d) The zygote inherits half its genes from one parent and half form the other,
so generally, inherited characteristics will be obtained from both parents.
However, in sex, the zygote will be either a male or a female (not in
between), and this depends on the type of [___________] coming from the

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[___________]: A sperm with an X chromosome produces a female, a

sperm with a Y chromosome produces a male.
e) The sex of the child is determined by the sex chromosome that comes in the
sperm (from the father). The [___________] coming from the
[___________] has nothing to do with determining the sex of the child.

231. Each kind of organism has a unique number of chromosomes. Every kind
of chromosome has a partner that is similar to it in shape and size and has similar
DNA. Thus, chromosomes come in [___________]. Such chromosomes are called
a homologous pair, or homologs.
232. G Humans have 46 chromosomes, or [___________] pairs. Corn has 20
chromosomes, or ten pairs. Every one of your body cells has [___________] pairs
of chromosomes.
233. G A cell that contains a pair of each kind of chromosome is called a
[___________] cell.
234. G Gametes contain only one chromosome of each pair, that is, they have
half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. Human gametes have 23
chromosomes. Corn gametes have ten chromosomes. A cell with only one
chromosome of each pair is called a [___________] cell.
235. G When a human egg and sperm unite during fertilization, the full set of 46
chromosomes, or [___________] pairs, is restored in the zygote.
236. Mitosis: Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell. Meiosis:
Daughter cells are genetically [___________] parent cell.

Chapter 4: Genetics and Heredity

Section 4.1: Genes and Traits-pg. (106):
237. B A characteristic of a living thing, like curly hair, is called a [___________].

238. B The two types of traits are [___________] and [___________] traits.

239. Traits such as eye color, natural hair color and freckles are [___________]
characteristics.

240. G [___________] traits are determined by heredity, i.e. passing genetic

information from parent to [___________].

241. The ability to read English is an [___________] trait.

242. The natural color of hair is an [___________] trait.

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243. An inherited trait is passed on to offspring in the [___________] of gametes.

244. G Acquired traits are obtained by interacting with the [___________].

245. G A segment of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for an
inherited trait is a [___________].

246. A gene may control skin [___________] or how to build a cell wall.

247. Genes of living organisms are found on [___________].

248. The human chromosomes in any cell have about [___________] different known
genes.

249. Some traits may be controlled by one gene but others like eye color, height, and skin
color in humans may be controlled by [___________] genes.

250. The science that studies how traits and their difference are identical is called
[___________].

251. Some genes control the production of a specific [___________] or part of a protein.

252. G A form of a gene is called an [___________].

2. Science J
Chapter 9: Supply and Discharge:
Section 9.1 Food and Energy-pgs. (252-259):
253. Wheat was discovered and cultivated in Syria and Jordan around [___________]
years ago.

254. Food provides a living body with the energy it needs, as well as with essential
substances for living called [___________], needed to survive and grow.

255. G There are six classes of [___________]: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
minerals, and water.

256. There are three classes of nutrients that supply the body with [___________]:
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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257. A food Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of
[___________] of water by 1°C.

258. 1 Calorie equals [___________] kJ.

259. Most people take most of their energy in the form of [___________].

260. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, [___________], and hydrogen.

261. Simple carbohydrates, are simple [___________], are found in fruits, milk, and
some vegetables.

262. [___________] is a monosaccharide (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) but the main sugar eaten by

people, cane sugar, is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11 ).

263. Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides made up of many monosaccharides

linked together in [___________].

264. G [___________] is a complex carbohydrate found in plant foods such as

potatoes, rice, corn, and some grains. To use starch as an energy source, the body
must break it down into monosaccharides, glucose.

265. Fiber is a complex indigestible carbohydrate found in [___________] food.

266. There are two types of fiber: soluble and [___________]. Both are essential for
good health.

267. G Fats are high-energy nutrients composed of glycerol and [___________]. The
chemical elements that make up fats are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Term I – Week 6:
268. Fats form part of the structure of [___________], protect and support the internal
organs, and retain heat inside the body. Fats can be unsaturated (healthy) or
saturated (not so healthy). Unsaturated fats mostly come from [___________],
such as olives, nuts, and avocado.

269. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature and are called
[___________]. Salmon, contain unsaturated fat. Saturated fats are solid at room
temperature and are found in animal products, such as meat, dairy products, egg
yolks, and in some plant products, such as palm oil and coconut oil.

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270. Cholesterol is a waxy, fatty substance found in animal products. It is

[___________] for most body cells. However, it is not a necessary part of the diet
because the liver makes all the cholesterol the body needs.

271. B Polypeptides are made of chains of linked [___________]. When polypeptide

chains are folded in a special way with other polypeptides they form structures
called proteins.

272. All amino acids are made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and [___________].
Some contain Sulphur.

273. Foods rich in proteins include [___________], dairy products, nuts, beans, and
lentils.

274. [___________] are nutrients that are essential for a variety of chemical reactions
that take place within the body.

275. Some vitamins are water-soluble, like vitamins [___________] and B, and some
are fat-soluble, like vitamins [___________], and K. Small amounts of vitamins
are needed by the body. Most vitamins are obtained from food.

276. [___________] are nutrients that are made of elements that can be obtained by
eating plants, fruits, or animals.

277. Essential minerals include [___________] to build bones and teeth,

[___________] for red blood cells to function, and [___________] for muscle
function.

278. Water accounts for about 65% to 75% of an average person's body weight. It is
the most important nutrient because vital body processes, such as the breakdown
of nutrients, take place in [___________]. It carries nutrients and other important
substances throughout the body. On average, a person should drink between
[___________] glasses of water a day.

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279. A [___________] diet must cover the energy needs of the body, provide enough
of the essential nutrients: water, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.

280. Half of a healthy diet consists of fruits and vegetables. The other half should
consist of grains and [___________]. A healthy diet should include plenty of water.
Avoid juices with added sugar.

281. A person should eat healthy [___________] and oils but avoid too many saturated
fats.

282. Always remember to stay physically [___________] to keep your body healthy.

283. Food [___________] show the amount of nutrients and calories in each serving
of the product, and list how many servings are included in one package.

284. An [___________] diet can result from either an imbalance between energy need
and supply, or an imbalance between the types of nutrients.

285. You gain weight when you take in more Calories from food than your body
[___________].

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286. [___________] is a condition in which excess fat is accumulated in the body to

the extent of having harmful effects on human health, such as causing
cardiovascular diseases.

287. When you get less energy from food than you burn, you lose [___________].

288. Malnutrition is bad nutrition, resulting from low intake of one or more essential
nutrients. Too little energy intake leads to [___________].

2
289. Body Mass Index [___________] is given by weight/(height) , weight in kg and
height in m.

290. The following chart shows how BMI can be used to determine if a person is
considered [___________], normal, [___________], or obese. According to the
World Health Organization “WHO”, a person having a BMI of 30 or above is
considered obese.

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291. A deficiency in vitamin C may lead to anemia and [___________] ability to fight
infections.

Section 9.2: Infectious Diseases-pgs. (260-267):

292. G Many illnesses are caused by [___________], [___________], or other
microorganisms, which invade our bodies.

293. Anyone breathing air contaminated by someone sneezing into it disease-

causing microorganisms, called [___________], can get sick.

294. A [___________] is an agent organism that causes [___________].

Pathogens could be (a) [___________] like bacteria and funguses (or fungi), (b)
[worms] that live inside the body, or (c) [___________].

295. A [___________] is an organism that lives off or in another organism,

obtaining nourishment and protection while offering no benefit and possibly
harming the organism. The bacteria living with you are not [___________].
Tapeworms that live in the intestines are parasites.

296. G The organism that microorganisms infect is called the [___________].

297. The main pathogens that affect humans are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
[___________]. When pathogens invade the host, an infection occurs. It is
said that the host is infected by the pathogen.

298. If the host cannot control and restrict the infection, a disease
[___________].

299. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be found almost everywhere.
They can live in the soil, air, and water. They are found in [___________]
inside and on the surface of the human body.

300. The [___________] known as Streptococcus pyogenes causes strep

[___________], they are contagious and spread through airborne droplets of
[___________] when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
301. Certain types of bacteria live in the human digestive system and play a key
role in breaking down [___________].

302. Other types of bacteria help in the production of dairy products, such as
[___________] and cheese.

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303. Some pathogenic bacteria cause a disease by releasing poisonous

substances called [___________], which damage specific cells in the tissue
they invade.

304. G Escherichia coli, (E. coli) is a type of bacterium that normally lives in the
digestive tract of humans. However, some virulent strains of this bacterium
can cause severe gastrointestinal [___________].

305. In the fourteenth century, about 25 million people died of the bubonic
plague, a disease caused by the bacterium called Yersinia pestis, which was mainly
spread by [___________].

306. B A virus particle is a [___________] code (DNA or RNA) covered with

a protein coat. Compared to a human cell size, it is like a sesame seed compared to
a football.

307. Viruses can only be active and reproduce when they infect the cells of
other organisms, because they do not have the machinery, such as a ribosome, to
[___________].

308. Inside a cell, the virus uses the cell's machinery to multiply and produce
many copies of itself, then breaking out of the cell to [___________] other cells.

309. A disease caused by a virus is called a [___________] disease.

310. G Diseases like the common cold and chicken pox are caused by
[___________].

311. Ebola virus disease or EVD is another disease caused by a virus. It causes
a severe, often fatal, illness in [___________].

312. [___________] are microorganisms that can cause infectious diseases.

313. Some single-celled protists produce [___________], which are the latent
inactive form of the protist, from which new cells are produced

314. G A protist called Plasmodium falciparum causes [___________], a

widespread disease. It is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito.

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315. [___________] is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a

parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.
People who get [___________] are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking
chills, and flu-like illness.

316. Fungi, such as mushrooms and molds, are organisms that absorb nutrients
from their living or deal material in their environment. Although most fungi are
harmless, some are [___________] and can cause diseases.

317. Tinea corporis is a [___________] that thrives in warm, moist areas of

the surface of the body, such as the space between the toes. When the fungus
grows on the feet, the condition is called [___________].

318. Infected people can spread pathogens through direct contact, such as a
handshake, or by droplets of [___________] in sneezes or coughs that might be
contaminated.

319. Sexual contact is another way some pathogens are spread between
organisms. Diseases transmitted in this manner are called [___________]
transmitted diseases.

320. G A [___________] is any agent that carries and transmits a pathogen to

another living organism.

321. Some infected animals bite people and pass the pathogen to them.
[___________] is a disease that people can get after being bitten by an infected
dog.

322. Some pathogens are able to survive on different [___________], such as

tables and door handles. Cold and flu are two major viral diseases that can spread
through contaminated objects.

323. [___________] previously used by an infected person can transmit

pathogens into the blood of another individual that uses them.

324. Corona virus disease is an [___________] disease caused by the SARS

(Severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus. It is called “corona” because of crown-
like spikes on the surface of the virus. This virus infects the [___________] system
and can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles
when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breath.

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325. In early 2020, after December 2019 outbreak in China, the World Health
Organization “WHO” identified SARS as a new type of [___________] virus. The
outbreak quickly spread around the world. COVID-19 is a disease caused by
SARS that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect
your [___________] respiratory tract or [___________] respiratory tract.

326. Tetanus is an [___________] caused by bacteria called clostridium tetani.

When the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes
painful muscle contractions.

327. Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”. It often causes a person’s

[___________] and jaw [___________] to lock, making it hard to open the mouth
or swallow.

328. [___________] is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by

measles virus. Symptoms usually develop 10-12 days after exposure to an infected
person and last 7-10 days. Initial symptoms typically include fever, cough, runny
nose and inflamed eyes.

Term I – Week 7:
Section 9.3: Defending the Human Body-pgs. (268-275):
329. The [___________] is the first line of defense that protects the body against
pathogens.

330. The immune system can be divided into the [___________] immune
system and the [___________] immune system.

331. G The innate immune system is [___________] and defends the body
against any invading pathogen immediately.

332. If the innate system fails to eliminate the pathogen, the adaptive immune
system steps in. The adaptive immune system makes specific chemical weapons
against [___________], but this takes about 2 weeks.

333. G The adaptive immune system has [___________] cells that remember
what the pathogen is like and how to kill it. In a future encounter with the same
pathogen, it starts the specific defense immediately.

334. The [___________] immune system tries to protect the body against the
pathogen invasion using (1) natural barriers like the skin, (2) killer white
blood cells.

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335. The [___________] is the first barrier against pathogens. The acidity of
the skin and the large number of useful bacteria living on it can kill harmful
pathogens that land on it.

336. In body spots where skin is not found, like in the eyes or the inside of the
nose, secretions such as [___________] and mucus trap and wash away any
pathogen.

337. [___________] in the respiratory passages push mucus and the pathogen
outside the body.

338. The high [___________] of the stomach kills many pathogens that might
enter the body through food.

339. [___________] flushes away pathogens that might enter the urinary tract.

340. When pathogens overcome natural barriers and enter the human body, the
innate immune system responds with [___________], which is a nonspecific
response during which fluid and white blood cells move into the damaged tissue
causing swelling and warming up.

341. An example of pathogens breaching the body's natural barriers is a

pathogen that infects a [___________] on the skin.

342. Once the skin is cut and a pathogen enters the body, blood vessels widen,
clotting elements flow toward the injured site and special white blood cells, called
[___________] engulf and destroy the pathogens.

343. Large white blood cells called [___________] cells lie in waiting for
invading pathogens.

344. Dendritic cells engulf and swallow an invading pathogen, then display
some of its proteins on their surface and move towards the pancreas. On the way
white blood cells called T cells and B cells are alerted. [___________] attack and
kill the invaders.

345. After encountering a presented antigen (protein from the invader), T cells
multiply, producing millions of T cells that look for and attack anything that looks
like the pathogen that contains the [___________].

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346. G B cells divide rapidly, making hundreds of thousands identical copies

of themselves. Next, they start secreting molecules called [___________]
specifically designed to attach to surface antigens and clump the pathogen so that
it cannot attack host cells. Clumped pathogens are then destroyed with activated
T cells, or they are filtered out of the body and get thrown out with body wastes.

347. T cells aim to identify and destroy [___________] cells before the
pathogen can replicate and escape, thereby halting the spread of the pathogen.
These T cells also attack and kill cancerous cells.

348. Some B and T cells change into B and T [___________] cells with the
capability of attacking and destroying this same pathogen more quickly at a second
encounter in the future.

349. Memory B and T cells remain circulating in the body for [___________].

350. If host gets infected again with the same pathogen, the memory cells
quickly change into [___________] B and T cells, and wipe out the invading
pathogen for the second time even before the pathogen is able to cause a disease.

351. [___________] immunity is the one acquired by getting antibodies

against a pathogen from sources other than our own body.

352. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or [___________], is a disease

that affects the immune system. It is caused by the HIV virus.

353. Inside the Human Body HIV attacks the immune system directly. It can
destroy the vital immune cells, such as [___________] and some phagocytes, so
the body loses its ability to fight diseases.

354. Most people infected with HIV develop the disease [___________].
People with AIDS become sick with infections that a healthy body would
normally fight off. When the immune system fails to attack many diseases, this
can lead to death. So far, there is no cure for AIDS, but there are new drug
treatments that allow for a longer life.

355. HIV can spread from one person to another if an infected person's body
fluids, such as blood and fluids from the male and female reproductive systems,
come into contact with those of an uninfected person and enter their
[___________].

356. AIDS can be transmitted from one person to another through intravenous
drug use, transfusion of contaminated [___________], organ transplantation, and
from mother to child through the placenta and breast milk.

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357. It is important to know that HIV [___________] live on the skin. If a

person shakes the hand of an infected person, plays sports with him, or even uses
the toilet after him, this person will [___________] the virus.

358. G In vaccination, people are exposed to an [___________] or milder form

of a pathogen or detoxified parts of bacterial toxins.

359. A vaccine helps prevent a disease, but it does not [___________] it.

360. Influenza vaccines are made by a combination of antigens (proteins)

taken from viruses that are likely to spread in the [___________] flu season.

361. When most people are vaccinated, they are more protected from getting
the disease from the fewer infected people, so fewer people will catch the
[___________].

362. G Antibiotics are medicines that can stop a [___________] infection

without harming the cells of the body. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.

363. There are no medications that cure a [___________] illness.

364. Newly developed antiviral drugs can [___________] the viral

progression and give the immune system more time to better fight the virus.

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Term I – Week 8:
Chapter 6: Force, Acceleration, and Mass
Unless mentioned otherwise in the question, assume that under conditions of
negligible air resistance the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.80 m/s2.
All answers must be given in (a) scientific notation, (b) to the correct number of
significant figures and (c) with the correct units.

Section 6.1: Forces-pgs. (152-159):

Introducing Forces:
365. A force:
a) Is a [___________] or [___________] that that results when [___________] bodies
interact, one body that exerts the force and the other is the body on which the force
acts upon.
b) Can change the state of motion or the [___________] of an object.
c) Is a physical quantity that is characterized by its point of application, direction,
and its [___________] therefore it is a [___________] quantity that can be
represented in a [___________].
d) Has a unit of a [___________]; which can just about lift an [___________], and it
is the net force that produces an accelerate of [___________] m.s–2 when applied to
a mass of 1 [___________].

366. Marie is on ice skates. George pushes her with a force of F 1 = 10.0 N to the
East. Mohammad pushes her with a force of F 2 = 5.0 N to the East. The two forces
add vectorially and act as a single force with a resultant of [___________] N to the
[___________]. We write ΣF = F 1 + F 2 = [___________] = [___________] N to
the [___________].

367. Makram is on ice skates. Hilda pushes him with a force of F 1 = 10.0 N to
the East. Aisha pushes him with a force of F 2 = 22.0 N to the West. Take the
direction to the East as positive. The two forces add vectorially and act as a single
force with a resultant of ΣF = F 1 + F 2 = [___________] = [___________] N; i.e. to
the [___________].

368. An example of a force which is a pull: moving a chair [___________] you

using a string or rope.

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369. An example of a force that is a [___________]: A football player kicking

the ball.

370. Forces come in [___________] called action and reaction.

371. A force is characterized by its point of application, its direction, and its
[___________].
372. The point of application is the point where the [___________] is exerted
upon a certain object, it is the point of contact between two interacting bodies.

373. B The unit of force is the [___________].

374. G One [___________] is the net force that produces an accelerate of [1]
–2
m.s when applied to a mass of 1 [___________].

375. An acceleration of 1 m.s–2 is an increase of velocity of 1 m.s–1 every

[___________].

376. A force which is approximately 1 N is the force that can just lift
[___________].

Addition of Forces:
377. When more than one force acts on an object, the single force that has the
same effect as all the forces together is called the [___________] force.

378. B When two forces F 1 and F 2 act on the same object in the same direction,
the net force F has the same direction of the two forces, and its magnitude is the
[___________] of the two magnitudes.

379. When two forces F 1 and F 2 act on the same object in opposite directions,
the net force F has the same direction of the larger of the two forces, and its magnitude
is the [___________] of the two magnitudes.

380. A force F 1 = 12 N acts on orange O to the left in a plane parallel to the table
top. Another force F 2 = 15 N acts on orange O to the right, exactly opposite to F 1 . The
net force F acting on orange O is directed to the [___________] and has a magnitude
of [3] N.

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Types of Forces:
381. The two types of forces are [___________] and [___________] forces.

382. Examples of [___________] forces: Stretching a rubber band-force by wind

on tree.

383. Examples of [___________] forces: Gravitational forces magnetic forces-a

falling object (gravitational pull)-electric forces.

384. B Normal reaction of a table on a box, friction between table and box, air
resistance on moving car, upward push of water on a boat, tension in a string are
examples of [___________] forces.

385. Weight, the push of a north pole of a magnet on the north pole of another
magnet, the electric attraction between a negative and a positive charge are
examples of [___________] forces.

386. An object of weight W is resting on a horizontal surface in a room. How

many action-at-a distance forces act on this object? [___________]. How many
contact forces act on this object? [___________].

387. B The force of friction is a force on an object in contact with another, that
tends to prevent one object from [___________] against the other.

Section 6.2: Newton’s Laws of Motion-pgs. (160-171):

Interaction with and without energy transfer:
388. When a body moves a certain distance under the action of a force exerted
by another body, the position on the object changes and there is transfer of
[___________] between the bodies.

389. When bodies interact with energy transfer, the body that loses energy is the
energy [___________] and the body that gains energy is the energy [___________].

390. An electric bulb is suspended from an electric cord. Is there interaction

between the bulb and the cord? [___________]. Is there energy transfer between
the bulb and the cord? [___________].

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391. A boy pulls a cart behind him, exerting a pull P, and moves through a
distance D.
The boy is the energy [___________].
The cart is the energy [___________].
The boy [___________] energy.
The cart [___________] kinetic energy.

The Effect of a zero Net Force:

392. B An object resting on a flat horizontal surface is said to be in
[___________] under the action of [___________] net force.

393. A box on a table is pulled down by the Earth with a force W (its weight).
The table pushes up on the box with a force N in the opposite direction, so the box
remains at rest. What is the net force on the box? [___________].

394. A box on a table is pulled down by the Earth with a force W (its weight).
The table pushes up on the box with a force N just equal to W in magnitude but in
the opposite direction, so the box remains at rest. Are W and N action and reaction?
[___________] because W and N act one the [___________] body.

395. A box on a table is pulled down by the Earth with a force W (its weight).
The table pushes up on the box with a force N just equal to W in magnitude but in
the opposite direction, so the box remains at rest. The box pushes down on the table
with a force P. What is the reaction of N? [___________].

396. To cancel the effect of weight of the object, we place the object on a flat
[___________] surface that exerts a force equal to the weight of the body and acting
in opposite direction.

397. A box on a table is pulled down by the Earth with a force W (its weight).
The table pushes up on the box with a force N just equal to W in magnitude but in
the opposite direction, so the box remains at rest. The box pushes down on the table
with a force P. On what object does the reaction of W act? [___________].

398. G To minimize the effect of [___________] forces we can use

[___________] to make the surface smooth, use wheel [___________], or let the
body float on a thin layer of gas.

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Term I – Week 9:
Velocity:
399. A puck moves along a frictionless horizontal table and is photographed at
intervals of 1 second. The table below shows the position x of the puck at various
times t. Imagine that you draw a graph of position (x) along the vertical axis, vs. (t)
along the horizontal axis. Answer the questions below:
a) The general equation of this motion is given by [____] = x 0 + vt
b) When the time is t = 2.0 s, what is the position of the puck? [____] cm
c) When the time is t = 0.0 s, what is the position of the puck? [____] cm
d) From (a) and (c), deduce the value of x 0 . x 0 = [____] cm
e) Substitute into the equation any values of (x, t) to calculate v. v = [____] cm/s
f) Predict the position at t = 6.00 s: x = [____] cm
g) Predict the time at position = 59.0 cm: t = [____] s
h) At what speed is the puck moving, all the time? v = [____] cm/s
i) What is the slope of the graph? v = [____] cm/s
j) The puck is moving at a [___________] velocity under the effect of
[___________] net force.
Time t (in s) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 ???
Position (in cm) 3.0 10.0 17.0 24.0 31.0 38.0 ??? 59.0

At this stage you need to see the film “Inertia”

lab experiment: Students observe and understand the air track

400. B Newton’s First Law of motion states that a body moving under the
influence of zero net force moves in a straight line at a [___________].

401. B Newton’s [___________] law of motion states that a body remains in its
state of rest or uniform motion (motion at constant speed in a straight line) unless
acted upon by an external [___________] force.

402. We say all bodies possess [___________] to mean that they have no power
to [___________] their state of motion on their own.

403. When a body is acted upon by a balanced net force (zero net force) then the
body is at [___________] or moving at a constant [___________] in a straight line.

404. How do you describe the motion of a body that moves at a constant speed
in a straight line? [___________] motion.

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The Effect of a Net Force:

405. B Acceleration is defined as the change in [___________] of a moving
body in a given time interval.

406. When a constant force (net force) acts on an object, the object moves with
[___________] acceleration.

407. A body moving along a frictionless horizontal surface under the effect of a
constant force will have a constant [___________].

408. B If acceleration of a car is 4 m/s2 then the velocity of the car increases by
[___________] m/s every second.

409. B If a car starts from rests and accelerates at the constant rate of 2.0 ms-2,
then its speed after 6.0 seconds will be [___________] m s–1.

410. If a car was moving at 10 m/s, and then accelerated at 4.0 m/s2 for 10 s, its
final velocity is [___________] m/s.

411. We can find the acceleration of a moving object by finding the slope of the
[___________]-time graph or from the velocity-time tabular data.

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412. B An object was pushed by a constant force along a frictionless horizontal

surface. At time t = 0 the velocity was 4.0 m s–1 in the direction of the force. At all
other times, the velocity was in the direction of the force, and it had the following
magnitudes:
Time t Velocity v
(in s) (in m s–1)

0 4.0

1 9.0

2 14.0

3 19.0

4 24.0

5 29.0

6 34.0

7 39.0

The slope of the graph corresponding to the above data is [___________] ms-2. (one
significant figure).
The object moves with constant acceleration, because, velocity-time graph has
[___________] slope. The velocity of the object increases by [___________] m/s
every [___________].
413. A [___________] body is the one in which all parts maintain the same
distance with respect to each other. A stone and a wooden box are examples of
[___________] bodies.

414. An object is said to be elastic if its [___________] changes when a force

acts on it, and regains its shape when the force is removed.

415. If a force acts on an [___________] object, it causes deformation in the

body or a change in its state of motion.

416. An unbalanced force (also called net force) acting on a rigid body causes
the body to [___________].

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417. G When a constant net force (unbalanced force) is acting on a rigid body it
produces a [___________] acceleration. Zero net force acting on a rigid body
produces [___________] acceleration.

418. Which of the following is the nearest to a kilogram? (a) the mass of a fly;
(b) the mass of one orange; (c) the mass of ten apples; (d) the mass of ten
watermelons, (e) the mass of one man: [___________].

419. Standard of mass: A special cylinder made of platinum-iridium alloy is kept

under a glass cover near Paris in France; this cylinder is called the [___________].

420. The standard unit of mass is [___________] symbol [___________].

421. G Mass is a property of matter that influences how much [___________]

an object experiences when subjected to a specific net force.

Newton’s Second Law:

422. B Newton’s Second Law of motion states that the net force acting on a body
is equal to the product of its acceleration and its mass, so F net = [___________]; 1
N = 1kg.1m/s2

423. Force and acceleration have the same [___________].

424. The magnitude of the net force acting on an object is proportional to its
acceleration: F 1 /a 1 = F 2 /a 2 =…. = [___________] this statement is known as
Newton’s [___________] law.

425. B If the force acting on a body is plotted (on the vertical axis) versus the
acceleration of that body, the graph is a [___________] passing through
[___________]. The slope will be the [___________] of the body and it is
[___________] anywhere in the universe.

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426. The table blow shows the force acting on a body and its resulting
acceleration:
Force (N)
3.0 6.0 15 24

Acceleration
(m/s2)
1.0 2.0 a 8.0

a) The mass of the body is = [___________] kg

b) The value of a is [___________].
c) The slope of the net force acting on a body versus acceleration of that body is the
[___________] of the body.

427. (a) When a steel puck was pulled along a frictionless horizontal table in the
lab on Earth with a constant net force of 1.0 newton, its acceleration was measured
to be 0.50 ms–2. The mass of the puck is [___________] kg.
(b) The same puck was taken into a spaceship where zero gravity was experienced.
The same experiment (same force) was repeated. The acceleration of the puck is
constant and = [___________].
(c) The same puck was taken to the moon, where g moon = 1.6 ms-2. The same
experiment was repeated. What is the acceleration of the puck? [___________] m/s2.
(d) How much will this puck weigh on Earth (g earth = 9.8 ms-2)? [___________].
(e) How much will this puck weigh on the moon? [___________].
(f) How much will this puck weigh inside the spaceship of question 93?
[___________].
At this stage you need to see the film “Inertial mass”.
428. B A force of 14.0N is applied to a mass of 7.0 kg. The acceleration of the
body is [___________] m/s2.

429. A force of 40N is applied on a body of mass of 8.0 kg at rest. The final
velocity of the body after 2.0 s is [___________] m/s.

430. A force of 30 N is applied to a body of mass 5.0 kg which is moving at

speed 4.0 m/s. The final speed of the body after 2.0 s is [___________] m/s.

431. A body of mass 1.1×103 kg is at rest. After 4.0 s, it moves with a velocity
of 12.0 m/s. The net force applied on the body is a x 10b N, where a =
[___________], b = [___________].

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Newton’s Third Law:

432. B Newton’s third law states when one object A exerts a force F on a object
B, then [___________] B exerts on A a force F’ that is equal to F but in the opposite
direction.
433. Forces come in pairs called action and [___________].

434. When one object A exerts a force F on object B, then the reaction of F is a
force F’ that acts by [___________] on [___________].

435. When one object A exerts a force F on object B, then B exerts on A a force
F’; and F and F’ are called [___________].

436. When one object A exerts a force F on object B, then B exerts on A a force
F’. And if F is called the action, and F’ is called the [___________], and vice versa.

437. B Newton’s third law can be stated as “for every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction, and action and reaction forces [___________] act on the same
body and never cancel out.

438. A box exerts a downward force F 1 on the table on which it is placed. The
table exerts an upward force F 2 on the box. Are F 1 and F 2 action and reaction?
[___________].

Term I – Week 10:

Section 6.3: Gravity-pgs. (174-179):
439. B Any two objects in the universe have the property of attracting each other,
regardless of their material or state, this property is called [___________].

440. B What is the value of the gravitational field strength of the Earth?
[___________] N/kg or m/s2.

At this stage you need to watch the film “gravitational acceleration”.

441. B In the absence of air and near surface of earth, all objects fall to the ground
with the same acceleration. The value of this acceleration is [___________] and the
symbol used to represent is [___________].

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442. In vacuum and near surface of earth, all objects dropped from the same
height will have the same acceleration [___________] m/s2.

443. A crumpled sheet of paper falls faster than a non-crumpled one since less
[___________] is acting on it.

444. Objects near the surface of the earth are pulled towards the [___________],
these objects are said to be in the gravitational field of the earth.

445. The velocity of any freely falling body (where the effect of air resistance is
negligible) increases by the same amount every [___________].

446. When an object falls freely near the surface of earth, the velocity
[___________] by 9.8 m/s every [___________].

447. A 1.0 kg steel ball dropped from the top of a building took 2.0 s to hit the
ground. A 2.0 kg steel ball dropped from the top of the same building takes
[___________] s
to hit the ground.

448. G Near the surface of the planet earth, the force that [___________]
everything is called gravitational force.

449. G Weight is the downward force exerted by the [___________] on an

object. Weight is an action at a distance force.

450. G a) The weight w of a body of mass m is w = [___________].

b) The weight of a 4.00 kg body is a × 10b u, where a = [___________], b =
[___________], u = [___________].
c) The weight of an object is constant near the surface of the Earth and is equal to
[___________].

451. A coin C of mass 5.0 g and a 50 g stone S are dropped from the top of a building
(neglect air resistance).
a) What is the acceleration of C as it falls down? [___________] m/s2.
b) What is the acceleration of S? [___________] m/s2.
c) The only force acting on the falling coin is its weight W C = [___________] N.
d) The weight of the stone is W S = [___________] N.

452. Knowing that 20 plums have a mass of 1.0 kilogram, how much force is needed
to just lift one plum assuming they all have the same mass? [___________] N.

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453.G An object of weight 147 N on earth has a mass of m = [___________] kg.

454. A boy of mass 50 kg stands on the floor. On which object does the weight of the
boy act? [___________].

455. A pupil lifts a 2.0 kg briefcase at a constant speed through a vertical distance d =
2.0 m. What is the magnitude of the force F that she exerts? (g = 9.8m/s2) F =
[___________] N.

456. A boy of mass 50 kg stands on the floor. The reaction to the weight of the boy is
a force R exerted by the [___________] on the [___________].

457. A boy of mass 50 kg stands at rest on the floor. The force F 1 which the floor
exerts on the feet of the boy is a × 10b u, where a = [___________], b = [___________],
u = [___________].

458. A boy of mass 50 kg stands at rest on the floor. The force F 2 which the feet of the
boy exert on the floor is a × 10b u, where a = [___________], b = [___________], u =
[___________].

459. A boy of mass 50 kg stands at rest on the floor. The reaction to the force F 1
exerted by the floor on the feet of the boy is the force exerted by the [___________]
on the [___________].

460. G Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational field strength in N/kg at the
surface of the moon, knowing that a 70.0 kg person there weighs 112 N.
[___________] N/kg.

461. Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational field strength in N/kg at the surface
of Mars, knowing that a 40 kg object there has a weight of 148 N. g = [___________]
N/kg.

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Chapter 7: Electric Circuits

Section 7.1: Building an Electric Circuit-pgs. (192-199):
462. B A circuit in which wires are connected all the way to form a loop with no breaks
such that a current can pass is called a [___________] circuit.

463. A circuit in which energy is transferred is a [___________] circuit. A circuit in

which no energy is transferred is an [___________] circuit.

464. An electric circuit is [___________] if the path along which an electric current
may flow is not continuous; conductors are separated by a gap in the circuit in
which a current cannot flow.

465. An electric [___________] contains a source of electric potential energy (dry cell,
battery, electrochemical cell, generator.) connecting wires and other devices, such
as a light bulb, a motor, and resistors.

466. G A simple circuit might consist of an electric [___________], a conducting wire,

and a bulb. When the connections form a closed path, current flows and the bulb
lights.

467. When an electric current passes through a conductor (a metallic wire, a salt
solution, etc.) energy is [___________] in the conductor. The energy carried by the
charged particles changes into thermal energy (heat) that increases the
[___________] of the wire. A filament bulb contains a thin wire (filament) that
become so hot that it emits [___________] energy.

468. A metallic wire is a [___________] which will conduct an electric current when
placed is a closed path.

469. There must be a closed conducting loop in order to establish a steady current in a
circuit. A circuit in which an electric current can flow is called a closed circuit,
otherwise the circuit is said to be [___________].

470. The diagram shown represents a [___________]

471. The long thin line in diagram represents the [___________]

terminal.

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472. The diagram represents [___________].

473. The diagram shown represents [___________].

474. The diagram shown represents [___________].

475. The diagram shown represents [___________].

476. B An instrument used to measure the potential difference between two points is
called a [___________].

477. B A voltmeter is a [___________] instrument, so it must be connected to a circuit

in one way only.

478. A bulb is a [___________] instrument, so it can be connected to a circuit in either

way.

479. The terminal of a voltmeter marked with a “+” should be connected to the point of
[___________] potential.

480. A resistor is a two-terminal device that resists the flow of current and converts
electric energy to [___________] energy.

481. B A device that can measure both current and potential difference is called a
[___________].

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Term I – Week 11:

Chapter 1: Changes in Matter
Section 1.1: Physical & Chemical Changes-pgs. (4-9):
482. G A physical change of the substance is a change where no change in the nature
of the substance takes place. E.g. heat a wax until it [___________]. When cools,
it becomes solid wax again. This change is a [___________].

483. B Dissolving sugar in water is a [___________] change. When you evaporate the
water, you get back the solid sugar.

484. Change of state is an example of [___________] change.

485. [___________] changes do not change the identity or the number of particles that
make up matter.

486. Which of the following is an example of a physical change? Select all that apply.
A. baking a cake
B. burning a paper
C. melting an ice cube
D. cutting a fruit
E. dissolving salt

487. G The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created nor
[___________] in any change. Weigh a solid piece of wax. Weight it after you melt
it. The weight stays the same. So, its mass stayed the same.

488. The law that states that changes of matter do not create or destroy mass is known
as the law of [___________] of [___________].

489. An ice sculpture that has mass of 50 kg is placed in the sun to melt.
a. The type of change that the ice sculpture undergoes as it melts is a [___________]
change.
b. The mass of the sculpture after it melts completely is [___________] kg.

490. A sample of 240 grams of sodium reacts with 180 grams of water forming an
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. If the mass of the sodium
formed is 400 grams, the mass if the hydrogen gas formed is [___________] grams.

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491. G A chemical change is a change in which one or more [___________] substances

are formed.

492. In a chemical change, the new substances have [___________] properties that the
original substances.

493. The [___________] properties of a substance are properties that can only be
observed when the substance is formed, decomposes, or reacts with something else.

494. B Dissolving sugar in water is a [___________] change. When you evaporate the
water, you get back the solid sugar.

495. G A chemical change is a change in which “reactants” (the substances you started
with) are [___________] in nature from the “products”. Burn a stick in air
(reactants). The ashes and the gases you end up (products) have different properties
and they cannot be turned back to wood and air when you cool them.

496. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change? Select all that
apply.
A. burning sugar
B. rusting iron
C. cooking eggs
D. freezing water
E. baking bread.

497. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

A. Melting chocolate
B. Burning paper
C. Breaking glass
D. Cutting wood

498. G Physical or chemical change?

Breaking a rod [___________].
Melting ice [___________].
Burning wood [___________].
frying an egg [___________].
Crushing ice [___________].
Baking a cake [___________].
Dissolving sugar [___________].

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499. The process of rearranging the atoms in substances to produce new substances is
a [___________].

500. The substances that undergo chemical changes during a chemical reaction are
called [___________].

501. The new substances that are formed during the reaction are called the
[___________].

502. B The compounds found before a chemical reaction takes place are called
[___________] and the compounds found after the chemical reaction are called
[___________].

503. Methane is the gas used in our daily life as a fuel for heating and cooking. When
methane burns, it reacts with oxygen and the new substances formed by the reaction
are carbon dioxide and water, so the reactants of this reaction are [___________]
and [___________] and the products are [___________] and [___________].
(Refer to figure-5-page 6).

504. G in a chemical reaction, yes or no?

Atoms are destroyed, new atoms form [___________].
Atoms remain the same but rearrange to form new substances [___________].
New substances (solid or liquid or gas) are formed [___________].
Mass remains the same [___________].
Total mass of reactants = total mass of products [___________].

505. G Mass is conserved in a chemical change because atoms are neither created nor
destroyed: they are only [___________] in different combinations.

506. G When a chemical reaction takes place, the atoms of reactant molecules rearrange
themselves, so the products have molecules with different combinations of
[___________].

507. G In a chemical reaction:

[___________] may be produced and gases may be given off.
[___________] may be given off and color changes.
The products look [___________] and have different [___________] than
reactants.

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508. B When yeast and hydrogen peroxide react together to form bubbles, in what state
of matter are these bubbles? [___________].
509. When a solid reactant reacts with a liquid reactant, the products can be in
[___________] state.

Section 1.2: Solids, Liquids, and Gases-pgs. (10-13):

510. G The particle theory of matter states that:
- All matter is made up of [___________].
- Atoms of one [___________] are identical.
- [___________] have particles made up of more than one kind of atom.
- A pure substance is made up of particles that cannot be further divided by
[___________] changes.

Term I – Week 12:

511. B A solid is [___________], incompressible and does not flow. A fluid like
water or gas flows.

512. B The particles of any solid object are in constant motion [___________] but they
keep the same relative [___________] with respect to each other.

513. B The forces that keep the particles of a solid in the same relative positions are
[___________] forces.

514. B A liquid is incompressible, it [___________] and takes the [___________] of a

container that holds it.

515. The particles of a liquid object move freely and change position with respect to
other particles in the liquid, but remain close to other particles such that the
[___________] remains constant.

516. A [___________] has a fixed volume but can change shape.

517. B Liquids flow because the particles of a liquid can easily change [___________]
with respect to other particles in the liquid, but they remain close to other particles
because they are held together by electrical attraction or attractive forces.

518. B An increase in temperature results in an increase in the average [___________]

energy of the particles of any object in any state (solid, liquid, and gas).

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519. B A gas is [___________]; it flows and occupies every part of the container it is
placed in.

520. The particles of a gas vibrate and change position with respect to other particles,
move in a straight line until they bump into another object, and will not remain
stuck to other [___________] because of minimal electrical attractions between the
particles.

521. B The particles of a gas bump into the walls of their container creating a net
[___________] on the walls, which is the force perpendicular to the walls of the
container per unit area.

522. B Particles in liquids and gases continuously move in straight lines, changing
direction only when they bump into each other or with the walls of the container.
The motion of particles of liquids or gases results in random mixing of the
molecules. This random mixing is called [___________].

523. The process in which two substances mix together due to the movement of their
particles is called [___________].

524. B Diffusion in gases is [___________] than diffusion in liquids, because in gases

the particles are much farther apart.

525. B Diffusion does not occur in solids because the particles of a solid are held by
electric forces to fixed positions with respect to other [___________], so they
cannot mix

526. Increasing the temperature of a gas increases the average [___________] of

particles, so they (1) bump [___________] and more [___________] with the walls
of the container, so the pressure on the walls increases.

527. Increasing the temperate of a gas at constant pressure causes the volume to
[___________].

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Section 1.3: Changes of State-pgs. (14-19):

528. B Freezing is the change from the [___________] state to [___________].

529. B Melting is the change from the [___________] state to [___________]. (Refer
to figure-13-page-14) + Experiment page 18.
530. B Condensation is the change of state from the [___________] to
[___________].

531. B The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which solid and liquid
are at [___________], i.e. they remain in contact with each other indefinitely
without any net increase or decrease in either.

532. Freezing requires the [___________] of thermal energy (cooling), and melting
requires the [___________] of thermal energy (heating).

533. As a solid is heated, the kinetic energy (motion energy) of its particles increases,
and a temperature is reached where the solid particles vibrate strongly enough to
break away from adjacent particles and break the crystal structure. This temperature
is called the [___________] of the solid. (see film “Molecular Motions”)

534. B Another name for the melting point of a solid is the [___________].

535. B Vaporization is the change of state from [___________] to [___________].

536. B Condensation is when gaseous molecules condense, and become close to one
another in the [___________] state.

537. Condensation occurs when a gas is cooled enough for the attractions between
particles become strong enough to hold the particles together. The particles can still
move past other, but they are held [___________] together.

538. Vaporization occurs when the liquid boils, i.e. when the molecules are moving so
far that they leave the liquid at any point within the [___________], and it occurs
when the liquid boils.

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539. B Evaporation is a natural spontaneous process that occurs on the surface of the
liquid, where fast molecules at the surface possess enough [___________] to
overcome the attractive [___________], holding them to the liquid and leave into
the space above.

540. B Evaporation can take place at any [___________], when liquid molecules at the
liquid-gas surface possess enough kinetic energy to leave the liquid state.

541. B [___________] is the change of state from liquid to gas through the whole liquid.

542. B [___________] takes place when the “vapor pressure” of the liquid equals to
outside (gas) pressure.

543. When a gas is cooled, the average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases. A
time will reach where the attractive forces between gaseous particles are enough to
bring gas particles into the [___________] state.

544. B Sublimation is the process in which a [___________] becomes a [___________]

without becoming a liquid first.

545. Solid carbon dioxide is known as dry ice because it does not become wet. It goes
from being a [___________] block, that looks like a regular ice, directly to being a
[___________] at -78oC.

546. [___________] is the process by which a gas becomes a solid without forming a
liquid in between.

547. [___________] is when a gas passes into a liquid by increasing its pressure. When
the pressure of the gas in a container is increased, the distance between particles is
[___________], this causes the gas to change to [___________].

548. B when cooling a gas till it liquefies, the graph of temperature vs. time slopes
down, becomes flat at the [___________], then slopes down again.

END OF TERM I

Level J | 55