Krishna school of Diploma

Studies
Strength Of Materials Laboratory

LAB MANUAL

NAME:-
ENROLMENT NO.:-
Branch:-
Semester:-

1
 Krishna School of Diploma Studies

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.

Of Semester_ Branch Division

Enrollment No has satisfactorily complete his/her work in

for the term ending in __________ .

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 INDEX

Sr. Page
Experiment Title Date Marks Signature
No. No.

Experiments
1 Tension Test
Determination of reactions for simply
2
supported beam
3 Izod Impact Test

4 Brinell Hardness Test

5 Compression Test on Metal

6 Compression Test on Timber

7 Torsion Test on Metal

Tutorials

1 Mechanical Properties of Materials

2 Shear force and Bending Moment

3 Simple stress and strain

4 Principal stress and plane

5 Bending Stresses in beam

6 Torsion

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

DETERMINATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH

AIM: To evaluate the Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) for a given mild steel specimen.
APPARATUS: Mild steel specimen, Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Extension meter, Vernier Calipers,
Graph paper etc.

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 PROCEDURE:
➢ Measure initial diameter and gauge length of mild steel specimen.
➢ Insert the specimen in universal testing machine for testing.
➢ Attach the extensometer to the specimen at the appropriate position.
➢ Apply uniaxial tensile load on the specimen gradually within the elastic limit.
➢ Take the readings and calculate the stress and corresponding strain value at each load.
➢ Plot the graph of stress v/s strain.
➢ The slop of this graph is the required value of Young’s modulus of elasticity (E).

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Initial Diameter of specimen = mm
2. Initial Gauge length of specimen = mm
3. Final Diameter of specimen = mm
4. Final Gauge length of specimen = mm

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr. LOAD ΔL STRAIN STRESS E = σ/ Є

No. (W) mm Є = ΔL/L σ = W/A N/mm2
N N/mm2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 CALCULATIONS:
Original Cross Sectional Area =

Final Cross Sectional Area =

Yield Stress = Yield Load________

Original Cross sectional area

Ultimate Stress = Ultimate Load______

Original Cross sectional area

Breaking Stress (Conventional) = Breaking Load_

Original Cross sectional area

Breaking Stress (True) = Breaking Load_____

Final Cross sectional area

% Elongation = Final length – Original length x 100

Original length
(% Elongation should be between 20 to 40 %)

Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) from graph

E Graphical = N/mm2

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 RESULT: Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) for given mild steel specimen is

E Experimental = N/mm2

E Graphical = N/mm2

CONCLUSION:

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR PARALLEL FORCES:

DETERMINATION OF REACTIONS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

AIM: To verify conditions of equilibrium using simple beam.

APPARATUS: Model of simple beam, weights, electronic balance.

PROCEDURE:
• A simple beam is supported on two electronics weighing balances kept at either end of the beam.
• The scale is graduated on one of the side of the beam having ‘0’ at the center.
• In first part of the experiment, the self-weight of the beam is found out by adding the readings of both
the electronic balances without suspending any mass. Since the electronic balances, on which the
beam is supported, are kept at equal distance from center of the beam, they are supposed to show the
same readings i.e. reactions.
• In the second part of the experiment, three masses (M1, M2 and M3) are suspended at three different
points on the beam and their positions from the left end of the beam (a1, a2 and a3) are noted.
• Now the reactions from left and right electronic balances are noted.
• Repeat the same procedure for the next reading by changing masses and corresponding distances
from the left end support.

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Distance From Left Support Reactions Support Reactions

Sr. No. Force (Weight) Difference
Support Experimental Analytical
M1 M2 M3 a1 a2 a3 RA RB RA RB RA RB
1
2
3
4

CALCULATIONS:

CONCLUSION:

Strength Of Materials Laboratory Manual

 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

DETERMINATION OF IMPACT OF METALS: IZOD/CHARPY IMPACT

TEST

AIM: To determine impact value for M.S., C.I. and Brass specimens.
APPARATUS: Izod Impact Testing machine, C.I., M.S. and Brass Specimens.

PROCEDURE:
• Place the specimen in the vice such that the center of the notch lies in the plane of the top vice
surface.
• Keep the pendulum at a fixed higher position so that it attains potential energy of 16.6 kg.m.
• Now release the pendulum so that it strikes the specimen.
• The potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and a portion of this energy is used to
break or rupture the specimen.
• The pendulum swings on the other side to some distance.
• The energy absorbed by specimen is directly indicated by the scale provided at the top of
machine.
OBSERVATIONS:

Sr no Gross Energy Loss Impact value Izod impact Modes of

energy(N-m) (N-m) (N-m) strength (KJ) failure

CALCULATIONS

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS: BRINELL /VICKER/ROCKWELL

HARDNESS TEST

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

AIM: To determine the Brinell hardness number for Brass, M.S. and C.I. specimens.
APPARATUS: Brinell hardness tester, Brinell micrometer, Standard specimens of different metals.

PROCEDURE:
➢ Select the suitable diameter of the testing specimen.
➢ Keep the specimen on the holder.
➢ Now apply standard load of 3000 kgs for about 10 seconds so that an impression is performed on
the specimen.
➢ Using micrometer find out the diameter of indentation.
➢ Find out depth of indentation from the dial gauge and calculate experimental value of depth of
indentation.
➢ Now from these values calculate experimental and theoretical values of BHN.
 PRECAUTIONS:
1. Let the surface of the specimen be free from oil etc. and polished or dressed with smooth file.
2. Adjust the rate of loading suitably. Rapid rate of loading may not allow enough time for plastic
flow and thus might give reduced size of indentation.
3. Let there be safe distance between the edges of the specimen and the indentation. The distance of
the surface of the indentation should not be less than the two and a half times the diameter of the
indentation from the edge of the specimen.
4. The thickness of the specimen should not be less than 10 times the expected depth of indentation.
5. Let the application of load be perpendicular to the surface of the specimen.

OBSERVATIONS:

Material Diameter of Test Load P (Kg) Dia of indentation d

indentation(mm) (mm)

CALCULATIONS:
BHN = Load / Surface area of indentation
2F
BHN =
 D  D − D2 − D2 
 
Where, F= force applied in kg
D= Diameter of ball in mm
d= Diameter of indentation

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSION TEST ON METALS

AIM: To study behavior of mild steel and cast iron under uniaxial compression.
APPARATUS: Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Mild Steel and Cast Iron specimen, Vernier
Caliper, etc.

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure initial diameter and height of cast iron and mild steel specimen. Insert one of the
specimens in the UTM for testing. Make sure that the specimen is aligned properly with the
plunger in order to get uniaxial compression.
2. Apply compressive load at an increment of 5 BT and note down height, top diameter, diameter
at the middle and bottom diameter of the specimen after each increment of load.

3. For cast iron, record the load at which the specimen breaks. Mild steel specimen will not break
but will show excessive deformation. Application of load on mild steel specimen
 Should be stopped when change in height is approximately between 15 to 20 % of the original
height.
4. After completion of test, calculate ultimate and permissible compressive strength of cast iron
using factor of safety equal to 3.
5. Also plot graphs of load versus height and load versus diameter for both specimens and comment
on the results.

PRECAUTIONS:
Following care should be taken in a compression test.
1. As far as possible, the applied load should be axial or truly concentric in order to avoid effect of
bending stress in the result.
2. Length of specimen should be short enough that under axial compression, it should not buckle.
3. Specimen should be long enough so that friction between the bearing plates and end surfaces of
specimen is minimum
Mild Steel Specimen Cast Iron Specimen
Hm = 50 mm

Hc = 50 mm

Dm = 25 mm Dc = 25 mm

BEFORE TEST

Mild Steel Specimen Cast Iron Specimen

Hc = 47 mm
Hm = 42 mm

Dm = 27.5 mm Dc = 27 mm

OBSERVATIONS:
For mild steel specimen
 1. Initial height = ______ mm
2. Initial Diameter = _____mm

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. Load (N) Mild Steel

Height Diameter (mm)
(mm) Top Middle Bottom

CALCULATIONS:
For Mild Steel specimen
Resisting Area =

Pult
σ ult =
Re sisting Area

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSION TEST ON TIMBER

AIM: To determine compressive strength of timber when load is applied (i) Parallel to the grains
and (ii) Perpendicular to the grains.
APPARATUS: Universal Testing Machine (UTM), steel bearing plates and timber specimens

PROCEDURE:
- Put the specimen on which loading is to be applied Parallel to the grains in the UTM for
testing. Make sure that the specimen is aligned properly with the plunger in order to get
uniaxial compression. Apply compressive load gradually and record the load (ultimate load)
at which the specimen fails.
- To apply load Perpendicular to the grains, two steel bearing plates are placed at top and
bottom face of the specimen as shown in Fig. 2 in order to get same resisting cross sectional
area as in the previous case. Load is applied gradually on the top bearing plate till the
specimen fails along with a cracking sound. Record this load as the ultimate load.
- Evaluate ultimate compressive strength and permissible compressive strength for both the
cases. Because timber is a natural material, its behavior is uncertain due to the

- Presence of discontinuities, knots, moisture, etc. Therefore, use value of factor of safety
between 5 and 6 in order to calculate permissible values.

OBSERVATIONS:
Loading Parallel to the grains Pult(Along):
 Loading Perpendicular the grains Pult(Across):
Factor of safety:

CALCULATIONS:
For loading Parallel to the grains:
Resisting area =

Pult ( Parallel )
 ult =
Re sisting Area

For loading Perpendicular to the grains

Ressting area =

P
ult ( Perpendicular )
 =
ult Re sisting Area

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

TORSION TEST FOR METALS

AIM: Torsion Test on Mild steel rod

OBJECTIVE: To conduct torsion test on mild steel or cast iron specimens to find out Modulus Of
rigidity.

APPARATUS: A torsion testing machine, Vernier Caliper, mild steel specimen

THEORY:
A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of modulus of rigidity of a metallic
specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out thought observations made during the
experiment by using the torsion equation.

𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝑞
= =
𝐽 𝐿 𝑅
Where,
T = Torque applied
J = Polar moment of inertia
G = Modulus of rigidity
Ɵ = Angle of twist (Radians)
L = Length of rod
Q = Shear stress
R = Radius of rod

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the driving dogs to suit the size of the specimen and clamp it in the machine by
adjusting the length of the specimen by means of a sliding spindle.
2. Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average value
 3. Choose the appropriate range by capacity change lever
4. Set the maximum load pointer to zero
5. Set the protector to zero for convince and clamp it by means of knurled screw
6. Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction
7. Load the machine in suitable increments
8. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading
9. Plot a Torque – twist (T – Ɵ) graph
10. Read of co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque
Twist (T – Ɵ) graph and calculate the value of ‘G’ by using relation
𝐺 = 𝑇𝐿/ ƟJ

OBSERVATION:

1. Gauge length of the Specimen, L =

2. Diameter of the Specimen, d =
3. Polar Moment of Inertia,

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Torque (T)

Angle of twist Ɵ
(in radian)
Modulus of
Rigidity G
(in N/mm2 )

RESULT: Modulus of Rigidity of mild steel rod is …………….. N/mm2

CONCLUSION: