RADAR

“Radio detecting and ranging”.

WHAT IS RADAR?

-The name Radar is a shortened form of the phrase “radio detecting and ranging”
and it stands for Radio Detection and Ranging.

-Radar is an electromagnetic sensor used for detecting, locating, tracking, and

recognizing objects of various kinds at considerable distances. It operates by
transmitting electromagnetic energy toward objects, commonly referred to as targets,
and observing the echoes returned from them.

The targets may be aircraft, ships, spacecraft, automotive vehicles, and astronomical bodies, or even
birds, insects, and rain. Besides determining the presence, location, and velocity of such objects, radar
can sometimes obtain their size and shape as well. What distinguishes radar from optical and infrared
sensing devices is its ability to detect faraway objects under adverse weather conditions and to
determine their range, or distance with precision.

WHO AND WHEN IT WAS INVENTED?

-The first practical radar system was produced in 1935 by the British physicist.
Sir Robert Watson-Watt, and by 1939 England had established a chain of radar
stations along its south and east coasts to detect aggressors in the air or on the sea. It
is historically correct that, in June 1935, radar was first demonstrated in Britain.

HISTORY OF THE INVENTION OF RADAR

-By the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Watson-Watt had
designed and installed a chain of radar stations along the East and South coast of
England. In the same year two British scientists were responsible for the most important
advance made in the technology of radar during World War II. During the Battle of
Britain these stations were able to detect enemy aircraft at any time of day and in any
weather conditions.

Radar was also used by ships and aircraft during the war. Germany was using radar by
1940 but Japan never used it effectively. The United States had a good radar system,
and it was able to predict the attack on Pearl Harbor an hour before it happened.

Britain tended to have the best radar system during the early stages of the war and in
1940 the invention of the Magnetron cavity resonator enabled more centimetric waves
to be transmitted. It also enabled more compact high-frequency sets to be used by
aircraft in the Royal Air Force

HOW DOES RADAR WORKS?

-The basics of radar is that a beam of energy, called radio waves, is emitted from an
antenna. As the waves strikes objects in the atmosphere, the energy is scattered in all
directions, with some of the energy reflected directly back to the radar.

FUNDAMENTALS OF RADAR

-The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter that produces an

electromagnetic signal which is radiated into space by an antenna. When this signal
strikes an object, it gets reflected or reradiated in many directions. This reflected or
echo signal is received by the radar antenna which delivers it to the receiver, where it is
processed to determine the geographical statistics of the object.

The range is determined by calculating the time taken by the signal to travel from the
RADAR to the target and back. The target’s location is measured in angle, from the
direction of the maximum amplitude echo signal, the antenna points to. To measure the
range and location of moving objects, the Doppler Effect is used.

The essential parts of this system include the following.

 A Transmitter: It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave

Tube, or a power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is first generated
using a waveform generator and then amplified in the power amplifier.
 Waveguides: The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of the
RADAR signals.
 Antenna: The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays, or
electronically steered phased arrays.
  Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a
receiver. It can be a gaseous device that would produce a short circuit at the
input to the receiver when the transmitter is working.
 Receiver: It can be a superheterodyne receiver or any other receiver which
consists of a processor to process the signal and detect it.
 Threshold Decision: The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold
to detect the presence of any object. If the output is below any threshold, the
presence of noise is assumed.
TYPES OF RADAR

There are different types of radars which include the following.

 Bistatic Radar

This type of radar system includes a Tx-transmitter & an Rx- receiver that is divided
through a distance that is equivalent to the distance of the estimated object. The
transmitter & the receiver are situated at a similar position is called a monastic radar
whereas the very long-range surface to air & air to air military hardware uses the bistatic
radar.

 Doppler Radar

It is a special type of radar that uses the Doppler Effect to generate data velocity
regarding a target at a particular distance. This can be obtained by transmitting
electromagnetic signals in the direction of an object so that it analyzes how the action of
the object has affected the returned signal’s frequency.

 Monopulse Radar

This kind of radar system compares the obtained signal using a particular radar pulse
next to it by contrasting the signal as observed in numerous directions otherwise
polarizations. The most frequent type of monopulse radar is the conical scanning radar.
This kind of radar evaluates the return from two ways to measure the position of the
object directly. It is significant to note that the radars which are developed in the year
1960 are monopulse radars.

 Passive Radar

This kind of radar is mainly designed to notice as well as follow the targets through
processing indications from illumination within the surroundings. These sources
comprise communication signals as well as commercial broadcasts. The categorization
of this radar can be done in the same category of bistatic radar.
  Instrumentation Radar

These radars are designed for testing aircraft, missiles, rockets, etc. They give different
information including space, position, and time both in the analysis of post-processing &
real-time.

 Weather Radars

These are used to detect the direction and weather by using radio signals through
circular or horizontal polarization. The frequency choice of weather radar mainly
depends on a compromise of performance among attenuation as well as precipitation
refection as an outcome of atmospheric water steam. Some types of radars are mainly
designed to employ Doppler shifts to calculate the wind speed as well as dual
polarization to recognize the types of rainfall.

 Mapping Radar

These radars are mainly used to examine a large geographical area for the applications
of remote sensing & geography. As a result of synthetic aperture radar, these are
restricted to quite stationary targets. There are some particular radar systems used to
detect humans after walls that are more different as compared with the ones found
within construction materials.

 Navigational Radars

Generally, these are the same to search radars but, they available with small
wavelengths that are capable of replicating from the ground & from stones. These are
commonly used on commercial ships as well as long-distance airplanes. There are
different navigational radars like marine radars which are placed commonly on ships to
avoid a collision as well as navigational purposes.

 Pulsed Radar

Pulsed RADAR sends high power and high-frequency pulses towards the target object.
It then waits for the echo signal from the object before another pulse is sent. The range
and resolution of the RADAR depend on the pulse repetition frequency. It uses the
Doppler shift method.

.
Sir Robert Watson-Watt, the inventor of Radar

Modern Radar System

 GEC 108
SECTION: Yy1

MODERN TIMES

RADAR
Submitted to: Prof. Rachel John Briones

Submitted by: DUMARAYA, Asnifah G.