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Separation - Techniques - GRD 10 Chem 2017

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17 views25 pages

Separation - Techniques - GRD 10 Chem 2017

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shaiem.swilliams0421
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Separation Techniques

Grade 10 Chemistry
Separation Techniques -
● We separate mixtures to enhance
purity of substances.
● This is important because most
substances are needed in their
pure state.
Some Types of
Separation Techniques

● Filtration
● Evaporation
● Chromatography
● Distillation
● Etc.
Decanting
● This is the simplest way of separating a
liquid from an insoluble solid which has a
greater density than water.
● The solid-liquid mixture is allowed to
stand, until all solid particles settles out
to the bottom of the container.
● The liquid is then carefully poured off to
leave the insoluble solid behind.
Separating by decanting
Filtration

● This is a technique used


to separate mixtures of
an insoluble solid and a
liquid.
Examples of Mixtures You Can
Separate Using Filtration
● Sand and water
● Broken glass and water
● Chalk and water
Chromatography
● Is the separation technique used to
separate soluble dyes using a media
(chromatography paper) and a solvent
(e.g. water).
● It is mostly used in separating inks and
other pigments.
Chromatography
The Retention Factor( Rf )value
of a substance

Rf value = distance moved by a substance


(10 cm) distance moved by solvent front

E.g. Rf value of red dye = 7 cm = 0.7


10 cm

(7 cm)
Paper Chromatography

Worked example
The chromatogram shows 3
single dyes red, green and blue,
and also four unknown samples
P, Q, R and S.
Identify the dyes present in
each of the samples, P, Q, R, S.

Solution
Sample P contains green dye and one unknown dye.
Sample Q contains only blue dye.
Sample R contains green, blue and red dyes.
Sample S contains green and red dyes.
Separating Funnel
● Use to separate a pair of immiscible
liquids e.g. oil and water
● The mixture is placed in a separating
funnel and more dense liquid(water) run
out leaving less dense liquid behind (oil).
Separating funnel
Crystallisation
● This method can be used to separate a solid/liquid
solution.
● The mixture is heated in the evaporating dish. The liquid
solvent boils off so that the solution becomes increasingly
concentrated. When the solution is super saturated, crystals
begin forming. If the solution is cooled, crystallisation
(crystal formation) occurs. Slower cooling produces larger
crystals. The crystals are washed and dried.
Evaporation
● This method of separation is used to
separate a soluble solid from its solvent.
Distillation
Types of Distillation:
● Simple distillation
● Fractional distillation
Simple Distillation

● This is a technique
used to separate a
mixture of a soluble
substance and a
solvent (i.e. solution)
● E.g. salt and water
Fractional distillation
● This is the technique used to separate a
mixture of two miscible liquids with close
boiling points.
● E.g. water and ethanol
● The boiling point for water is 100 °C
while for ethanol it is 78 °C.
Fractional Distillation
Demonstration
Sublimation
● This is used to separate mixture of two
solids, only one of which sublimes.
● E.g. of solids that sublimes are
ammonium chloride, naphthalene, iodine
crystal and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)
● Mixture is heated causing the subliming
solid to sublime leaving the next solid
behind.
Sublimation
Magnetic separation
● A magnet can be used to separate iron
from a mixture of other solids (e.g. sand
or sulphur).
● The magnet is passed over the mixture,
and all magnetic materials (i.e. iron) will
be plucked from the mixture.
Magnetic separation
Quick check
1. State the method you will use to
separate the following substances.
(a) calcium carbonate from table salt
(b) iodine from sodium chloride
(c) table salt from seawater
(d) sugar from sugar solution
(e) pure water from sewage water
(f) ethanol from beer
(g) yellow dye from durian ice cream

2. Explain the following in chromatography.


(a) Why is the starting line not drawn with ink or a ball point pen?
(b) The spots of samples on the start line should be small.
(c) What is the biggest advantage of chromatography?

3. A sample of ink was analysed using paper chromatography (see


diagram above). Identify the dyes present in the ink.
Solution to Quick check
1. State the method you will use to separate the following
substances.
(a) dissolution, followed by filtration & evaporation
(b) sublimation
(c) evaporation
(d) crystallisation
(e) distillation
(f ) fractional distillation
(g) chromatography
2. Explain the following in chromatography.
(a) Ink contains dyes which could dissolve in the solvent
and interfere with the chromatogram.
(b) So that they would not smudge the paper.
(c) It can detect and identify very small amounts of
substances.
3. Blue and yellow dyes

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