Syllabus

for Courses affiliated to the

Kerala University of Health Sciences

Thrissur- 680596

BACHELOR OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

Abbreviated as BOT

Course Code: 022

(2020-21 admission onwards)

2020

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 2. COURSE CONTENT

2.1 Title of course:

BACHELOR OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY– Abbreviated as BOT.
2.2 Objectives of course
A graduate of occupational therapy at the end of training should be able to
• Assess & identify problems related to functional performance & use clinical reasoning
skills in problem-solving & develop need based strategies to address the problems
• Use appropriate advanced therapeutic modalities for effective OT intervention to
enhance ability of individuals, groups and communities to participate in purposeful
occupational tasks.
• Adhere to the professional code of ethics, contribute to profession, participate in the
ongoing learning processes & create and maintain high standards of practice
• Demonstrate the knowledge, attributes and appropriate skills in monitoring the health
programme and orient to provide preventive and rehabilitative services
• Develop consultative role for health and family welfare services in existing
socioeconomic, political and cultural environment as part of CBR organization.
• Use job modification techniques based on ergonomic principles effectively in work
places to achieve good quality of life for community.
• Use early intervention programme for high risk infants & developmental disabilities to
promote typical development and prevent/ address secondary changes, learning
disabilities and others.
• Demonstrate competency in OT intervention of patients in intensive care units (NICU,
PICU, MICU & SICU). 8 Provide unique contribution in Occupational Therapy practice
through bio-medical and social sciences concepts
• Use bio-mechanical and patho-physiological principles to design common orthotic
devices and to fabricate hand orthotics and self-help adaptation.
• Use functional analysis index and correlate it with disability evaluation (WHO, ICF
disability rating) to aid in workman compensation and others legal procedure.
• Recognize intrinsic values of people irrespective of culture, beliefs and economic
status.

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 • Participate in research studies and identify correct evidence based strategies in
treatment of patients.
• Take appropriate responsibilities in the role of leader, supervisor and manager in
various situations
• The basic medical, physiological, psychological, behavioural sciences knowledge
should equip them to be work knowledgeably as a part of a multi-disciplinary team as
the OT is expected to work as a part of a team.
2.3 Medium of instruction:
Medium of instruction and examinations shall be in English.
2.4 Course outline
• The Bachelor of Occupational therapy degree program is a four year program with an
additional six months (One year of Internship) of compulsory rotating internship.
• The professional degree program consists of classroom lectures, practical and laboratory
demonstrations, bed side clinics, self-directed academic activities and clinical postings.
The first year of this program combines studies in theoretical and practical occupational
therapy, with biological and behavioral sciences.
• In second year, students develop this knowledge and apply theory to practical problems
of occupational therapy. Third-year students focus on occupational therapy techniques,
with clinical practice in teaching units in hospitals and community health agencies.
• The final year extends clinical experience in the form of Internship and Externship.
Students also undertake studies in statistics and research techniques.
2.5 Duration
The course span shall be 4 ½ years. The first four are academic years. This is followed by
6 months Internship.
2.6 Syllabus
1st YEAR
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Sociology
• Psychology
• Introduction to Occupational therapy, and Therapeutic activities

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 2nd YEAR
• Introduction to Pathology and Microbiology
• Biochemistry and Pharmacology
• Fundamentals of Occupational Therapy
• Clinical Orthopedic, Rheumatology and Radio Diagnosis
• Clinical Neurology
• Biomechanics, Applied Anatomy and Applied Physiology
• General Medicine, General Surgery and Pediatrics
• OT Clinical Placements (Peads, Psychiatry, Ortho and Neuro)

3rd YEAR
• Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology and clinical Psychiatry

• Community Medicine, Basic Nursing and First Aid

• Occupational therapy in Psychiatry
• Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics and Developmental Disabilities
• Occupational therapy in Neurology and Orthopedics

4th YEAR
• Clinical Cardiorespiratory, Work Physiology
• Rehabilitation Medicine
• O.T in Rehabilitation
• Group Process in O.T
• Organization and Administration in Occupational therapy
• Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Dissertation

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2.7 Total number of hour
1 Theory (1st year to 4th year) 2035 hrs
2 Practical / Clinical ( 1st Year 2380 hrs
to 4th Year)
3 Internship 1150 hrs
4 Others (Library, internal 275 hrs
assessment, seminar, Guest
lecture, PT)
5 Total Hours 5840 hrs

Recommended clock Hours per year (Miscellaneous)

1 Library Hours 100 hrs
2 Physical Education 35 hrs
3 Seminars / Case Discussion 50 hrs
(Except 1st Year)
4 Internal Assessment 70 hrs
5 Guest Lecture / CME / 20 hrs
Conference (Except 1st
Year)

2.8 Branches if any with definition

Present in clause 2.10 of the curriculum.
2.9 Teaching learning methods
As shown in clause 2.4 course outline

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2.10 Content of each subject in each year

1st YEAR

1.Anatomy 2. Physiology 3.Sociology 4.Psychology 5.Introduction to Occupational therapy,

and Therapeutic activities

101 ANATOMY

MODULE I INTRODUCTION:
Define Anatomy and mention its subdivisions. Name regions, cavities and systems of the
body. Define anatomical positions and anatomical terms CELL: Define a cell. Mentions
the shape, size and parts of a cell. Name and gives functions of organs, Names of cell
bodies. Defines chromosomes, genes, Reviews mitosis and meiosis, Mentions the main
events, but stages not necessary. TISSUES: Classifies tissues. Classifies and mentions the
microscopic structure of types of tissues such as epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissues. Gives examples for each type of tissue. CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM:
Comprehends the external and internal features of the structure of the Heart and their
implications. Mentions position of the heart. Identifies and name, the chambers of the
heart, surface and borders of the heart. Identify the venae cavae, pulmonary trunk and
aorta. Mentions the internal features of the chambers of the heart. State the basic
features of the blood supply & nervous supply of the Heart., States the basic arrangement
of the pericardium, Identify the coronary artery and coronary sinus., . Names the parts of
the conducting system of heart, Mentions the position and general distribution of major
arteries and major veins and names their main branches. Names the types of arteries
and veins; gives examples and indicates a basic microscopic structure of type of blood
vessels. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Comprehends the general and regional arrangements of the
lymphatic system. Names the lymphatic organs and mentions their location. Illustrates

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the basic structural features of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and
tonsils. Assign functional roles to the lymphatic system, State the position and immediate
relations of spleen.
MODULE II RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
List the parts of the respiratory system. Comprehends the functional anatomy of the
parts of the respiratory System. Mentions the basic feature of innervations of bronchi and
lungs, States the position extent and gross and microscopic structure of the Parietal
pleura, Comprehends the arrangements of pleura. Mentions the parts, and Position of
the parietal pleura. Names the recesses of pleura. Identifies the trachea and bronchi
Identifies the right lung and left lung. Names the components of the hilum of lung.
Names the bronchopulmonary segments, Illustrates the main features of the microscopic
structure of the lung. Identified the borders and surfaces of the lung on the specimen.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (No details are required): List the parts of the digestive system,
Mentions the boundaries and features of the mouth, Classifies teeth., Mentions position,
extent, subdivisions, communications, internal, features and muscles of pharynx. Names
the tonsils and defines fauces. Identifies internal features of the mouth and pharynx of
the specimen. States the position, course and extent of oesophagus, Identifies
oesophagus of the specimen, States the basic nerve supply. Mentions the position and
gross structure of the stomach. Identifies the stomach and its borders, the surfaces and
subdivisions. Enumerates the immediate relations of the stomach. States the basic nerve
supply of the stomach. Names the subdivisions of the intestine and mentions their
positions. Mentions the differences between small and large intestine. Names the
arteries arising from the abdominal aorta. Names the organs supplied by these branches
, Awareness of the name and position of the principal autonomic visceral nerve plexus in
the abdomen and pelvis, and the organs supplied by them., Mentions the positions and
gross features of the liver and biliary system., Names the positions and subdivisions of
the pancreas, Names the major salivary glands, Indicate their positions. Mentions the site
of openings of their ducts. GENITO - URINARY SYSTEM (No details are required):
Comprehends the basic functional implications and the basic structure of the kidney and
ureter. Mentions the position, size and shape of kidney. Name the immediate relations of
the kidney. Indicate the cortex, medulla, pyramids, sinus, calyces, and pelvis of ureter in
a macro section of the kidney, Illustrates the structure of a nephron. Identifies the ureter

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and indicate the position of the ureter. States the anatomy of the bladder and urethra.
Mention the position, shape and size and surface of the bladder. Indicate the immediate
relations of the bladder. Mention the basic innervations of the bladder, Name and
identify the subdivisions of the male urethra. Mentions the position, extent and
immediate relations of male urethra. Locate and identify the female urethra. Mentions
the position, extent and immediate relations of the female urthera, Name the sphincters
of the urethra. Lists and locate the parts of the male reproductive system. State the
anatomy and functional considerations of the testis, male accessory organs of
reproduction and external organs. Name the constituent structures of the spermatic
cord. Mention the position of the inguinal canal. Name the component structures and
parts of the penis, List and locate the parts of female reproductive system. States the
anatomy and functional considerations of ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and female
external genitalia. Mentions the basic features of parts of the female external genitalia.
Enumerates the factors responsible for the maintenance of the position of the uterus and
anatomy of its prolapse. Mentions the position, extent and gross structure of the female
breast. Name the common, internal, and external iliac arteries.
MODULE III NERVOUS SYSTEM: Define the subdivisions of the nervous system. Define
central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and names their subdivisions.
Comprehend the position and form of the spinal cord, its structure and function in terms
of neuronal connections. Indicates the position and extent of the spinal cord. Illustrates
the principal features shown in a transverse section of spinal cord. Specifies the basic
features of a mono and multisynaptic spinal reflex pathway. Illustrate the white and gray
matter, and anterior, lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord. Mentions the
origin, termination and position of important ascending and descending tracts, site of
crossing of fibres of these tracts, and function of each tract. State the main consequences
of spinal cord transaction and hemi section, and explains the rationale of cordotomy,
Indicates the blood supply and meninges of spinal cord. Names the subdivision of the
brain. Identifies and mentions the external features of parts of the brain. Mention the
internal structure and basic features of parts of the brain stem and name the nuclei and
fibre tracts with special emphasis on cranial nerve nuclei. Identify and mentions parts of
the cerebellum. Mentions the external features and internal structures of the cerebellum
and names its various afferent and efferent tracts and their termination. Mention the

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features of the gross components of the cerebrum. Mentions and identifies the location
of gyri, sulci and cortical areas. State and identify association, commissural and projection
fibres. Define and identify component of forebrain including cerebral cortex, insula,
olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, uncus, fornix, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus,
internal capsule, corpus callosum etc. Predict the result of damage to internal capsule.
Outlines sensory and motor pathways and is able to trace these pathways. Names
sensory and motor nerve endings with functions Defines pyramidal motor system and
names its tracts Defines upper and lower motor neurons, Names the parts and tracts of
the extra - pyramidal system and indicate the functions. Outlines the basic structures of
sensory organs: - Nose, tongue, eye, ear, and skin. Briefly outline the nature and basis of
muscle tone. Mentions the anatomical pathway involved in the production and
maintenance of muscle tone. States the formation, circulation and drainage CSF. Locate
and identify the ventricles. Identify and name the meninges and space around and locate
the cistern. Define lumbar puncture and cisternal puncture. States the features of the
meninges. Recognizes the differences between extradural, subdural and subarachnoid
haemorrage. Outlines the arrangement of major blood vessels around the brain and
spinal cord. Mentions the arteries forming the Circle of Willis. Name the branches of
major arteries supplying the brain and spinal cord and mentions the parts of their supply.
Predicts the result of blockage or rupture of central deep branches, predicts the result of
occlusion of cerebral arteries, Predicts the result of occlusion of vertebral or basilar
arteries, Identifies and mentions the connections of dural venous sinuses. Names and
identifies the parts of the limbic system. Mentions their function in emotion and
behaviour. Mentions the position and structure of the autonomic nervous system.
Mentions the sites of origin and termination of the preganglionic and postganglionic
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Names and locates the sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia. Summarizes the functional differences between the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Enumerates the cranial nerves in serial order.
Mentions the nuclei of origin & termination and indicates the site of attachment to brain
/ brain stem. Explains the general distribution of the cranial nerves and the course of the
VIIth nerve. Predicts the result of injury to cranial nerves. Anatomy or spinal cord - review.
Names the groups of spinal nerves. Explains the formation and branches of the spinal

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nerves and distribution of anterior and posterior rami. Locates and names the plexuses
of nerves. Indicates the course and distribution of branches of the plexuses of the nerves.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Lists the endocrine organs and mentions their position. Mentions
the hormones produced by each endocrine organ.
MODULE IV INTRODUCTION TO BONES (Osteology): Defines skeleton. Mentions the
subdivisions of the skeleton. Names the bones in each subdivision. Knows the number of
bones in each subdivision and total number of bones. Classifies the bones and gives
examples. Enumerates the common surface features of bones, Defines ossification.
Explains the types of ossification and gives examples. Defines ossification centre. Explains
the growth of long bone in length and width. Indicates blood supply and nerve supply of
a bone When regional anatomy is taught: Identifies, names and correctly orientates the
bones. Identifies surfaces, borders and all other surface features. Marks and indicates
the muscular and ligamentous attachments on the bone. INTRODUCTION TO JOINTS
(Syndesmology / Arthrology): Defines a joint or articulation. Classifies the joints and gives
examples for each type. Defines each type of Joint, Mentions the basic features of a
synovial joint. Defines the axis and movements possible in a synovial joint. Defines range
of movement and limiting factors. Indicates the blood supply and nerve supply in general.
Defines stability of a joint, Demonstrates common movement. When regional anatomy is
taught:-Mentions the type, the articular surfaces, ligaments, movements, axes of
movements. Chief muscles producing the movements, limiting factors and nerve supply
and blood supply of all individual joints. Mentions the factors for stability. Articulates the
bones correctly. Indicate applied anatomy for all joints INTRODUCTION TO MUSCLES
(SKELETAL MUSCLE) (Myology): Defines a skeletal muscle. Defines faciae, tendon,
aponeurosis. Classifies the skeletal muscles by shape etc, and gives examples. Defines
origin, insertion, muscle work (contractions), types of muscle work, range of muscle work,
group actions - protagonists, antagonists, synergists and fixators; shunt and spurt
muscles; types of levers with examples, When Regional anatomy is taught: Mentions the
position, origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of the skeletal muscles. (For the
skeletal muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx position, action and nerve supply may
be sufficient). Indicates groups of muscles by position and action, group action and nerve
supply of groups of muscles. Indicates segmental innervation of muscles. Predicts the
result of paralysis of individual and goups of muscles.

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MODULE V UPPER EXTREMITY- Pectoral region: Outlines the features of the pectoral
region. Names, identifies and correctly orientates the sternum, clavicle, scapula and
humerus, Outlines the main features of the bones of shoulder girdle, Identifies the parts,
borders and surfaces of sternum. Mentions its other features, Identifies the ends,
surfaces, curvatures and other features of clavicle. Identifies the borders, angles surfaces,
processes, fossae and other features of scapula. Identifies the ends, head, greater and
lesser tubercles and anatomical and surgical necks of humerus; also the capitulum,
trochlea, and radial, coronoid and olecronon fossae and epicondyles. Locates and
identifies the muscles of pectoral region mentions their origin, insertion, nerve supply
and action. Scapular region: Comprehends the main features of the muscles in the
scapular region. States the layered arrangements of the muscles of the back. Names and
identifies the muscles of the scapular region. Mentions their origin, insertion, nerve
supply and actions. Demonstrates the bony land marks of scapula, humerus and clavicle.
Axilla: Mentions and identifies the boundaries and contents of axilla. Names the branches
of axillary artery. Names and identifies the cords and branches of brachial plexus and
mentions their root value. Illustrates the formation of brachial plexus Shoulder girdle:
Comprehends and applies to function the main features of joints of the shoulder girdle.
Names the joints of shoulder girdle. Identifies the articular surfaces and names the
ligaments and movements of sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints Mentions the
types of the joints, Demonstrates and names the movements of scapula. Mentions the
chief muscles producing these movements. Correlates movements of scapula. Assigns
functional roles of the articular disc and costoclavicular ligament of sternoclavicular joint
and coracoclavicular ligament. Shoulder joint: Mentions the type, articular surfaces and
ligaments of the shoulder joint. Defines and demonstrates the movements of shoulder
joint. Names and identifies the chief muscles producing these movements. Analyses
these movements and mentions limiting factors. Mentions the blood supply and nerve
supply of this joint. Analyses the association of movements of scapula and movements of
the shoulder joints, Mentions the limiting factors and the factors for its stability. Indicates
applied anatomy. Upper arm: Names and identifies the muscles at the front and back of
the upper arm. Names and identifies the ends, borders, surfaces and features of the
humerus. Identifies the head, anatomical neck, tubercles, surgical neck, bicipital groove,
condyle, capitulum, trochlea epicondyles, radial, cornonoid and olecranon fossae,

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Mentions the origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of the muscles of the front and
back of the upper arm. Indicates the course, relations and distribution of radial and
musculocutaneous nerves. Elbow joint: Mentions the type, articular surfaces and
ligaments of elbow joint. Defines and demonstrates the movements possible and names
the chief muscles producing these movements. Mentions the factors for stability and
limiting factors, Indicates the applied anatomy. Mentions the blood supply and nerve
supply. Explains the carrying angle. Forearm, wrist and hand: Mentions the bones of
forearm, identifies the ends, borders, surfaces and features of radius and ulna. Identifies
the head, neck, tuberosity and styloid process of radius. Identifies the coronoid process,
olecranon process, trochlear notch, tuberosity, head and styloid process of ulna. Also the
radial notch of ulna and ulnar notch of radius. Names and identifies the carpal bones,
metacarpat bones and phalanges in an articulated hand. Identifies the muscles of front
and back of the forearm. Mentions the position, origin, insertion, nerve supply and action
of these muscles. Indicates the course, relations and distribution of median, ulnar and
radial nerves Mentions the type, articular surface and ligaments or radioulnar joints.
Defines the movements of supination and pronation. Mentions the axis and muscles
producing these movements. Analyses these movements and applies to functional role in
routine day to day actions. Mentions the position and distribution of ulnar and radial
arteries and ulnar, median and radial nerves, Names and locates the carpal bones.
Mentions the type, articular surface and ligaments of wrist joint. Defines and
demonstrates the movements and mentions the muscles producing them. Mentions its
blood supply and nerve supply. Mentions the visible tendons around the wrist and their
synovial sheaths. Predicts the result of paralysis of muscles of the forearm. Mentions the
functional implications of prehension in the structure of hand. Indicates the arrangement
of tendons of the digits, retinaculae, fibrous flexor sheaths, and synovial sheaths.
Evaluates the hinge type of interphalangeal joints, ellipsoid type of metacarpophalangeal
joints and saddle type of carpometacarpal joint. Names and identifies the small muscles
of the hand. Mentions their position, origin, insertion, nerve supply and action. Mentions
the types of bones forming and ligaments of the joints of the hand. Defines the movement
and the muscles producing these movements. Predicts the results of paralysis of the small
muscles of hand. Demonstrates the type of grip.

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Nerves of upper limb: Comprehends and applies the knowledge of position and
distribution of nerves of upper limb. Mentions the root value of the nerves. Identifies
the nerves and mentions the position course, relations and distribution of nerves of upper
limb. Predicts the result of injury to these nerves. Blood vessels of upper limb:
Comprehends and applies the knowledge of the position and distribution of blood vessels
and lymph nodes. Traces the main arteries and veins. Indicates their position and names
the main branches of tributaries. Names and locates the lymph nodes Cutaneous Nerves
of upper limb: Names the cutaneous nerves and illustrates the areas of their distribution.
Illustrates the dermatomes
MODULE VI LOWER EXTERMITY: Names, identifies and orientates to hip bone, femur,
tibia, fibula and patella. Identifies the components and features of hip bones. Identifies
the ends, borders, surfaces, head, neck, trochanters, condyles and epicondyles of femur
and the features of the tibia and fibula. Identifies and mentions the origin, insertion,
nerve supply and action of the muscles in the front of thigh. Mentions the boundaries
and contents of femoral triangle and subsartorial canal. Indicates the position, course
and distribution of femoral nerve. Indicates the course and main branches of femoral
artery and mentions the blood supply of neck of femur. Indicates the position of femoral
vein. Medial side of thigh: Names and identifies the muscles of the medial side of thigh.
Mentions their origin, insertion, nerve supply and action. Indicates the course, relations
and distribution of obturator nerve. Back of thigh: Identifies and mentions the position,
origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of the hamstring muscles. Indicates the position,
course, relation and distribution of sciatic nerve Gluteal region: Identifies and mentions
the position, origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of the muscles. Names and
mentions the position and course of the nerves found there and names the arteries there.
Hip joints: Mentions the type, articular surface and ligaments. Defines the movements
and names the chief muscles producing the movements, Mentions the blood supply,
nerve supply, factor for stability and limiting factors, Indicates applied anatomy.
Knee joint: Mentions the type, articular surfaces, and ligaments. Defines the movements
and names and chief muscles for the movements. Analyses the movements. Knows the
blood supply and nerve supply. Indicates applied anatomy. Defines locking and unlocking
of the joint. Popliteal fossa: Indicates the boundaries and contents, Mentions the position
and branches of tibial and common peroneal nerves. Front of leg and dorsum of foot:

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Names and identifies the tarsal bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges in an articulated
foot, Names and identifies the muscles. Mentions the positions, origin, insertion, nerve
supply and action of the muscles, Position and distribution of deep peroneal nerve.
Indicates the position and attachments of extensor retinaculae. Mentions and identifies
the features of the tibia and fibula. Lateral Side of leg: Names and identifies the muscles.
Mentions the position, origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of muscles. States the
position, course and distribution of superficial peroneal nerve. States the position and
attachment of peroneal retinaculae. Back of leg and sole of foot: Name and identifies the
features of the bones of the foot. Names and identifies the muscles of back of leg.
Mentions the position, arrangement, origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of the
muscles. States the position, course and distribution of tibial artery. States the position,
and distribution of posterior tibial artery. Mentions the position, and attachment of flexor
retinaculum. Mentions the arrangement, origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of
muscles of the foot. Indicates the types of formation, and factors for the maintenance of
the arches of foot. Mentions the type, articular surface, ligaments, movements, chief
muscles for the movement, axes of movements and applied anatomy of tibiofibular joints,
ankle joints, subtalar joints, M.P. joints and I.P. joints, Palpates and identifies the tendons
around the ankle and dorsum of foot. Nerves: Indicates the position, formation and
branches of lumbar and sacral plexuses. Mentions the root value of the nerves, Mentions
the position, course, relation and distribution of the nerves. Predicts the result of injury
to the nerves, Illustrates cutaneous innervation of dermatomes Blood vessels: Indicates
the position of arteries and their main branches. Indicates the position of veins and their
main tributaries. Indicates the position of lymph nodes.
MODULE VII
TRUNK - THORAX – ABDOMEN Vertebral Column: States the basic osteology of vertebral
column. Identifies the parts of a typical vertebra. Identifies and states the main features
of typical vertebra of each group of vertebrae. Identifies a typical vertebrae. States the
form, structure and movements of joints of the vertebral column. Mentions the
movements and the muscles producing them. Identifies the intervertebral disc and
mentions its parts. States the formation and ligaments of the intervertebral joints. Names
and identifies the curvatures of the vertebral column and indicates deformities. States
the contents of vertebral canal. THORAX: States the main features of the bones and joints

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of thoracic cage. Mentions the boundaries, States the parts and features of sternum.
Defines true, false and floating ribs. Mentions the parts and features of typical ribs. Knows
the main features of a typical rib. Mentions the type and formation of the joints between
rib and vertebrae, between costal cartilage and sternum, and between costal cartilages.
Mentions the type and formation of joints between parts of sternum. Indicates the
importance of sternal angle. Analyses pump handle and bucket handle movements of
ribs. Palpates bony land marks such as jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternum and
spines of thoracic vertebrae. Defines intercostals space and lists the contents. Mentions
the course and branches of typical intercostals nerve. Names the muscles of thorax.
Mentions the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of intercostals muscles and
diaphragm. Names the structures passing though the diaphragm and mentions the
orifices in the diaphragm. Defines the boundaries and subdivisions of the mediastinum
and lists the contents. Identifies the contents. States the features of thoracic parts of
sympathetic trunk. Abdomen: Mentions the main features of lumbar vertebrae, sacrum
and coccyx. Mentions the formation and subdivision of the bony pelvis. Lists the features
of the female bony pelvis and their roles. c. Mentions the type, articular surfaces,
ligaments and movements of the joints of pelvis. Defines abdominal cavity. List the layers
of anterior abdominal wall. Names and mentions the origin, insertion, nerve supply and
action of the muscles and the features of these muscles. Explains the formation of rectus
sheath and lists it contents. Defines inguinal canal and knows its position, extent
formation and contents. Indicates is clinical importance. Defines inguinal hernia. Names
and identifies the muscles of posterior abdominal wall. Gives their origin, insertion, and
action. Lists the organs on the posterior abdominal wall. Names the blood vessels on the
posterior wall. Mentions the position and formation of lumbar plexus. Names its
branches. States the anatomy of lumbar region. Understands the disposition of muscles
of the back in layers. Mentions the arrangement of lumbar fascia. Identifies the muscles
in lumbar region. Understands the lumbar roots to abdomen. Identifies and mentions the
attachments and actions of the large muscles of back. (at least the ones ending capitis),
Distinguishes abdominal cavity and peritoneal cavity. Mentions the features of lumbar
part of sympathetic trunk and other sympathetic ganglia. Mentions the branches and
distribution of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. States the inferior vena cava and
iliac veins and mentions their tributaries. PELVIS: States the main features of subdivision,

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boundaries, walls and floor of pelvis. Mentions the features of the pubic symphysis and
sacro-iliac joints. Distinguishes and mentions the major differences between the male and
female pelvis. Identifies the muscles of the pelvic floor and mentions their attachments,
actions and nerve supply. Mentions the structures of the urogenital diaphragm. HEAD
AND NECK: Musculo skeletal and neurovascular features. Identifies the anterior and
posterior triangles of neck. Names the subdivisions. List the contents. States the main
features of the skull and the facial skeleton. Identifies the large skull bones and their parts.
Identifies the cranial fossae and hypophyseal fossa. Identifies the internal and external
auditory meatuses. Foramen magnum and stylomastoid foramen and names the main
structures passing though them. Identifies and names the main muscles of the face.
Mentions their nerve supply and action. Predicts the results of paralysis to the facial
muscles and sequel of injury to the facial nerve (VII nerve), Maps the cutaneous
distribution of the three divisions of the trigeminal (Vth) nerve on the face. Identifies the
general feature of a typical cervical vertebra, atlas, axis and seventh cervical certebra.
Identifies the erector spinae, sternomastoid and scalene muscles geniohyoid. Mentions
their attachments, actions and nerve supply. Identifies the phrenic, accessory and vagus
nerves. Mentions their distribution. Identifies and states the position, distribution and
root values of the nerves of cervical and brachial plexuses. Demonstrates the action of
sternomastoid. Mentions the type, articular surfaces, ligaments, movements, and
muscles producing these movements, at the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints.
Demonstrates these movements and the movements of the cervical part of vertebral
column. Identifies the subclavian, vertebral and carotid arteries. Mentions the position
and extent of these arteries. Identifies the components of the Circle of Willis. Mentions
the distribution of internal and external carotid and vertebral arteries. Predicts the
sequelae of occlusion of these arteries. Identifies the internal jugular and subclavian
veins. Mentions their position, formation and termination. States the basic organization
of the autonomic nervous system. States the sites of craniosacral and thoracolumbar
outflows. Defines the modes of distribution of pre and postganglionic efferent neurons in
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Names the cranial nerves containing
parasymphathetic fibres and mentions their distribution. Distinguishes between
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in relation to their functions. Eye: States the
position of the lacrimal apparatus, the functional implications of structure of the eye and

16
the lacrimal apparatus. Names and illustrates the coats, their subdivisions, the refractive
media, the chambers of the eye and the optic nerve. Mentions the structure of retina and
optic pathway. Has a basic understanding of the light and accommodation reflex.
(Omitting the pathway). Mentions the distribution of the three divisions of trigeminal
(Vth) nerve, Names and states the nerve supply and simple actions of the extraoccular
muscles. Predicts the results of lesions of 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves. Nose: Names
the bony components of the nose. Mentions the parts and boundaries of the nose. States
the main features of the nasal cavity. Names and identifies the para nasal air sinuses and
locates their openings. Temporomandibular joint: States the type, articular surface,
ligaments, possible movements, muscles performing the movements and nerve supply of
the temporomandibular joint. Palpates and identifies the joint and its articular surfaces.
Identifies and names the muscles of mastication. Mentions their actions and nerve
supply. Mouth: States the main features of the mouth cavity, tongue, palate, salivary
glands, teeth and gums. Mentions the sensory and motor innervation of the tongue.
Identifies the salivary glands. Demonstrates movements of the tongue and palate. Tests
and produces the swallowing (gag) reflex. Predicts the sequelae of lesions of the VIIth and
XIIth cranial nerves. Pharynx: States the position and extent of the pharynx. States the
three subdivisions and features of each subdivision. Names the muscles of pharynx and
their action. Mentions the sensory and motor innervation of the pharynx. Larynx and
trachea: Identifies the hyoid and states its parts. Identifies the larynx and names the
laryngeal cartilages. States the boundaries of laryngeal inlet and glottis. Identifies the
vocal and vestibular folds. States the movement of the laryngeal cartilages. Names the
laryngeal muscles and mentions their attachments, action and nerve supply. Defines the
position, extent and gross structure of the trachea. States the mechanics of phonation
and speech, production of sound voice and speech. Ear: States the basic structural plan
of the organs of hearing and equilibrium. Mentions the three subdivisions of the ear.
Mentions the nerve endings for hearing and equilibrium. Cranial nerves: Enumerates the
cranial nerves in serial order. Relates and interprets the number to the names. Indicates
the nuclei of origin of termination. Mentions the attachments to the brain and the cranial
exit. State the sensory and motor distribution. States the position and course of VII nerve.
Predicts the sequel of lesion.

17
EVALUATION Internals : Theory and Oral (10 marks For Anatomy Record to be included
in internals.) University: Theory and Oral

102 PHYSIOLOGY
MODULE I CELL INTRODUCTION: Outline of basic concepts of cell structure, functions of
components; transport across membranes, SKIN: Structure; functions; blood flow;
temperature regulation.
MODULE II BLOOD: 1. Outline of components; and their function; RBC, WBC, Platelets,
Blood groups. Significance of RBC & WBC counts ESR and other related tests. Clotting
mechanisms, Blood volume and its regulation
MODULE III CIRCULATION: Structure & Properties of cardiac muscle: Cardiac cycle., ECG:
Heart sounds, cardiac output., Factors regulating the action of the heart., Blood pressure;
its maintenance and regulation, Cerebral circulation: Renal circulation: Pulmonary
circulation., Effects of exercise: effects of postural changes, Lymph; factors affecting its
flow.
MODULE IV RESPIRATION: Defence mechanisms in the Respiratory tree; mucociliary
transport. Mechanics of Respiration. Transport of blood gases. Acid-base balance. Lung
function tests (including lung volumes). Artificial ventilation, Nervous and chemical
regulation of respiration. Hypoxia-types and causes, Effects of exercise on respiration
MODULE V
DIGESTION: Digestion in the mouth, stomach and intestine, Bile; Pancreatic secretion,
Mechanisms of control of secretions and motility, Diet and Nutrition. EXCRETION:
Structure of the nephrons, Formation of urine, Micturition.
ENDOCRINE: General metabolism. Carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism. Outline of
the various hormones and their actions with special emphasis on Thyroxine and
Parathyroid hormone.

18
MODULE VI REPRODUCTION: Male reproductory system, Female reproductory system,
Outline of pregnancy: functions of placenta; Parturition; lactation; contraceptive
measures., 4. Physiology of foetus; factors that affect foetal growth.
MODULE VII NERVOUS SYSTEM: Structure of neurons, Properties of neurons: (excitations
& conduction), Synapses and synaptic transmission; Reflexes and properties of reflexes;
Sensory endings, Spinal cord; Pathways in the spinal cord., Brain stem; Thalamus; Basal
ganglia; Cerebellum; Cerebral cortex; Control of posture and control of voluntary motor
activity. SPECIAL SENSES: Vision, Audition; Olfaction; Gustation: Vestibular apparatus
MODULE VIII MUSCLE: Structure of muscle tissue: gross structure and microscopic
structure. Arrangement of myofibrils. Myoneural junction. Chemical processes involved
in muscle contraction, Physiology of muscle contraction. Single muscle twitch, Quantal,
summation. Wave Summation, Tetany. Effects of temperature changes. All or none law.
Fatigue, Isotonic, Isometric, Isokinetic contraction, Exercise metabolism. Oxygen debt,
Respiratory quotient. Development of endurance. Factors affecting endurance and
muscle strength. Factors affecting general and cardiorespiratory endurance. Aerobic and
anaerobic work. Efficiency of muscular activity, aerobic versus anaerobic (eg. speed, work,
load, fatigue diet, obesity). Age and exercise. Age changes in muscle function. Age
changes in CVS. Age changes in pulmonary function. Age and physical work capacity. Age
and nervous system. Environment and exercise. Adaptation to heat and cold. Exercise in
heat and cold. Human limitation in heat. Acclimatization to heat. Exercise at high
altitudes.
PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATIONS A. Lung Volumes B. Effect of exercise on ventilation C.
Physical fitness D. Determination of BP E. Effects of exercise on BP F. Heart rate G. Pulse
H. Respiratory rate I. Examination of sensory and motor systems and cranial Nerves J.
Examination of superficial and deep reflexes. K. Tests of vision (acuity and colour
perception) and hearing (Rhine’s test & Weber’s test).
EVALUATION Internal : Theory, Orals University: Theory, Orals

103 SOCIOLOGY
MODULE I INTRODUCTION: Definitions of sociology, sociology as a science of society,
uses of the study of sociology, application of knowledge of sociology in physiotherapy and

19
occupational therapy. SOCIOLOGY AND HEALTH: Social factors affecting health status,
social consciousness and perception of illness, social consciousness and meaning of
illness, decision making in taking treatment. Institutions of health, their role in the
improvement of the health of the people.
MODULE II SOCIALIZATION: Meaning of socialization, influence of social factors on
personality, socialization in hospitals, socialization in the rehabilitation of patients.
SOCIAL GROUPS: Concept of social groups, influence of formal and informal groups on
health and sickness, the role of primary groups and secondary groups in the hospital and
rehabilitation settings. FAMILY: Influence of family on human personality, discussion of
changes in the functions of a family, influence of the family on the individual’s health,
family and nutrition, the effects of sickness on family, family and psychosomatic disease.
COMMUNITY: Concept of community, role of rural and urban communities in public
health, role of community in determining beliefs, practices and home remedies in
treatment. CULTURE: Components of culture, impact of culture on human behaviour,
cultural meaning of sickness, response of sickness & choice of treatment (role of culture
as social consciousness in moulding the perception of reality) Culture induced symptoms
and disease, sub-culture of medical workers. CASTE SYSTEM: Features of the modern
caste system and its trends
MODULE III SOCIAL CHANGE: Meaning of social change, factors of social change, human
adaption and social change, social change and stress, social change and deviance, social
change and health programmes. The role of social planning in the improvement of health
and in rehabilitation. SOCIAL CONTROL: Meaning of social control, role of norms,
folkways, customs, orals, religion law and other means of social control in the regulation
of human behaviour, social deviance and disease.
MODULE IV SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE DISABLED: Consequences of the following social
problems in relation to sickness and disability; remedies to prevent these problems:
Population explosion, Poverty and unemployment, Beggary, Juvenile delinquency
Prostitution, Alcoholism, Problems of women in employment SOCIAL SECURITY: Social
security and social legislation in relation to the disabled, SOCIAL WORKER; The role of a
medical social worker
EVALUATION: Internal - Theory University – Theory

20
104 PSYCHOLOGY
MODULE I DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY: basic information in relation to following
schools methods and branches. Schools: Structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism,
psychoanalysis, gestalt psychology. Methods: Introspection, observation, inventory and
experimental method. Branches: General, child, social, abnormal, industrial, clinical,
counselling, education.
MODULE II HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT: Twins, Relative importance of heredity and
environment, their role in relation to physical characteristics, intelligence and personality,
naturenurture controversy. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES AND GROWTH BEHAVIOUR:
Infancy, Early childhood, Middle childhood, Puberty (physiological and psychological
changes), adulthood, middle age, and old age.
MODULE III INTELLIGENCE: Definitions: IQ, Mental Age, List of various intelligence tests
– WAIS, WISC, Bhatia’s performance test, Raven’s Progressive Matrices test.
MOTIVATION: Definitions: Motive, drive, incentive, and reinforcement. Basic information
about primary needs: hunger, thirst, sleep, elimination activity, air, avoidance of pain,
attitude to sex. Psychological needs: Information, security, self – esteem, competence,
love and hope. EMOTIONS: Definition, Differentiate from feelings, physiological changes
of emotion Role of RAS, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, sympathetic nervous system,
adrenal gland, heredity and emotion, and control of anger, fear and anxiety.
MODULE IV PERSONALITY: Definition, list the components: Physical characteristics,
abilities, temperament interest, and attitudes. Discuss briefly the role of heredity,
nervous system, physical characteristics, abilities, family, and culture on personality
development. Basic concepts of Freud: Unconscious, conscious, id, ego, and superego.
List and define the oral, anal, and phallic stages of personality department. List and define
the 8 stages as proposed by Erickson, 4 concepts of learning as proposed by Dollard and
Miller; drive, cue, response and reinforcement. Personality assessment; interview,
standardised, non- standardised, exhaustive and stress interviews, list and define
inventories BAI, CPI and MMPI. Projective tests: Rorschach TAT and sentence completion
test.

21
MODULE V LEARNING: List the laws of learning as proposed by Thorndike. Types of
learning: Briefly describe, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, insight,
observation and Trial and Error type. List the affective ways to learn: Massed Vs. Spaced.
Whole Vs. Part, Recitation Vs. Reading, Serial Vs. Free recall, Knowledge of results,
Association, Organization, Mnemonic methods, Incidental Vs Intentional learning, role of
language. THINKING: Definition, concepts, creativity, steps in creative thinking; list the
traits of creative people, delusions FRUSTRATION: Definition sources, solution, conflict;
Approach - approach, avoidanceavoidance, and approach – avoidance, solution
MODULE VI SENSATION, ATTENTION, AND PERCEPTION: List the senses: Vision, Hearing,
Olfactory, Gustatory and cutaneous sensation, movement, equilibrium and visceral sense.
Define attention and list factors that determine attention; nature of stimulus, intensity,
colour, change, extensity, repetition, movement, size, curiosity, primary motives. Define
perception and list the principles of perception : Figure ground, constancy, similarity
proximity, closure, continuity, values and interest, past experience context, needs, moods,
religion, sex and age, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefits,
and socioeconomic status. Define illusion and hallucination. List visual, auditory,
cutaneous, gustatory, and olfactory hallucination.
MODULE VII DEMOCRATIC AND AUTHORITARIAN LEADERS: Qualities of leadership:
Physical factors, intelligence, self-confidence, sociability, will and dominance. Define
attitude, change of attitude by: Additional information, changes in-group affiliation,
enforced modification by law and procedures that affect personality. (Psychotherapy,
Counselling and religious conversion). DEFENCE MECHANISMS OF THE EGO: Denial
rationalization, projection, reaction formation, identification, repression, emotions,
insulation, undoing, introjection, acting out, depersonalisation.
MODULE VIII HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: Psychological reactions of a patient during
admission and treatment, anxiety, shock, denial, suspicion, questioning, loneliness,
regression, shame, guilt, rejection, fear, withdrawal, depression, egocentricity, concern
about small matters, narrowed interests emotional over reactions, perceptual changes,
confusion, disorientation , hallucinations, delusions, illusions, anger, hostility, loss of
hope. Reaction to loss, death and bereavement: shock and disbelief, development of
awareness, restitution, resolution. Stages of acceptance as proposed by Kubler- Ross.
STRESS: Physiological and psychological changes, relation to health and sickness:

22
 Psychosomatics, professional stress, burnout. COMMUNICATIONS: Types: verbal, non-
verbal, elements in communication, barriers to good communication, developing
effective communication, specific communication techniques, Counselling: Definition,
Aim, differentiate from guidance, principles in counselling and personality qualities of
counsellors. COMPLIANCE: Nature, factors, contributing to non-compliance, improving
compliance. EMOTIONAL NEEDS: Emotional needs and psychological factors in relation to
unconscious patients, handicapped patients, bed-ridden patients, chronic pain, spinal
cord injury, paralysis, cerebral palsy, burns, amputations, disfigurement, head injury,
degenerative disorders, Parkinsonism, leprosy, incontinence and mental illness.
GERIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY: Specific psychological reactions and needs of geriatric patients.
PAEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY: Specific psychological reactions and needs of paediatric
patients, BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION: Application of various conditioning and learning
principles to modify patient behaviour. SUBSTANCE ABUSE: Psychological aspects of
substance abuse: smoking, alcoholism, and drug addiction, PERSONALITY STYLES:
Different personality styles of patients.
EVALUATION : Internal - Theory University – Theory

105 INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, AND

THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES
SECTION-A: INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
MODULE I History of Occupational Therapy: Describe the history and development of
Occupational Therapy internationally, describe the present development of O.T in
India, including organization and functions of All India Occupational Therapist's
Association.
MODULE II An overview of Occupational Therapy: Define Occupational Therapy, Discuss
the scope of O.T in a major hospital for Paediatrics, Physical and Psychiatric Disorders,
Discuss the scope of O.T in the community
MODULE III Occupational Therapy and the Rehabilitation team: Describe Occupational
Therapy's contribution as part of the total rehabilitation team, Briefly outline the
roles of the different team members.

23
 MODULE IV Occupation: Philosophy and concepts: The concept of Occupation in
Occupational Therapy, Importance of Occupation in people’s life, Occupation as a
therapeutic medium, Therapeutic qualities of Occupation: Purpose and meaning.
MODULE V Occupation as Therapy: Analysis of roles, occupations, tasks, activities &
performance components, Selection, Gradation and Adaptation.
MODULE VI Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
(IADL): Purpose of evaluation, Content of ADL and IADL evaluation, Parameters of ADL
and IADL evaluation, ADL and IADL evaluation methods.
MODULE VII Therapeutic movements and exercises in OT: Principles of therapeutic
exercises, Types of muscle contractions (Isotonic, isometric muscle contractions), Types
of therapeutics movements (Passive, Active, Active assisted and resistive movements),
Briefly outline isometric, progressive resistive and regressive resistive exercises.
MODULE VIII Overview of Assessments: Reflexes (superficial and deep tendon reflexes),
Muscle tone, Range of Motion, Muscles strength,Voluntary control, Co-ordination,
Sensation (cutaneous and cortical), Cognitive - Perceptual functions, Hand functions.
MODULE IX Framework for Professional practice: Core values and attitudes of OT
practice, OT code of ethics, The therapeutic relationship.
PRACTICAL ANALYSING OCCUPATIONS AND ACTIVITIES
Analyse the following occupational performance areas:
a. Self-care:
• Personal care
• Eating
• Dressing
• Personal hygiene: Grooming, Bathing and oral care
• Toileting
a. Functional mobility
• Indoor mobility (Accessibility within the home)
• Outdoor mobility (Accessibility outside the home environment)
a. Community Management
• Transportation
• Shopping

24
 • Finances (money management)
d. Productivity
e. Work
• Tailoring
• Clerical including Basic computer applications
• Teaching
• Agriculture
f. Home making
• Meal preparation – Gathering & transporting items, Cooking, service and clean up, dish
washing
• Laundry – collecting & transporting, washing & folding, ironing, sewing
• Indoor household maintenance – bed making, dusting, floor care, bath rooms
• Outdoor household maintenance – Yard maintenance and gardening
• Child care – bathing, diapering, dressing, feeding, lifting and carrying, play and cradle
care
g. School
• Writing and using of instruments
• Reading
h. Leisure & Play
• Sports
• Games (Indoor & Outdoor)
• Picnic
• Gardening
• Craft activities (any five activities) i. Socialization
• Correspondence
• Making phone calls

SECTION B : THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES

MODULE I Design : Introduction to design - Students will be able to identify design in
nature, textures, buildings, textiles, etc., to apply the colour wheel (primary and
secondary colours, different shades and tones) for colour preparation. Painting/designs
(blow, spray, blotch, finger, oil, wax, thread, charcoal, etc), Montage and collage. Paper

25
mat weaving and paper folding, Paper cutting and streamers, Macrame - cord /knotting,
Symmography, Ball decoration and paper beads. Plate decorations and coconut shell
designs. Aluminium wire pictures. Wire decorations. Embroidery (4 stitches), Lettering
and posters, Batik printing, Tie and Dye fabric design, Block designing and printing,
including adaptations. Finger puppets clay modelling and paper mache. Hand puppets,
and dramatic presentation as group work, Simple card weaving.

MODULE II Carry out techniques - cutting, thonging, stitching, punching, braiding, lining,
fastenings (rivets, eyelets, press buttons, buckles, zips and velcro), decorating leather
articles, use of paints, dyes. Prepare 1 splint and 1 aid eg. opponens splint and palmar
pocket aid. [Prepare 1 project - eg. watch strap, purse, wallet, belt, pocket pouch,
spectacle case etc., using as many techniques as possible. Outline - storage availability,
cost and care of materials.] Tailoring : Types of stitches and their uses , Types of seams
and their uses , Types of openings and fastenings, Pattern making, measuring and
cutting, stitching Pillow case, Shopping bag , Apron
MODULE III Home Activities: Plan and prepare simple meals. Gardening & Recreational
Activities: Outline the use of Sports, Games , Picnic , Drama, Leisure & hobbies , Music
as a therapeutic medium. Note: File Preparation: Apply therapeutic, prevocational and
vocational values and prepare file for each activity, which will be assessed.
EVALUATION Internal : Theory, Oral, Practical and Activities Analysis File University :
Theory, Oral and Practical

2nd YEAR

1. Introduction to pathology and Microbiology 2. Biochemistry and Pharmacology 3.

Fundamentals of Occupational Therapy 4. Clinical Orthopaedic, Rheumatology and Radio
diagnosis 5. Clinical Neurology 6. Biomechanics, Applied Anatomy and Applied Physiology
7. General Medicine, General Surgery and Paediatrics
2.

201 INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

26
SECTION A : PATHOLOGY
MODULE I Introduction: Concepts of diseases, classification of lesions, Bacterial, viral and
parasitic infections – a general outline, Inflammation and repair, Degeneration, necrosis
and gangrene, Hemorrhage, shock, embolism, thrombosis, Tuberculosis, Leprosy,
Typhoid. F. Deficiency diseases, Tumours: Aetiology & spread, Common tumours, Blood :
Anaemia, Heart and blood vessels, common congenital anamolies, rheumatic & coronary
heart diseases, Respiratory system: Pneumonias, Bronchiectasis, Emphysema, Chronic
bronchitis, Asthma, Bone and joints : Autoimmune disease, septic arthritis,
Osteomyelitis. K. Skin : Leprosy, Urinary system, Central nervous system: CNS infections,
vascular disorders. N. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sclerodema and Psoriasis, Diseases of
muscle including poliomyelitis, Myopathies, Volkmann’s ischemia.

SECTION B : MICROBIOLOGY
MODULE II Introduction and history of microbiology, General lectures on micro –
organisms: Classification, Shape and arrangement, Special characteristics – spores,
capsules, enzymes, motility, reproduction, Disinfection and antiseptics, Sterilization and
asepsis, Antibacterial agents – fundamental aspect, susceptibility tests, Infection –
source of infection-portals of entry, spread of infection, Non – specific immunity,
Immunity – natural and acquired, Allergy and hypersensitivity, Pathogenic yeasts and
fungi, Virology – virus infections, with special mention of Hepatitis, Poliomyelitis & Rabies.
Outline of common pathogenic agents and diseases produced by them, treatment and
prevention. 1. Respiratory tract infections. 2. Meningitis. 3. Enteric infections. 4.
Anaerobic infections. 5. Urinary tract infections. 6. Leprosy, tuberculosis and
miscellaneous infections. 7. Wound infections. 8. Sexually transmitted diseases. 9.
Hospital acquired infections.
EVALUATION Internal : Theory University : Theory

202 BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY

SECTION A: BIOCEMISTRY
MODULE I Cell; Introduction, Cell structure, Cell membrane structure & function, various
types of absorption. Intracellular & their function. Carbohydrates; Definition General

27
Classification with examples, Sources & Functions, Digestion and absorption,
metabolism of carbohydrates, with emphasis on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, HMP shunt
pathway. Inborn errors associated with carbohydrates metabolism, regulation of blood
glucose level, diabetes mellitus (aetiology, biochemical abnormalities, biochemical basis
of complications, lab diagnosis)
MODULE II Lipid chemistry: Definition General Classification with examples, Sources &
Functions, Digestion and absorption, metabolism of Lipids (fatty acid oxidation-beta and
alpha oxidation, cholesterol synthesis) Phospholipids, inborn errors, Atherosclerosis.
Proteins and amino acids: Definition General Classification with examples, & Functions,
Digestion and absorption, metabolism of Proteins glycin, phenylalanine, thyrosine,
Aminoacidurias.
MODULE III Integration of metabolism and ETC, Vitamins; Definition, classification
according to solubility, Major Individual vitamins - sources digestion, absorption,
deficiency.
MODULE IV Mineral metabolism: Definition, Digestion, absorption, function.
Examples of Disorders of individual Minerals Iron Copper.
Water and Electrolyte Balance: Water distribution in the body, Body water, water turn
over, Regulation of water balance, Distribution of electrolytes Electrolyte balance, Acid-
base balance
MODULE V Nucleotide, nucleic acid chemistry: Nucleotide chemistry, nucleotide
composition and function of free nucleotides in the body, nucleic acid (DNA and
RNA)chemistry, difference between DNA and RNA, structure of DNA, function of RNA,
structure and function of RNA. Clinical Biochemistry; Normal level of blood & urine
constituents, Relevance of blood & urine level of glucose, Renal and Liver function tests.
MODULE VI Detoxification, Enzymes: Definition, classification, factors affecting enzyme
activity, diagnostic enzymology, Hormones: Definition, classification, mechanism of
action.
MODULE VII Procedures in Bio chemistry; Electrophoresis Chromatography, RIA, ELISA,
Radioactivity; Diagnostics, Research & therapeutic applications Radiation hazards

SECTION B PHARMACOLOGY

28
MODULE I Introduction to Pharmacology – Terminology – Agonist – Antagonist
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacotherapeutics, Toxicology Drug –
Receptor interaction – Association – Dissociation constants, Routes of administration –
Absorption – Distribution – Termination of action. Autonomic Pharmacology –
neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine, sites of action – epinephrine, Norepinephrine –
Cholinergic blockers of muscarinic and nicotinic function – Belladonna alkaloids, synthetic
substitutes, adrenergic blockers, both alpha and beta blockers and blockade.
MODULE II Cardiovascular Pharmacology – Congestive Cardiac failure – glycosides –
Angina And Antianginal Agents – Antihypertensives – Diuretics – beta blockers, calcium
channel blockers, ACE – inhibitors, - Peripheral vascular diseases and vasodilators –
Cardiac antiarrythmic agents. Blood disorders – cyanocobalamine – Shock – plasma
substitutes, plasma expanders, vasoconstrictors – coagulants and anticoagulanyts –
heparin and coumarins.
MODULE III Neuropharmacology – Sedatives and Hypnotics, barbiturates and their
antagonists – Narcotics and narnotic analgesics – Opioids – Dangers of addition –
prevention Role of superficial and Topical remedies in induction of analgesia –
Demonstrate preparation of a Liniment. Behaviroal Pharmacology and
Psychopharmacology – Anxiety states, Anti anxiety drugs – Benzodiazepines – Diazepam
congeners – Mood disorders and depressed states – antidepressants Lithium –
Psychodysletics and their dangers in misuse among student population.
MODULE IV Movement Disorders – Parkinsonism – CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE,
tremor, rigidity – chemotherapy, Epilepsies – types – drug management of disease –
Spastic disease – drug treatment of acute muscle spasms – gastro intestinal
pharmacology, hyperacidity, antidiarrhoels, purgatives. Inflammatory diseases – anti-
inflammatory agents – Analgesics – Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents – Aspirin,
paracetamol, indomethacin, diclofenac, piroxicam, mefenamoic acid, Steroidal AGENTS,
CLUCOCORTICOIDS, PREDNISOLONE, dexamethasone, betamethasone, baclomethasone
Chemotherapy – bacterial infections – drugs against micro organism – sulphonamnides,
antibniotics, floxacins – Parasitic infestations malaria, amoebae, filariasis – flagellates –
Respiratory Pharmacology- use of broncho dilator – airway clearance – Cancers –
antimiotics, antimetabolities, irradiation – radioactive materials in cancers. EVALUATION
Internal : Theory University : Theory

29
 203 FUNDAMENTALS OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
MODULE I Model, Frame of Reference and Approaches; An overview of Model, Frame
of Reference and Approaches, Model of Human Occupation, Canadian Model of
Occupational Performance, Ecological Model in Occupational Therapy
MODULE II Approaches used in Occupational Therapy; Biomechanical approach, Neuro
Developmental Treatment (NDT) approach (Adults & Paediatrics), Roods approach (Adults
& Paediatrics), Brunnstrom approach, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
approach, Affolter’s approach, Motor Relearning Programme,Task Oriented Approach,
Sensory Integrative Therapy (Paediatrics & Psychiatry), Behavioural frame of reference,
Peto’s Conductive Education, Rehabilitative approach, Cognitive Behavioural approach,
Psychoanalytical- Include expressive media used in OT, Occupational Behaviour and
Model of Human Occupation, Developmental groups and developmental approach,
Cognitive Disability FOR, Acquisitional FOR.
MODULE III Assessments in Occupational Therapy Assessments in Occupational Therapy
for the following areas of dysfunction:
A. Paediatric
• Gross motor
• Fine motor
• Cognition
• Perception including Visuo-motor skills
• Oro-motor evaluation
• Play
B. Physical
• Functional Ability
• Hand functions
• Cognition and Perception
• Basic ADL and IADL
• Cranial Nerves

30
• Cerebellar functions
Evaluation Procedures including:
• Reflexes (superficial and deep tendon reflexes),
• Muscle tone
• Range of Motion
• Muscles strength
• Voluntary control
• Co-ordination
• Sensation (cutaneous and cortical)
• Cognitive - Perceptual functions
• functions
A. Psychiatry:
• History
• Sensory Perceptual
• Task skills
• Intra and Inter personal skills
• Social and group skills
• Group level
• Roles and Routines
EVALUATION Internal: Theory, Orals and Practical University: Theory, Orals on section A,
B and C Practical on section B only

204 CLINICAL ORTHOPEDIC, RHEUMATOLOGY & RADIO

DIAGNOSIS
Section A; Orthopedic and Rheumatology

31
MODULE I INTRODUCTION TO ORTHOPAEDICS; Introduction to orthopaedic terminology,
types of pathology commonly dealt with, clinical examination, common investigations
and outline of non- operative & operative management.
MODULE II PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIVE TREATMENT; List indications, contraindications
and briefly outline principles of Arthrodesis, Athroplasty, osteotomy, bone
grafting,Tendon-Transfers, limb lengthening procedures, Principles of internal and
external fixation of bone injuries
MODULE III SPRAINS AND MUSCLE STRAINS; List common sites of sprains and muscle
strains and describe the clinical manifestations and treatment.
MODULE IV FRACTURES & DISLOCATIONS: General principles Outline the following:
Types of Fractures including patterns, open and closed fractures and fracture-
dislocations, Differences between dislocation & subluxation, General & Local signs &
symptoms of fractures & dislocations, Principles of management of fractures &
dislocations, Prevention & Treatment of complications including: Fracture-disease,
Volkman's ischaemic contracture, Sudek's Atrophy, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Myositis
ossificans, and Shoulder-hand syndrome, Fracture healing.
MODULE V UPPER LIMB FRACTURES & DISLOCATIONS; Enumerate major long-bone
fractures and joint injuries, Briefly describe their clinical features, principles of
management and complications.
MODULE VI LOWER LIMB FRACTURES & DISLOCATIONS; Enumerate major long bone
fractures and joint injuries, Briefly describe their clinical features, principles of
management and complications
MODULE VII SPINAL FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS: Outline the mechanism, clinical
features, principles of management and complications of spinal injuries.
MODULE VIII RECURRENT DISLOCATIONS : Outline the mechanism, clinical features,
principles of management and complications of recurrent dislocations of the shoulder
and patella.
MODULE IX AMPUTATIONS; Classify amputations, list indications for surgery, Outline
pre-operative, operative and prosthetic management, Outline prevention and treatment
of complications.

32
MODULE X BONE & JOINT INFECTIONS; Outline the etiology, clinical features,
management and complications of: septic arthritis, Osteomyelitis, Tuberculosis (including
spinal T.B.)
MODULE XI BONE & JOINT TUMORS : Classify and outline the clinical features,
management and complications of common (benign/malignant) bone and joint tumours.
MODULE XII CHRONIC ARTHRITIS Outline the pathology, clinical features, mechanism of
deformities, management and complications of: Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis of
major joints and spine, Ankylosing spondylitis.
MODULE XIII LOWBACK ACHE, PAINFUL ARC SYNDROME, TENDONITIS & FASCITIS
Outline the above including clinical features and management.
MODULE XIV SPINAL DEFORMITIES: Classify spinal deformities and outline the salient
clinical features, management and complications.
MODULE XV POLIOMYELITIS: Describe the pathology, microbiology, prevention,
management and complications of polio. Outline the treatment of residual paralysis
including use of orthoses and muscle transfers.
MODULE XVI CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES: Outline the clinical features and management
of CTEV, flat foot, vertical talus, limb deficiency (Radial club hand and femoral, tibial and
fibular deficiencies) meningeomyelocoele and Arthrogryphosis multiplex congenita.
MODULE XVII PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES: Outline the clinical features and
management, including reconstructive surgery of: Radial, median and ulnar nerve lesions,
Sciatic and lateral popliteal lesions, Brachial Plexus injuries including Erbs, Klumpke's &
Crutch Palsy.
MODULE XVIII HAND INJURIES: Outline of clinical features, management and
complications of: Skin and soft tissue injury, Tendon injury, Bone and joint injury.
MODULE XIX LEPROSY: Outline of clinical features, management and complications of
neuritis, muscle paralysis, trophic ulceration and hand & feet deformities.

Section B; Radio Diagnosis

MODULE I Outline the basic views used in radiography, list the different types of
radiodiagnostic methods using X-ray, CT Scan, Ultrasonogram. Outline the guidelines for
interpretation, Demonstrate X-rays showing different anomalies of the “spine” in
comparison with a normal X-ray, Outline the value of C.T. Scan of Spinal cord in diagnosis,

33
recognize some of the normal and abnormal features, Outline the value of MRI of spinal
cord in diagnosis; recognize some of the normal and abnormal features, Identify on X-
rays; Fractures and dislocations of extremities and spine, different disorders of bone, Eg.:
Osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, rickets, tumours,etc.
MODULE II Outline the basic views used in radiography, list the different types of
radiodiagnostic methods using X-ray, CT Scan, Ultrasonogram. Outline the guidelines for
interpretation, Outline the value of C.T. Scan of Brain and Spinal cord in diagnosis;
recognize some of the normal and abnormal features, Outline the value of MRI of Brain
and spinal cord in diagnosis, recognize some of the normal and abnormal features
EVALUATION Internal: Theory, Orals External: Theory.

205 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

MODULE I NEUROANATOMY: Review the basic anatomy of the brain and spinal cord
including: Blood supply of the brain and spinal cord, anatomy of the visual pathway,
Connections of the cerebellum, and extrapyramidal system, relationship of the spinal
nerves to the spinal cord segments, Long tracts of the spinal cord, the brachial and lumbar
plexuses, and cranial nerves.
MODULE II NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: Review in brief the Neurophysiological basis of : tone
and disorders of tone and posture, bladder control, muscle contractions and movement
and pain. Functions of the lobes of the brain
MODULE III Congenital and childhood disorders, Cerebral Palsy. Hydrocephalus, Spinal
Bifida, Cerebrovasular accidents. General classification: thrombotic, embolic,
heamorrhagic & inflammatory strokes. Gross localization and sequelae. Detailed
rehabilitative programme. Trauma - board localization, first aid and management of
sequelae of head injury and spinal cord injury. Diseases of the spinal cord.
Craniovertebral junction anomalies Syringomyelia Cervical and lumbar disc disease.
Tumours, Spinal arachnoiditis. Demyelinating diseases (central and peripheral) Guillain -
Barre syndrome. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Transverse myelitis. Multiple
sclerosis.
MODULE IV Degenerative disorders. Parkinson's disease. Dementia. Infections: Pyogenic
Menignitis sequelae. Tuberculosis infection of central nervous system.Poliomyelitis.

34
Disease of the muscle -classification, signs, symptoms, progression and management.
Peripheral nerve disorders. Peripheral nerve injuries: localisation and management.
Entrapment neuropathies. Peripheral neuropathies.
Miscellaneous: Epilepsy: Definition, classification and management. Myasthenia Gravis:
Definition, course and management. Intracranial tumours: Broad classification, signs and
Symptoms. Motor neuron disease.
Evaluation: Internal: Theory and Orals: University: Theory

206 BIOMECHANICS, APPLIED ANATOMY AND APPLIED

PHYSIOLOGY
MODULE I Structure that provide stability for the column. Muscles of the vertebral
column and the specific functions of each. Ligaments that limit specific motions (i.e.
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation). Forces acting on the vertebral column during
specific motions. The relationship between the intervertebral and facet joints during
motions of the vertebral column. The role of the intervertebral disc in stability and
mobility. The effects of forces acting on the structural components during motion and at
rest. The effects of disease process, injury, or other defects in the vertebrae. The effects
of an increased lumbosacral angle on the pelvis and lumbar vertebral column.
THE SHOULDER COMPLEX Structural components of the shoulder complex including the
articulating surfaces, capsular attachments and ligaments and movements
Sternoclavicular , Acromioclavicular, Scapulothoracic, Glenohumeral joints . Describe
the function of the shoulder complex including dynamic stability of the glenohumeral
joint, musculohumeral rhythm. Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral contributions.
Muscles of elevation : Deltoid, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis,
Upper trapezius, Lower trapezius, Serratus anterior, Middle trapezius and Rhomboids).
Muscles of depression( Latissimus dorsi, Pectoralis, Teres major, and Rhomboids. The
articular surfaces of the joints of the complex, The function of the ligaments of each joint.
Accessory joint structures and the function of each. Motions and ranges available at each
joint and movement of articular surfaces within the joint. The normal mechanism of
dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint, utilizing principles of biomechanics. The

35
normal mechanism of glenohumeral stability in the dependent arm. Scapulohumeral
rhythm. Including contributions of each joints. The extent of dependent or independent
function of each joint in scapula-humeral rhythm. How restriction in the range of
elevation of the arm may occur. One muscular force couple at a given joint and its
function. The effect of given muscular deficit may have on shoulder complex function.
The advantages and disadvantages of coracoacromial arch. The structural stability of the
three joints, including the tendency toward Degenerative changes and derangement.
Draw the action lines of muscles of the shoulder complex and the moment arm for each,
and resolve each into components.
MODULE II THE ELBOW COMPLEX Structure of the Humeroulnar and Humeroradial joints
including articulating surfaces, joint capsule, Ligaments & Muscles. Function of the
Humeroulnar and Humeroradial joints including the Axis of motion, Range of motion,
Muscle action. Structure of the superior and inferior radioulnar joints. Function of the
superior and inferior radioulnar joints. Mobility and stability of the Elbow complex and its
relationship to Hand and Wrist. Effects of injury and the resistance to longitudinal
compression forces, to distraction forces & to Medial lateral forces. All of the articulating
surfaces associated with each of the following joints humero- ulnar, humeroradial
superior and inferior radioulnar. The ligaments associated with all the joints of the elbow
complex. Axes of motion for supination and pronation and flexion and extension, the
degrees of freedom associated with each of the joints of the elbow complex, Factors
limiting the range of motion in flexion and extension. Factors that create the carrying
angle, Factors limiting motion in supination and pronation. The translatory and rotatory
components of the brachioradialis and brachialis at all points in the range of motion. The
moment arms of the flexors at any point in the range of motion. Muscle activity of the
extensors in a closed kinematic chain with activity in an open kinematic chain. The role
of pronator teres with the role of pronator quadratus. The role of biceps with that of
brachialis. The resistances of elbow joint to longitudinal tensile forces with its resistance
to compressive forces. The features of a classic tennis elbow with the features of cubital
tunnel syndrome. The role of and structure of the annular ligament with the role and
structure of the articular disc.

36
THE WRIST AND HAND COMPLEX: Wrist complex including Radiocarpal joint Midcarpal
joint and the Ligaments of the wrist complex. Function of the radiocarpal and midcarpal
joints including the movements and muscles involved.
Hand complex including: Structure of fingers (Carpometacarpal, Metacarpophalangeal
and interphalangeal joints of fingers, ligaments, Range of motion). Finger musculature
including Extrinsic & MCP, PIP and DIP joint function, and intrinsic finger muscles.
Structure of the Carpometacarpal, MCP and IP joints of thumb. Thumb Musculature
including the Extrinsic & Intrinsic thumb muscles. Prehension, Power,
Cylindrical,Spherical & Hook grips. Precision handling, Pad to Pad, Tip to Tip and Pad to
side prehension and functional position of wrist and hand. The articular surfaces of the
joints of the wrist and hand complexes. The ligaments of the joints of the wrist and hand,
including the function of each. Accessory joint structures found in the wrist and hand
complex, including the function of each. Types of movements and types of motion of the
radiocarpal joints, the midcarpal joint, and the total wrist complex. The sequence of joint
activity occurring from full wrist flexion to extension including the role of the scaphoid,
the sequence of joint activity in radial and ulnar deviation from neural. The role of the
wrist musculature in producing wrist motion. Motions and ranges available to joints of
the hand complex. The gliding mechanisms of the extrinsic finger flexors. The structure
of the extensor mechanism, including the muscles and ligaments that compose it. How
M.C.P. extension occurs, including the muscles that produce and control it. How flexion
and extension of the PIP joint occur. Including the muscular and ligamentous forces that
produce and control these motions. How flexion and extension of DIP joints occur,
including the muscular and ligamentous forces that produce and control these motions.
The role of the wrist in optimizing length - tension in the extrinsic hand muscles. The
activity of reposition, including the muscles that perform it. The functional position of
the wrist and hand. The role of the interossei and lumbrical muscles at the MCP and IP
joints. The muscles used in cylindrical grip to those active in spherical grip, hook grip, and
lateral prehension. The muscles that are active in pad - to - pad, tip-to-tip, and pad to
side prehension. COMPARE the activity of muscles of the thumb (in opposition of the
thumb to the index finger) with the activity of those active in opposition to the little finger.
The characteristics of power grip with those of precision handling. The most easily

37
disrupted form of precision handling that may be used by someone without any active
hand musculature; what are the prerequisitesfor each.
MODULE III THE HIP COMPLEX: General features of the hip joint including the articulating
surfaces of the pelvis & the femur; Angulations; Angle of inclination, Angle of Torsion;
Internal architecture of femur and pelvis ; joint capsule.Ligaments & Muscles (Flexors,
Extensors - one joint extensors, two joint extensors, Adductors, Medial Rotators and
Lateral Rotators). Function of hip - Rotation between pelvis, lumbar spine and hip; Pelvic
motion - Anterior posterior pelvic tilting, Lumbar pelvic rhythm, Lateral Pelvic tilting,
Pelvic rotation. Summarize the pelvic motions in the static erect posture. Femoral
motion. Hip Stability in Erect Bilateral stance, sagital plane equilibrium and Unilateral
stance. Reduction of Forces with weight shifting and using a cane and deviations from
normal in muscular weakness & Bony abnormalities. The articulating surfaces of the
pelvis and femur. The structure and function of the trabecular systems of the pelvis and
femur. The structure and function of the ligaments of the hip joint. The angle of
inclination and the angle of torsion. The planes and axes of the following: pelvic motions
and the accompanying motions at the lumbar spine and hip joints, pelvic rotation, and
anterior, posterior and lateral tilting at the pelvis. The muscle activity that produces tilting
and rotation of the pelvis. Motions of the femur on the pelvis including planes and axes
of motion. The structure and function of all the muscles associated with the hip joints.
The forces that act on the head of femur. The position of greatest stability at the hip.
COMPARE: Forces acting on the femoral head in erect bilateral stance with the forces
acting on the head in erect unilateral stance. Coxa valga with coxa vara on the basis of
hip stability and mobility. The motions that occur at the hip, pelvis and lumbar spine
during forward trunk bending with the motions that occur during anterior and posterior
tilting of the pelvis in the erect standing position. Antroversion with retroversion on the
basis of hip stability and mobility. The structure and function of the following muscles :
Flexors and extensors, abductors and adductors, lateral and medial rotators.
THE KNEE COMPLEX: Structure of the Tibiofemoral joint: Articulating surfaces of femur
and tibia, the menisci, Joint capsule and bursae, Ligaments and other supporting
structures. Anterior - posterior and Medial – Lateral stability; Muscle Structure; Knee
flexors & extensors; Axes of knee complex; Mechanical axis, Anatomic axis and axis of
motion. Function of the Tibiofemoral joint: Range of motion. Flexion and extension,

38
Rotation, Abduction and Adduction, locking and unlocking; Function of Menisci and
Muscle function. Structure of the patellofemoral joint. Function of the patellofemoral
joint. Effects of injury and disease in the Tibio-femoral and patellofemoral joints. The
articulating surfaces of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. The joint capsule. The
anatomic and mechanical axes of knee. Motion at the femoral condyles during flexion and
extension in a closed kinematic chain. Motion of the tibia in flexion & extension in an
open kinematic chain. The Q angle when given an illustration of the lower extremity,
Moment arm of quadriceps at the following degree of knee flexion: 90 deg., 130 deg., 30
deg., 10 deg., The action lines of vastus lateralis and the vastus medialis oblique. The
origins and insertions of all the muscles at the knee, The bursae surrounding the knee.
The attachments of the ligaments of the medial and lateral compartments. Structures
that contribute to the medial stability of the knee including dynamic and static stabilizers.
Structures that contribute to the lateral stability of the knee including dynamic and static
stabilizers. Structures that contribute to the posterior stability of the knee including
dynamic and static stabilizers. Structures that contribute to the anterior stability of the
knee including dynamic and static stabilizers. Structures that contribute to the rotatory
stability of knee. The normal forces that are acting on the knee. The knee and the elbow
joint on the basis of similarities / dissimilarities in structure and function. The lateral with
the medial meniscus on the basis of structure and function. The forces on the
patellofemoral joint in full flexion with full extension. The action of quadriceps in an open
kinematic chain with that in a closed kinematic chain. The effectiveness of the hamstrings
as knee flexors in each of the following hip positions: - hyperextension, ten degrees of
flexion and full flexion (open kinematic chain). The effectiveness of the rectus femoris as
a knee extensor at sixty degrees, Knee flexion with its effectiveness at ten degrees of knee
flexion. The function of the menisci. Medial collateral ligament ,the suprapatellar,
gastronomies, infrapatellar and prepatellor bursae.
THE ANKLE - FOOT COMPLEX: Structure, ligaments, axis and function of the ankle joint,
tibiofibular joints, subtalar joints, Talocalcaneonavicular joints, Transverse Tarsal joint,
Plantar arches, Metatarsophalangeal joints, Interphalangeal joints. inversion, eversion,
pronation - supination, dorsiflexion - plantar flexion, flexionextension and adduction and
abduction. The compound articulators of the ankle, subtalar, talo-calcaneonavicular,
transverse tarsal and tarsometatarsal joints. The role of the tibiofibular joints and

39
supporting ligaments. The degree of freedom and range of motion available at the joint
of the ankle and the foot. The significant ligaments that support the ankle, subtalar and
transverse tarsal joints. The triplanar nature of ankle joint motion. The articular
movements that occur in the weight-bearing subtalar joint during inversion-eversion. The
relationship between tibial rotation and subtalar / talocalcaneonavicula
inversioneversion. The relationship between hind foot inversion -eversion and
mobilitystability of the transverse tarsal joint. The function of the tarsometatarsal joints,
Including when motion at these joints is called upon. Supination - pronation of the
forefoot at the tarsometatarsal joints. Distribution of weight within the foot. The
structure and function of the plantar arches including the primary supporting structure.
When muscles supplement arch support, including those muscles that specifically
contribute. The effects of toe extension on the plantar arches. The general function of
the extrinsic muscles of ankle & foot. The general function of the intrinsic muscles of
foot. The effects of gravity and indicate the location of the gravity line in the sagital plane
in optimal posture. Analyse posture with respect to the optimal alignment of joints in the
antero-posterior and lateral views. The position of hip, knee and ankle joints in optimal
erect posture. The position of body’s gravity line in optimal erect posture, using
appropriate points of reference. The effects of gravitational moments on body segments
in optimal erect posture. The gravitational moments acting around the vertebral column,
pelvis, hip, knee and ankle in optimal erect posture. Muscles and ligamentous structures
that counter balance gravitational moments in optimal erect posture. The postural
deviations: pesplanus, halluxvalgus, pes cavus, idiopathic scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis.
The effects of the above postural deviations on body structures i.e. ligaments, joints and
muscles.
GAIT: The stance, swing and double support phases of gait. The subdivisions of the stance
and swing phases of gait. The time and distance parameters of gait. Joint motion at the
hip, knee and ankle for one extremity during a gait cycle. The location of line of gravity in
relation to the hip, knee, and ankle during the stance phases of gait. The gravitational
moments of force acting at the hip, knee and ankle during the stance phase. Muscle
activity at the hip, knee and ankle throughout the gait cycle, including why and when a
particular muscle is active and the type of contraction required. The role of each of the
determinants of gait. The muscle activity that occurs in the upper extremity and trunk.

40
Motion of upper extremities and trunk with motion of pelvis and lower extremities. The
traditional gait terminology with the new terminology. Normal gait with a gait in which
there is a weakness of the hip extensors and abductors. Normal gait with a gait in which
there is unequal leg lengths.
MODULE IV The kinetics of normal and abnormal human motion of the musculo-skeletal
system. Evaluation procedures for range of motion and functional muscle strength.
Principles and techniques of body mechanics, transfers, and positioning and Neuromotor
treatment techniques for physical dysfunction.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
A. THE HEART AND CIRUCLATION
1. Structure and properties of heart muscles. 2. The action of the heart 3. Determinants
of cardiac performance. 4. Normal E.C.G. 5. Maintenance of blood pressure. 6. Cardiac
arrest and heart failure. 7. Outline of lymphatic circulation & pulmonary circulation 8.
Cardiovascular compensation for postural and gravitational changes. 9. Hypertension and
hypotension 10. Oedema. 11. Central and peripheral venous pressures.
B. NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MUSCLES
1. Outline of structure and function of the central nervous system. 2. Outline of the
autonomic nervous system. 3. Types of nerve cells, electrical phenomena in nerve cells.
4. Properties of mixed nerves. 5. Reflex action, reciprocal innervation. 6. Degeneration
and re-generation of nerves. 7. Control of posture and tone. Abnormalities in tone 8.
Outline of voluntary movement. 9. Cutaneous, deep and superficial sensation. 10.
Synaptic transmission. 11. Neuro Muscular transmission. 12. Properties of muscles,
contractile responses, type’s of contraction, electrical phenomena and tonic reflexes,
tetanic contractions, clonus . wave summation, fatigue C. RESPIRATION
1. Mechanics of respiration 2. Breath sounds. 3. Properties of gases 4. Exchange of gases
5. Lung volumes and capacities 6. Control of bronchial smooth muscle. 7. Lung
compliance. 8. Nervous control of respiration. 9. Chemical control of respiration. 10.
Voluntary control of respiration 11. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. 12. Effects of
exercise on respiration. 13. Artificial respiration. 14. COPD and Asthma
EVALUATION Internal: Theory and orals University: Theory

41
207 GENERAL MEDICINE, GENERAL SURGERY AND
PEDIATRICS
SECTION A: General Medicine
Module I INFECTIONS: Outline the mode of spread and appropriate prevention measures
of the following Communicable diseases. Bacterial –Tetanus Viral – Herpes simplex,
Zoster, varicella, Measles, German measles, Hepatits B, AIDS. Protozoal- Filaria
HAEMATOLOGY: Define and briefly describe clinical aspects of iron deficiency, B-12 and
folic acid deficiency anaemias. List types of bleeding diathesis. Describe the clinical
features of Haemophilia RESPIRATORY TRACT: Bronchitis- Define, list etiological factors
and describe symptoms. Pneumonia –list types of pneumonia( lobar, Broncho ,aspiration
pneumonias ) List etiological agents and briefly outline symptoms and complications of
Pneumonia. Asthma –Define, describe briefly the etiological factors and clinical features
of Acute exacerbation. Chronic obstructive airway diseases- Define Emphysema and
chronic bronchitis. Briefly describe the pathology, symptoms of diseases and clinical
course. Tuberculosis- Describe the etiology, pathology and clinical features of Pulmonary
TB Bronchiectasis- define and describe briefly the pathology , and clinical symptoms of
bronchiectasis, bronchopulmonary segments and basis of postural drainage.
Emphysema-Define and briefly describe etiological factors. Chest wall deformities –
Define funnel chest, Pigeon chest, barrel chest, kyphoscoliosis of thoracic spine. Briefly
describe functional disability of Occupational, lung diseases, list pneumoconiosis.
MODULE II CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM: Cardiac failure- Define, list causes and
symptoms, Rheumatic fever- Define and briefly describe etiology and gross pathology of
Rheumatic heart disease. Infective endocarditis- Define and outline etiology, symptoms
and complications Ischaemic heart disease- Outline pathology of IHD, define angina
pectoris and Myocardial infarction. Describe clinical features and broadly outline medical
surgical therapy. Hypertension- Define and outline the clinical features complications and
goals of therapy. Outline pathogenesis and clinical features of: Pulmonary embolism.
Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary infarct. Congenital heart disease. List ASD,VSD, Fallot’s
Tetrology, and PDA,and briefly outline the pathologic anatomy.

42
MODULE III BONE, JOINT AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS: Brief introduction to
concept of autoimmune disease. Define: systemic lupus erythmatous , Polymyositis,
Dermatomyositis, polyartheritis Nodusa, Scleroderma. Rheumatoid Arthritis- Describe
etiology, clinical features, and complications, Drug therapy, and non pharmacological
therapy. Osteoarthritis- Describe etiology, clinical features and complications and review
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids.
RENAL DISEASES: Define and briefly outline acute and chronic renal failure. Urinary tract
infection. Pathogenesis. Outline common clinical conditions complicated by UTI
MODULE IV METABOLIC DISEASES: Diabetes –define and outline etiology. List types of
Diabetes and complications and briefly outline use of insulin, diet and oral hypoglycaemic
agents in mangement of diabetes. Obesity- Define outline management. GERIATRICS: List
diseases commonly encountered in the elderly population and their role in causing
disability: Hypertension, Ischaemic Heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, Benign
prostatic Hyperplasia, Cataracts and other causes of failing vision. PLASTIC SURGERY:
Classify burns by depth & surface area, Outline causes, Medical management &
precautions in the acute stage. List the potential deformities due to burns ,methods of
prevention & precautions. Mention cosmetic & functional treatment measures. Outline
plastic surgery procedures & management in rehabilitation of burns including splinting
methods for common deformities & Prevention of burns contractures.

Section B General Surgery

MODULE I Plastic Surgery; Classify burns by depth & surface area, Outline causes, Medical
management & precautions in the acute stage, List the potential deformities due to burns,
methods of prevention & Precautions. Mention cosmetic & functional treatment
measures, Outline plastic surgery procedures & management in rehabilitation of burns
including splinting methods for common deformities and prevention of burns
contractures.
MODULE II Describe abdominal surgical incisions, Outline the post-operative
complications in: Nephrectomy, Appendicectomy, Herniorraphy, Mastectomy,
Thyroidectomy, Colostomy, Adrenalectomy, Cystectomy,Hysterectomy,
ostatectomy,Cholecystectomy,lleostomy
MODULE III Lump excision and Plastic surgery

43
Section C Pediatrics
MODULE I Describe growth and development of a child from birth to 12 years: including
gross motor, fine motor, social and adaptive development, List the maternal and neonatal
factors contributing to high risk pregnancy : inherited diseases; maternal infections-viral
and bacterial; maternal diseases incidental to pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes,
pregnancy induced hypertension; chronic maternal diseases such as heart diseases, renal
failure, tuberculosis, diabetes, epilepsy; bleeding in the mother at any trimester.
MODULE II Briefly describe community programmes: International (WHO), national and
local, for prevention of poliomyelitis, blindness, deafness, mental retardation and
hypothyroidism. Outline the immunization schedule for children, Cerebral Palsy: Define
and briefly outline etiology- Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal causes; briefly mention
pathogenesis, types of cerebral palsy (Classification), findings on examination: General
examination, examination of C.N.S. Musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, G.I. tract
& nutritional status.
MODULE III Briefly outline associated defects: Mental retardation, microcephaly,
blindness, hearing and speech impairment, squint and convulsions. Briefly outline
treatment. Outline prevention: Appropriate management of high risk pregnancies,
prevention of neonatal and postnatal infections, metabolic problems.
MODULE IV Muscular dystrophy: Outline various forms, modes of inheritance and clinical
manifestation; physical findings in relation to disabilities progression of various forms and
prognosis. Describe treatment goals in forms which are and are not fatal, Spinabifida,
meningomyelocele: Outline development; clinical features-lower limbs, bladder and
bowel control; complications-U.T.I. & hydrocephalus; medical treatment and surgical
treatment.
MODULE V Juvenile idiopathic Arthritis: classification, pathology in brief, physical
findings, course & prognosis. Outline treatment, prevention and correction of deformity,
Acute C.N.S infections: Classify (Bacterial and viral) and outline the acute illness, CNS
sequelae leading to mental retardation, blindness, deafness, speech defect, neurological
deficits, bladder and bowel problems seizure disorder and specific problems such as
subdural effusion, hydrocephalus, pressure sores, feeding difficulties and Nutrition

44
MODULE VI Acute flaccid Paralysis: Causes, Clinical features and management,
Nutritional Requirement of the newborn and child: List dietary calories, fat, protein,
mineral and vitamin requirement in a normal child and in a child with malnutrition.
Classify and outline etiology, findings and treatment of Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency and
resistant rickets, Vitamin A deficiency and effects.
Evaluation: Internal: Theory and Orals: University: Theory and Orals

3rd YEAR

1. Clinical Psychology Health Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry 2. Community Medicine,

Basic Nursing and First Aid 3. Occupational Therapy in Psychiatry 4. Occupational Therapy
in Pediatrics and Developmental Disabilities 5. Occupational Therapy in Neurology and
Orthopedics.

301 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY &

PSYCHIATRY
SECTION A: CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
MODULE I Definition of clinical Psychology. General and historical introduction of
Abnormal Psychology, Psychology in relation to medicine, different schools. Methods of
Clinical Psychology: Case history method, interview Techniques, Clinical observation,
Situational tests, Questionnaires. Concepts of normality and abnormality: Causes of
abnormality, Criteria for abnormality. Broad classification of Current model of abnormal
behaviour - Medical model, Psychodynamic model, behaviouristic model & Humanistic
model and Cognitive model
MODULE II Functional units of mind, Id ego and super ego - Their functions and
interactions. Role of Defence mechanisms in normal and abnormal behaviour. Evaluation
of attention and concentration, perception, memory, thinking, etc. and related disorders
(possible demonstrations) Intelligence and mental subnormality. Intelligence test -
demonstrations. Measurement of intelligence - children & adult Factors contributing to

45
mental retardation. Prevention, Remedy and care. Personality Assessment:
Questionnaire, inventories, projective techniques. Learning and maturation with specific
reference to behavioural aspects. Behaviour techniques in therapy Counselling,
Psychotherapy and Psychodrama. Brief psychotherapy - Psychodrama. Students are to be
posted in psychiatry to attend the out -patient clinics
MODULE III
A. PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF A PATIENT Psychological reactions of a patient during
admission and treatment: anxiety, shock, denial, suspicion, questioning, loneliness,
regression, shame, guilt, rejection, fear, withdrawal, depression, egocentricity, concern
about small matters, narrowed interests, emotional over reactions, perceptual changes,
confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, illusions, anger, hostility, loss of hope.
B. REACTION TO LOSS: Reaction to loss, death and bereavement: shock and disbelief,
development of awareness, restitution, resolution. Stages of acceptance as proposed by
Kubler- Ross.
C. STRESS : Physiological and psychological changes, relation to health and sickness:
Psychosomatics, professional stress, burn out.
D. COMMUNICATIONS : Types: verbal, non-verbal, elements in communication, barriers
to good communication, developing effective communication, specific communication
techniques.
E. COMPLIANCE : Nature, factors contributing to non-compliance, methods of improving
compliance.
F. EMOTIONAL NEEDS : Emotional needs and psychological factors in relation to
unconscious patients, handicapped patients, bed-ridden patients, chronic pain, spinal
cord injury, paralysis, cerebral palsy, burns, amputations, disfigurement, head injury,
degenerative disorders, Parkinsonism, Leprosy, incontinence and mental illness.
G. GERIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY : Specific psychological reactions and needs of geriatric
patients.
H. PAEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY : Specific psychological reactions and needs of paediatric
patients.
I. SUBSTANCE ABUSE : Psychological aspects of substance abuse: smoking, alcoholism,
and drug addiction.
J. PERSONALITY STYLES : Different personality styles of patients.

46
SECTION B: Clinical Psychiatry
MODULE I Introduction, A brief history of psychiatry, with two special references to India
and to ancient Indian medicine and its relationship with psychiatry. History taking in
psychiatry including mental examination and assessment. Causes of mental disturbances:
Hereditary factors. Embryonic development factors. Birth injury. Endocrine disease.
Systemic diseases / accidents. Cerebral diseases. . Emotional factors. Stresses related to
cultural factors. Preventive measures: In relation to consanguinous marriages, adequate
antenatal care, obstetric care, mother and child services, psychological services (eg. child
guidance, counselling services) Symptoms of mental illness: Disturbances of
consciousness. Disturbances of reasoning and judgement. Disturbances of memory.
Disturbances of thought and perception. Disturbances of volition. Disturbances of motor
behaviour. Disturbances of speech. Disturbances of affect. Methods of treatment:
Individual and group psychotherapy, Physical Methods: ECT and related side effects,
Psychosurgery, Psychopharmacology and related side effects, Social and rehabilitation.
Family interaction, environmental manipulation. Criteria for classification and definition
of psychiatric illness.
MODULE II Description of the various clinical syndromes including etiology, clinical
features, course, treatment, and prognosis. Schizophrenic and other Psychotic disorders
Mood disorders, Anxiety disorder including Phobias, Somatoform disorders, Dissociative
disorders, Factitious disorders, Eating and sleep disorders, Psychosomatic illness,
Personality disorders, Substance related disorders, Sexual dysfunction and gender
identity disorders, Organic Brain Syndrome, Psychiatric disorders of childhood, Psychiatric
disorders of adolescence, Psychiatric disorders of old age, Legal aspects related to
psychiatric patients. Civil responsibility, Criminal responsibility. Testamentary capacity.
Evaluation: Internal : Theory and Orals: University : Theory and Orals

302 COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BASIC NURSING AND FIRST

AID

47
SECTION A: COMMUNITY MEDICINE
MODULE I Natural history of diseases and the influence of social, economic and cultural
aspects of health and diseases, various measures of prevention and methods of
interventionespecially for diseases with disability, national care delivery system and the
public health administration system and the central and state level, local trends and
resource.
MODULE II National health programmes including current programmes (Eg.SSA Sarva
Siksha Abhiyan), occupational health and methods of prevention of occupational diseases
and hazards, Employees State Insurance scheme and its various benefits. Social security
measures for protection from occupational hazards, accidents, diseases, and the
workman’s compensation act. Objectives and strategies of the national Family Welfare
Programme., Community based and institution based rehabilitation. Advantage and
disadvantages of institution and community based rehabilitation.
MODULE III Communicable diseases with reference to reservoir, mode of transmission,
route of entry and levels of prevention. Poliomyelitis, Meningitis, Encephalitis,
Tuberculosis, Filariasis, Leprosy, Tetanus , Measles.
MODULE IV The epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease, cancer, Chronic degenerative
disease and cerebrovascular accidents. Influence of nutritional factors such as protein
Energy Malnutrition, Anaemia, Vitamin deficiency and minerals on disability. The
principles of health education, methods of communication and role of health education
in rehabilitation services. The role of community leaders and health professionals in
health education. The role of international health agencies in rehabilitation of the
disabled. Role of Occupational Therapy in meeting the health care needs of India.

SECTION B:BASIC NURSING & FIRST AID

MODULE I INTRODUCTION : Definition of first aid, importance of first aid, Golden rules
of first aid, scope and concept of emergency. FIRST AID EMERGENCIES: Burns & scalds:
Causes, Degrees of burns, first aid treatment, general treatment. Poisoning: Classification
(irritants, acid alkali, narcotics) Signs and symptoms, first aid treatment, general
treatment. Trauma due to foreign body insertion: Eye, ear, nose, throat, stomach and
lung. Bites: First aid, signs, symptoms and treatment. Dog bites: Rabies, Snake bite:
neurotoxin, bleeding diathesis.

48
MODULE II SKELETAL INJURIES : Definition, types of fractures of various parts of the
body, causes, signs, and symptoms, rules of treatment, transport of patient with fracture,
first aid measures in dislocation of joints, treatment of muscle injuries. RESPIRATORY
EMERGENCIES: Asphyxia: Etiology, signs and symptoms, rules of treatment. Drowning:
Definition and management. Artificial respiration: types and techniques. WOUNDS AND
HAEMORRHAGE: Review of Anatomy and Physiology of the circulatory system. Wounds:
Classification, management. Haemorrhages: Classification, signs and symptoms, rules for
treatment of haemorrhage. Treatment of haemorrhage from special areas (scalp, mouth,
nose, ear, palm and various veins.) Internal haemorrhages: Visible and concealed. SHOCK
AND UNCONSCIOUSNESS: Definition, types of shock, common causes of shock, signs and
symptoms of shock (assessment of established shock), general and special treatment of
established shock.

MODULE III TRANSPORTATION OF THE INJURED: Methods of transportation: Single

helper, hand seat, stretcher, wheeled transport (ambulance), Precautions taken: Blanket
lift, air and sea travel. COMMUNITY EMERGENCIES: Role of first aider (immediate and
later) in fires, explosions, floods, earth quakes, famine. COMMUNITY RESOURCES: Police
Assistance, voluntary agencies (local, national, international), Ambulance services
(functions)

MODULE IV INTRODUCTION: What is nursing? Nursing principles. Inter personal

relationship, Bandaging, basic turns, bandaging extremities; triangular bandages and
their application. NURSING POSITION: Environment safety; bed making, prone, lateral,
dorsal, dorsal recumbent, fowler’s positions, comfort measures, aids to rest and sleep.
LIFTING AND TRANSPORTING PATIENTS: Lifting patients up in the bed; transferring from
bed to wheel chair’ transferring from bed to stretcher. PROVIDING FOR PATIENTS
ELIMINATION: Giving and taking bed pan, urinal, observation of stools, urine observation
of sputum,. Understand use and care of catheters enema giving. METHODS OF GIVING
NOURISHMENT: Feeding, tube feeding, drips, transfusions CARE OF RUBBER GOODS:
Observation, reporting and recording temperature, respiration and pulses, simple aseptic
technique, sterilisation and disinfection. SURGICAL DRESSING: Parental Administration of
Medicine.

49
 EVALUATION : Internal : Theory and practical University : Theory (along with community
Medicine)

303 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN PSYCHIATRY

MODULE I Describe the history of Psychiatric Occupational Therapy, and its development
up to the present day, Define OT in relation to psychiatry, and the role of an Occupational
Therapist in the psychiatric team, Discuss the treatment media used in Psychiatry
including the role of activities, Analyze activities with reference to Psychiatry
MODULE II Frames of Reference in the treatment of psychiatric conditions: Cognitive
Behavioural, Behavioural, Psychoanalytical- Include expressive media used in OT,
Occupational Behaviour and Model of Human Occupation, Developmental groups and
Developmental approach, Sensory Integrative approach, Cognitive Disability Frame of
Reference, Acquisitional Frame of Reference
MODULE III List and describe the various attitudes applied by the therapist in different
conditions, Describe in detail the assessment of a client including specific methods used
in the following: Observation, Structured, semi structured and unstructured interviews,
Specific assessments used in Occupational Therapy, Help students to identify their client’s
psychiatric problems in relation to the practical situations observed in OT
MODULE IV Discuss OT assessment, treatment aims, plan and methods of treatment for
the following conditions:
• Schizophrenic and other Psychotic disorders
• Mood disorders
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Anxiety & Phobic disorder
• Somatoform disorders
• Dissociative & Factitious disorders
• Eating and sleep disorders
• Psychosomatic illness
• Personality disorders
• Substance related disorders

50
• Seizure disorders
• Organic Brain Syndrome
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Specific Learning Disorder
• Intellectual Disability
• Social Communication Disorder
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Conduct Disorder
• Gender Dysphoria
MODULE V Outline the types of therapeutic groups and briefly discuss the value of group
therapy in psychiatry MODULE VI Explain precautions to be observed by the therapist in
a psychiatric unit, with reference to each condition; including handling of tools &
materials and grouping of patients.
MODULE VII Outline the following psychiatric setups and the role of OT in each.
Therapeutic community, Half Way Homes, Geriatric units, Sheltered workshops, Day care
centers, Government mental hospitals and psychiatric institutions, Family therapy units,
Psychiatric rehabilitation
EVALUATION Internal : Theory , Practical and Oral Tests and case study file. Univesity:
Theory, Practical and Orals

304 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN PEDIATRICS AND

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
MODULE I NORMAL DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO FIVE YEARS: Physical development-
Gross and Fine motor, Reflex development , Perceptual, Cognitive, Social, emotional,
Language and Self-care and Play development, PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS: Psychological
reactions to disability in childhood and OT role, Psychological aspects of hospitalization
and OT role.

51
MODULE II TREATMENT APPROACHES - (Children's activities): Play Therapy, Creative
activities. Bobath NDT, Rood's neuromuscular facilitation, Ayre's Sensory Integration
Approach, Biomechanical frame of reference, Behaviour modification, Peto's - conductive
Education, Special Education principles of education for perceptual and cognitive
training.
MODULE III OT APPLICATION : Cardio respiratory conditions of childhood, Cerebral palsy,
Visuo perceptual and Visuo motor dysfunction, Muscular dystrophy, Erb's palsy,
Poliomyelitis/ PPRP, Spina bifida and hydrocephalus, Nutritional disorders, Mental
retardation and Down's syndrome, Congenital Syndromes and Chromosomal
abnormalities, Specific learning disabilities, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Behaviour disorders, Visual / auditory loss., Speech and
communication disorders., Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, Seizure disorders.
Haemophillia Occupational Therapy Intervention for specific areas of dysfunction:
Oromotor dysfunction, Pre writing and writing skills, Psychosocial dysfunction
MODULE IV Paedaitric Splinting and Adaptive Devices: Including, seating devices,
Adaptations for feeding, Mobility and Ambulatory devices, Indication and use of splint for
correction of CDH, Arthrogryphsis and other congenital orthopaedic disorders., Stills
disease., Early intervention for congenital neurological disorders (High risk infants)
MODULE V: Causes, prevention, cure, need for intervention, therapy, treatment available,
tests, management of all physical disability viz Cerebral palsy, Autism, Deaf & hard of
Hearing, Speech disorder like Stuttering and others, Learning Disability, Blind, Multiple
disability.

MODULE VI: Service delivery models in paediatrics, Pediatric OT process,

Documentation of intervention Prematurity and Infant medical Issues, Synactive Theory,
Interventions in infancy, Feeding, swallowing and oral motor interventions, IDEA
legislation, Individual Education Plans and Family Service Plans, Cognitive development
and interventions, Sensory Integration Theory, Sensory integration interventions,
Neuromotor interventions, Play interventions, Visual perception interventions, Low
vision interventions, Assistive technology, Pediatric psychosocial and pharmacology
issues, Classroom and environmental accommodations, Intervention in Learning

52
Disabilities, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Autism Spectrum disorders, Behavior
management, Pediatric orthotics, Amputations and UE congenital anomalies

EVALUATION Internal : Theory, Practical and Oral Tests and case study file. Univesity:
Theory, Practical and Orals

305 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN NEUROLOGY, &

ORTHOPAEDICS
MODULE I Application of occupational therapy principles and techniques in EVALUATION
and treatment of the neurological and orthopaedic conditions: Identification of possible
deficits, dysfunction, and potential function improvement. Planning of long term and
short term treatment goals. Application of following approaches to the neurological and
orthopaedic problems: Biomechanical, Roods, NDT (for adults), Brunnstrom Approach,
Proprioceptive Neuro muscular Facilitation, Motor Relearning Program and Rehabilitative
approach, Affolter’s approach and Task oriented approach.Identification of residual
dysfunction, application of appropriate training in activities of daily living and adaptation
to home environment.
MODULE II Injuries to upper limb and hand, including: Peripheral nerve injuries, including
appropriate reconstructive surgery & muscle re-education. Shoulder hand syndrome.
Leprosy deformities (including appropriate reconstructive surgery and muscle re-
education), Volkmam’s ischaemic constracture. Brachial plexus injury. Hand injuries
MODULE III Amputations- upper limb treatment and prosthetic training: Fractures, with
emphasis on upper limb and complications. Muscular dystrophy. Motor neurone disease.
Multiple sclerosis. Parkinson’s disease. Cerebellar ataxia. Cerebrovascular Accidents,
Intra cranial tumours. Brain injuries. Guillain Barre Syndrome. Spinal Cord Injuries.
Poliomyelitis: Post polio residual paralysis and post polio syndromes Low Back Pain.
Spondylitis, Spondyloses, spondylolystheses, Total Hip and Knee replacements, Diabetic
Neuropathy, Myasthenia gravis

53
MODULE IV Spinal Orthoses: Principles, goals, classification, specification in
application,indications and contraindications . Demonstration of methods of training in
the use of spinal orthoses. Hand Splinting: Describe goals of splinting. Explain
classification of hand splint and their application to treatment. Identify splint types and
materials used. Demonstrate and apply the principles of hand splinting process for
preparing splints.

Note: Practical Work includes the following: Pattern and measurement taking, Four
splints to be made by student Resting, (Dynamic-flexor /extensor, short opponens, finger
splint), Low temperature mould splints. High temperature splints (demonstration) POP
casting. (Demonstration), Carry out check out of splint. Upper extremity splints –
including (knowledge of elbow conformer, elbow driven hinge, aeroplane splint, shoulder
slings), Lower extremity splints:-Knowledge about AFO, FRO, KAFO, foot drop splintstatic
and dynamic. Other splints: - Splint for Microstomia and Facial Nerve Palsy
splint,“Checkout of orthosis”
EVALUATION: Internal : Theory , Practical and Oral Tests, Hand splinting file and case study
file. University: Theory, Practical and Orals

4th YEAR

2. Clinical Cardio respiratory and Work physiology 2. Rehabilitation Medicine 3.

Occupational Therapy in Rehabilitation 4. Group Process in Occupational Therapy 5.
Organization and Administration 6. Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Dissertation

401 CLINICAL CARDIORESPIRATORY & WORK PSYCHOLOGY

MODULE I ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY of the lungs, bronchi and bronchopulmonary
segments. The relationship of the bony thorax and lungs to each other and to the
abdominal contents. Variations in the bony cage in the following conditions: Cervical ribs

54
, Rickets – rickety rosary , Pigeon chest , Funnel chest , Scoliosis , Kyphosis.The
movements of the thorax: Bucket handle, pump handle. List the muscles of respirations
involved in inspirations and expirations (including accessory muscles that are involved).
Describe in brief the anatomy of the heart and its blood supply and briefly outline the
electrical activity of the myocardium and normal ECG. Describe the physiological control
of respiration and highlight the function of the medullary and pontine respiratory centres
and peripheral chemoreceptors. Describe the mechanisms for maintenance of blood
pressure. Describe in detail the cough reflex. List the mechanical factors involved in
breathing. Describe briefly factors affecting lung compliance and airway resistance. List
the factors affecting diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. Explain
ventilation, perfusion and their inter relationship. Outline the energy expenditure of
various common activity of daily living. Pulmonary function assessment: Briefly describe
the pulmonary function tests and their use, briefly outline the basis and value of blood
gas analysis. Briefly outline the principles of cardio vascular stress testing.
MODULE II
Cardiac conditions requiring closed heart surgery and briefly describe the following:
Acquired heart diseases (Mitral stenosis and Aortic stenosis), congenital heart diseases
(patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of aorta.),
List the cardiac conditions requiring open heart surgery and briefly describe the
following:
Congenital (Atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, Tetralogy
of Fallot. Transposition of great vessels and A.V. malformation),
Acquired (Mitral stenosis, Mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, & regurgitation, coronary
artery disease).

MODULE III
Clinical features and management of the following: Fracture ribs, Flail chest, Stove-in
chest, Pneumothorax, Haemothorax, Haemopneumothorx, Lung contusion & laceration,
Injury to Heart, Great vessels & Bronchus. List the causes of empyema and its treatment.
Describe briefly: Intercostal drainage, Rip resection, Decortication and window
operation. Outline briefly the clinical features and management of the following

55
suppurative lesions of the lung; Bronchiectasis, Lung abscess, Bronchopneumonia &
Aspergillosis.
Outline briefly the clinical features and management of carcinoma lung.

Outline the extent, use and complications of the following surgical incisions: Anterolateral
thoracotomy, Posterolateral thoracotomy and Median sternotomy. Describe the post-
operative management of patients with: Segementectomy, Lobectomy, Bilobectomy,
Pneumonectomy, Pleuropneumonectomy & Tracheostomy.
Outline briefly the principles of various ventilators and their use. Describe in detail the
preoperative assessment and management of a patient posted for thoracotomy.
Describe in detail the following post operative procedures; management of
endotracheal/ endonasal tubes, tracheal suction, weaning the patient from the ventilator
extubation technique & post extubation care.
Describe the principles of Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation; Cardiac massage, artificial
respiration, defibrillators and their use. Systemic Hypertension, Pulmonary Hypertension,
Syncope and their management.
Briefly outline the management of a patient with chronic obstructive airway disease.
Ischemic Heart Disease and risk factors and its management. Heart failure,
Cardiomyopathies

MODULE IV
WORK PHYSIOLOGY: Physiology of exercise, Cardiac output and cardiac work during
regulation of exercise. Cardiac rate during exercise. Oxygen consumption of the body at
rest and, during exercise and after exercise, Effect of exercise on Caloric intake, Coronary
circulation, Metabolism, Renal blood flow, Contractility of Myocardium, Blood pressure,
Increase in CO2 tension and mixing venous blood. Increase in pulmonary ventilation,
Equipment for Work Physiology: Ergo meter - Cycle type, Hand hook type and treadmill
type.

EVALUATION Internal : Theory and viva University : Theory

56
402 REHABILITATION MEDICINE
MODULE I
INTRODUCTION : Define the term rehabilitation. Explain its aims and principles, Methods
of evaluation for physical dysfunction & management of disabilities with particular
reference to: Spinal Cord Injury (paraplegia and tetraplegia), Poliomyelitis, Brain Injury,
(including stroke and cerebral palsy), Arthritic conditions, Amputation, Muscular
Dystrophy, Hansen’s diseases, Peripheral nerve lesions, Fracture disease & chronic cardio
– respiratory dysfunction.
THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES for: Joint mobilization. Reducing spasm and management of
spasticity, assisting weak muscles. Increasing endurance. Muscle re-education following
muscle transfer surgery. Strengthening muscles. Increasing co-ordination. Improving
balance. Gait training.
MODULE II
ELECTRO THERAPY MODALITIES: Brief introduction, indications and contra indications
COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS: Identify communication problems, classify these and
outline principles of treatment/ training.
BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS: Identify behavioral problems in the disabled and outline the
principles of management.
PAIN: Describe the theories of pain and discuss therapeutic management of pain using
various modalities. Describe the common myofacial pain syndromes and outline their
management.
MODULE III
ORTHOTIC DEVICES: Explain the principles involved in prescribing orthotic devices for
different parts of the body. Outline the purpose of each type and list major indications &
contraindications and demonstrate methods of training in their use.
PROSTHETIC DEVICES: Describe types of artificial limbs and their functions. Demonstrate
methods of training in their use.
MOBILITY AIDS: Demonstrate knowledge of the indications for different types of mobility
aids, and their functions, eg. wheel chairs, walkers, crutches.
PRE-VOCATIONAL EVALUATION: Discuss methods and team involvement in pre-vocational
EVALUATION and training.

57
ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS: Describe architectural barriers and possible modifications,
with reference to Rheumatoid arthritis, Cerebrovascular accident, spinal cord injury, and
other disabling conditions.
DISABILITY EVALUATION: Outline the principles of disability evaluation and discuss its
use.

MODULE IV
LEGAL ASPECTS: Outline legal aspects of disability in terms of compensation for disability
and benefits available to the disabled.
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: Outline the social implications of disability for the individual and
for the community.
COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION MODULE: Describe a CBR module and compare
this with an Institutional based rehabilitation system.

EVALUATION Internal : Theory University : Theory

403 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN REHABILITATION

SECTION A:
MODULE I OT role in medical and surgical conditions, and rehabilitation methods for
people with residual disability. Role of O.T. in rehabilitation of Neurology, Orthopaedic
and Psychiatric conditions, and habilitation of Paediatric conditions. ADL and functional
assessment, training and planning methods of mobility. Removal of architectural barriers,
and use of appropriate adaptive devices. Purposes and methodology in home situation
evaluation. O.T. objectives and principles and appropriate treatment media for the
Arthritis, Burns, Cardiac and Pulmonary disease and rehabilitation, Hansen’s disease –
early treatment, prevention of deformity, treatment of neuritis reaction, rehabilitation
measures for chronic disabilities. Reconstructive surgery and muscle re-education,
Sensory compensation Amputation, both upper and lower limb including rehabilitation
measures.

58
MODULE II Cancer, Geriatric conditions, including social implications. Haemophillia
(adults), Terminal illness and Hospice care- Adults and Children, OT management for pain,
visually and Hearing Impaired – Adults, Cumulative trauma disorder, Plan appropriate
hand splint design. Prepare and fit four different hand splints, and explain their use.
Disability EVALUATION for physical conditions and mention the legal aspects relating to
compensation and insurance.
MODULE III Community Based Rehabilitation: Definition and Models. Discuss steps
involved in starting a Community Based Rehabilitation. Role and value of O.T. in
Community based Rehabilitation (CBR) with emphasis on rehabilitation of disabled
children. Occupational hazards in the community and possible safety precautions.
Community reintegration, Vocational Rehabilitation including Work assessments,
Prevocational EVALUATION, Vocational EVALUATION, Job analysis, Work Hardening
Observe and interpret psychological reactions in patients with physical disabilities and
their relatives, and plan therapeutic approaches and methods for treating such reactions.
Understand the principles and use techniques of group dynamics in both psychiatric and
physical treatment areas as agents of change in behaviour. Client Centered Therapy;
Evidence Based Practice, Introduction to ICF (International classification of function) ,
Home EVALUATION and adapting a house for different types of people with handicap ,
include appropriate working levels, accessibility, types of stoves, storage levels. Hygiene
and safety measures at home. Starting a vegetable garden at home. Planning a days work
for a housewife with physical limitations including use of energy saving techniques Special
Assessments and intervention for Activities of Daily living, Hand Function- Adults and
Paediatrics, Cognitive Perceptual Functions, Home EVALUATION and Modification, Home
Making skills and Child care, Prevocational and Vocational Testing and Training, Leisure,
Play, Wheel Chair transfers

MODULE IV BIOENGINEERING: Definition And Principles Of Bio–Engineering., Designing

And Construction Of: Upper and lower extremity Orthoses, Spinal Orthoses, Hand
orthoses, Upper Extremity And Lower Extremity Prostheses : Prescription, Fitting ,
Checking , Mobile arm supports and slings, Basic Principles in application of Biofeedback
and FES and as adjunct to therapy, Wheel chair prescriptions including
adaptations.Electro mechanical mobility aids, motorized wheel chairs. Adaptive devices

59
 and assistive technology including reachers, mouse and keyboard adaptations, and
mobility impairment. Environmental control units, writing, feeding and toilet aids.
Prescription and designing foot wear modifications.
MODULE V
• Geriatric Rehabilitation
• Cancer
• Low vision
• Dysphagia Management
• Long term care
• Hospice care
• Occupational Therapy for person with multiple disabilities
• Role of Occupational Therapy among Jail inhabitants
• Ventilator care including sensory stimulation
• Rehabilitation Engineering and Hand Splinting
• Work Hardening

SECTION B:
INTRODUCTION TO DISABILITY & INTEGRATION
• MODULE I Definitions: Disabilities and identifying characteristics – Congenital
&Acquired, Physical & Mental Historical Overview of Disability in Society Progress of
Disability related Services & Advocacy movements in 20th& 21stCentury, Current
Legislations – IDEA, ADA (USA), PWD Act. (India).
• MODULE II Interaction with persons having disabilities, Role of Family in Successful
Rehabilitation of PWD, Behavioral problems related to Disabilities - Causes and
Strategies for Intervention, Adolescence, Sexuality and related Issues, Marriage & Family
life for Individuals with Disabilities.
• MODULE III Inclusive Education & Its Components –Assessments, IPE, LRE, Assistive
Technology – ADL, Mobility, Communication, Vocational SSA & IEDCSS Right to Education
Act 2009. Gainful employment
• MODULE IV Importance of Prevention, Detection, Early Intervention, ICDS & ASHA –
Importance in the area of Prevention. Need of Awareness Creation in Society and
Methods – Use of Mass media Community Based Rehabilitation & Integration

60
Government Schemes & Educational Opportunities for People with Disabilities in India
MINI PROJECT: Experiences growing up as a person with disability: Report of 2 Case
Studies based on Interviews of PWD and family members

SECTION C:
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERVENTIONS AT GLOBAL, COMMUNITY, SOCIETAL &
SYSTEMS LEVELS
MODULE I Splints, Assistive technology, Home environmental modification and
adaptation, Ergonomics, Analysis, Wheelchair selection, Cognitive–Perceptual
Impairment, Accessibility, Populations: Population of people with physical disability,
Population of people with mental disability, Population of people with cognitive disability,
Population of people with developmental disability, Population of people exposed to risk
factors
MODULE II Principles of assessment, Role of the OTA in EVALUATION and assessment,
Assessment of common clinical and occupational, performance problems in
rehabilitation, Assessment in neurological and neuromotor disorders, Assessment of
swallowing and feeding, Cognitive assessment, Orthopedic assessment, Return to work
EVALUATION, Pain assessment – McGill Pain Questionnaire, unidimensional and
multidimensional pain scales, Assessment of low vision, Driving assessment, Evaluation
documentation, Establishing intervention goals from assessment results, Assessment of
Balance – Berg, Trunk Impairment Scale, Structured clinical observations, Modified
Ashworth Scales, Stroke Impact Scale, Test of Visual Perceptual (TVPS), UFOV, BiVABA
Rancho Los Amigos Scales, MMSE/MOCA, Occupational Profile, Sensory assessment -
monofilaments, 2 point discrimination, sharp/dull, stereognosis, kinesthesia , UE/Fine
motor coordination – 9 Hole Peg Test, Minnesota Rate of Manipulation, Purdue Pegboard,
Functional Dexterity Test, Jebson, Motor-Activity Log, Box and Blocks, Fugal Meyer , TUG

UTILISING TECHNOLOGY IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PRACTICE Technological

Applications: Seating System, Self-care aids, Educational and Vocational aids, Interface
switches and mounting aids, Recreational aids, Visual aids, Communication aids, Aids for
the tactilely impaired, Pointing and Writing aids, Manipulatory and Mobility aids, Upper,

61
lower extremity and spinal orthoses and upper and lower prostheses, (emphasizing
application of CAD/CAM technology), Environmental Controlled units, Service Delivery
models, Societal & Professional issues regarding technology service delivery, Mandate
to Occupational Therapy Profession and Professionals, Concept of Telemedicine / Tele
Rehabilitation, Teletherapy and Information Technology, Current practice and recent
advances (including material technology), Future of technology and O.T. Articificial
Intelligence

RECENT ADVANCES AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES IN REHABILITATION

MODULE I Recent advances in Occupational therapy ; Virtual reality, Assistive and
adaptive technology, Robotics, Industrial Rehabilitation, Computer/ I.T Application and
Rehabilitation, Adjunctive therapy to O.T (Physical agent modalities, Yoga Therapy,
Kinesiotapping, Aquatic Therapy, Myofacial pain Syndrome management and Pain
management etc.)Disaster management and Infection control.
MODULE II Role of a professional Occupational Therapist in the field of disability: How to
behave towards disabled persons, How to assess the socio-economic status of a family,
Awareness classes, Ways to integrate children with disabilities into the mainstream
society, Government schemes for disabled people.
MODULE III Disability laws, Health Laws, Work place laws
MODULE IV Occupational Therapy Ethics
EVALUATION: Internals: Theory, Practical and Oral University: Theory, Practical and Oral

404 GROUP PROCESS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

MODULE I Groups in Occupational Therapy, Groups in society, Groups in therapy,
Different approaches to group work

MODULE II Group Dynamics: Group process, Roles, Interaction - verbal & non verbal,
Intra-group relationships, Stages of a group, Norms, Group cohesion
MODULE III Managing groups: Planning aims & goals, choosing an activity, The
environment, Motivating group members

62
MODULE IV Leadership roles & styles, developing group leader skills, managing problems
within a group. Evaluating groups. Demonstrate ability to plan and organize the following
groups: Awareness groups, Task oriented groups, Stress management groups, Self - help
groups, Anger management groups, Assertiveness training group, Drama therapy groups,
Social skills training groups.
EVALUATION Internal : Theory University : Theory

405 ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION IN

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
SECTION A:
MODULE I Define Organization. Explain aspects of administration in general and in
relation to OT work situations. Outline principles of administration. Describe methods of
administration in an OT department. Records - their purpose eg. attendance, statistics,
inventory, stock. Maintenance of records. eg. methods of community and institutional
based departments (CBR & IBR),Referrals – purpose and types of referral. Documentation
Store keeping– materials, inventory records, Purchase ordering, Petty cash accounting.
General maintenance of equipment, furniture, buildings, costing of splints/ aids/
equipment/ articles/ make in OT. Types of correspondence, Methods of filing. Describe
methods for care of equipment and materials. Discuss budgeting–including items for an
annual budget.

MODULE II Discuss considerations for construction of a new department, and

modification of an old department including: a) Space required b) Allotment of space, eg.
Suitability for access, plumbing requirements, & circulation of air. Plan assessment forms
eg. pre-vocational. ADL, hand function & higher functions for initial evaluation and
progress recording. Outline method of writing OT department annual reports. Calculate
monthly and annual statistics. Make plans for future requirements eg. consider staff
patient ratio, equipment and staff requirements. Plan to organize picnic or sports
programme for patients.

63
MODULE III Outline legal aspects related to rehabilitation: Medico Legal cases,
Workmen’s Compensation Act & Insurance facilities. Other financial benefits available for
the disabled.
MODULE IV Outline safety precautions in OT Discuss considerations relating to using small
hand tools and General safety in the OT department, eg. moving patients, training
attenders and “helpers”, while using safety machinery, while doing activities outside.
Safety precautions in relation to patients with, Leprosy, Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Back
injuries, Epilepsy, M.R, Suicidal patients, Patients with incoordination, Infection control .
EVALUATION Internal : Theory University : Theory

SECTION B:
ERGONOMICS
MODULE I Definitions of ergonomics and its history, ergonomics in systems design, and
steps to performing a task analysis. Muscle Use and Anthropometry: Muscular work
including dynamic and static work, nervous control of movement, skilled work and ways
to improve work efficiency. Workspace Design: Principles of workspace design, including
seated work, standing work, work reaches and working heights, the office environment
and visual work. Activityrelated soft tissue disorders (ASTDs): Definition of ASTDs,
examples of ASTDs, how injuries are adjudicated, pathology of disorders, work-
relatedness, psychosocial factors, risk factors (repetition, awkward posture, forceful
exertions, hand-arm vibration, etc.) Analysis of Risk of ASTDs in the Workplace: Assessing
a workplace for risk of ASTDs- various tools and techniques available qualitative to
quantitative. Developing solutions to jobs with ASTD risks. Psychosocial and
Organizational Aspects of Work: Discussion of the influence of work organization and
psychosocial factors such as control over work, supervisory support and skill discretion in
the workplace.

MODULE II Back Injuries: Mechanism of injury for back and shoulder overexertion
injuries, compensation for such injuries, major risk factors (eg. manual materials handling,
awkward postures, prolonged standing and sitting, whole body vibration, etc). Assessing
the Risk of Back Injuries in the Workplace: Assessing a workplace for risk of overexertion
injuries - tools and techniques for quantifying injury risk (NIOSH, Snook tables, Mitel

64
 tables) - advantages and disadvantages. Developing risk control solutions for overexertion
injury risk. Inclass practice with techniques

MODULE III Skilled Work, Control-Display Design and Mental Activity: Stages of
information processing, skilled behaviour, memory, attention, and stereotypes. Analysis
of information processing demands and minimizing cognitive overload and under load.
Design of systems considering mental workload. Design of controls and displays, including
coding and inspection. Shift work: Minimizing the effects of shift work on worker health
and safety. Ergonomics Regulations and Developing Ergonomics Programs: Macro-
ergonomics and developing successful ergonomics programs in industry.

406 BIOSTATICS, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

DISSERTATION
MODULE I Stages of research process, Developing ideas and defining a research question,
Literature review, Errors in measurement and their control, Reliability and validity,
Epidemiological measures of disease frequency
MODULE II Research design: Quantitative (epidemiological), Experiment (clinical, field,
community), Observational, Cohort, Case control, Cross sectional study, Ecological study,
Qualitative Research Method (Sociological), Developing instruments (Delphi technique),
Focus groups, Indepth interview, Key informant interview, Ethical issues, Critical
Appraisal of a research report
MODULE III Data Collection, basic statistics and graphs, probability and Probability
distribution (Binominal and normal), Sampling and sampling techniques.
MODULE IV Biostatistics: Introduction, Definition, Types, Data, Presentation, Collection
methods, Measures of central value: Arithmetic mean, median, mode, relationship
between them, Partitioned values-Quatertiles, Deciles, Percentiles, Graphical
determination, Measures of Dispersion: Range., Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation,
Normal Distribution Curve, Co-relation analysis, Bivariate distribution: Scatter Diagram,

65
Co-efficient of correlation Calculation & interpretation of co-relational co-efficient, T-test,
Z-test, P-value , Regression analysis: Lines of regression, Calculation of Regression co-
efficient, Sampling: Methods of Sampling, Sampling distribution, Standard error, Type I &
II error, Probability (In Brief), Hypothesis Testing, Null Hypothesis, Alternative
hypothesis, Acceptance & rejection of null Hypothesis, Level of significance, Parametric
& Non – Parametric tests.

DISSERTATION/PROJECT
Course Objectives: The objective of this course is that at the end of the special study the
student will have 1. Developed skills in critical thinking research methods (including
review of literature formulation of a problem for study, selection of a research strategy to
investigate the problem, implementation of that strategy and the formal presentation of
information related to the theory and or practice of physiotherapy and occupational
therapy. 2. Gained an interest in research, writing, and publishing material which
contributes to the ongoing development of professional therapy both as a science
and an art.
In addition the student will be able to fulfil the following objectives of the course
1. Identify problems of relevance to the theory and or practice of therapy in rehabilitation.
2. Undertake enquiry in to a specific problem area. 3. Formally document the stages of
such a study, including description of the problem the process of investigation, the
findings and their implications for therapy education practice and research.
EVALUATION: Internal : 50 marks will be awarded by internal assessment, which will
include the guide. University: 50 marks will be awarded by external examiner during viva.

66
2.11 No: of hours per subject

Sl.No Clinical/ Subject Theory Hours Practical Hrs

1st YEAR
101 Anatomy 250 10
102 Physiology 150 -
103 Sociology 50 -
104 Psychology 55 -
105 Introduction to 60 100
Occupational therapy,
and Therapeutic
activities
2nd YEAR
Introduction to 50 -
201 Pathology and
Microbiology
202 Biochemistry and 35 -
Pharmacology
203 Fundamentals of 60 40
Occupational Therapy
204 Clinical Orthopedic, 60 -
Rheumatology and
Radio Diagnosis
205 Clinical Neurology 55 100
206 Biomechanics, 130 -
Applied Anatomy and
Applied Physiology
207 General Medicine, 140 -
General Surgery and
Pediatrics

67
208 OT Clinical - 600
Placements (Peads,
Psychiatry, Ortho and
Neuro)
3rd YEAR
Clinical Psychology, 100 -
301 Health Psychology
and clinical Psychiatry
302 Community Medicine, 75 -
Basic Nursing and
First Aid
303 Occupational 75 250
therapy in
Psychiatry
304 Occupational 100 250
Therapy in
Pediatrics and
Developmental
Disabilities

305 Occupational 110 250

therapy in
Neurology and
Orthopedics

4th YEAR
401 Clinical 90 -
Cardiorespiratory,
Work Physiology
402 Rehabilitation 50 -
Medicine

68
 403 O.T in 110 540
Rehabilitation
404 Group Process in 40 40
O.T
405 Organization and 110 30 (Industrial
Administration in Visit)
Occupational
therapy
406 Biostatistics, 80 170
Research
Methodology and
Dissertation

2.12 Practical training

Practical training should be imparted under laboratory conditions for the basic science
subjects with emphasis on carrying out the experiments and tests through demonstration
by relevant faculty and repeated practice by the students. For occupational therapy
assessment and treatment techniques, these should be first demonstrated on human
models and the students should practice on human models repeatedly until proficiency
is gained. Later the techniques should be demonstrated on patients during bed side clinics
and the students are encouraged to carry out the techniques on patients under strict and
close supervision of faculty.

2.13 Records

In all subjects with practical components meticulous records should be kept regarding
the topic of the practical training, procedure, materials and methods used, results and
outcomes. The records should be submitted for inspection during practical or viva
examination.

1st year Record

Anatomy and Activity analysis record

69
 3rd Year Record

Normal development in Paediatrics 0-5yrs

4th year Record

• Hand splinting
• Report on Industrial visit relating to job analysis and ergonomics

2.14 Dissertation:
As per Dissertation Regulations of KUHS

2.15 Speciality training if any

Not applicable

2.16 Project work to be done if any

Evaluation of Project
A)Title of topic and need of study - 2.5 marks
B)Methodology – 5 marks
C) Data analysis ,results and discussion – 15 marks
D) Implication of study - 2.5 marks

2.17 Any other requirements [CME, Paper Publishing etc.]

The third and final year students and interns should attend at least one CME program each
year preferably conducted in their own institution.

2.18 Prescribed/recommended textbooks for each subject

ANATOMY
1. SNELL [Richard S], Clinical Anatomy for Medical students: Ed. 5. Little Brown and
Company Boston. 1995,

70
2. B.D CHAURASIA‘S HUMAN ANATOMY -REGIONAL AND APPLIED; VOLUME 1, VOLUME
II AND VOLUME III.
3. DATTA [A.K], Essentials of human Anatomy: Thorax and Abdomen Ed 2. Vol. I Current.
Book International, Calcutta 1994 DATTA..K.J, Essentials of human Anatomy: Head and
Neck Ed 2. Vol. II, Current Book International, Culcutta 1995
4. SINGH [Inderbir], Text book of anatomy with color atlas: Introduction, Osteology,
upper extremity, lower extremity. Vol I. P Brothers, New Delhi 1996
5. SINGH [Inderbir], Text book of anatomy with colour atlas: Thorax and abdomen. Vol II.
JP Brothers, New Delhi 1996 6. SINGH [Inderbir], Text book of anatomy with color atlas:
Head and Neck Central Nervous system. Vol III. JP Brothers, New Delhi 1996 7. SINGH
[Inderbir],Human Osteology. JP Brothers, New Delhi 1990
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Concise medical physiology - Chaudhuri Sujit K.
2. Human Physiology — Chatterjee C. C.
3. Text book of practical Physiology - Ranade. 4. Text of Physiology-A.K.Jain.
PSYCHOLOGY
1. Morgan et al (2003). Introduction to Psychology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw hill.
2. Mangal S.K (2002) Advanced Educational Psychology. New Delhi: prentice hall.
SOCIOLOGY
1. Sachdeva and Vidyabushan, Introduction to the study of sociology
2. INDRANI T K, Text Books of Sociology for Graduates Nurses and Physiotherapy
Students, JP Brothers, New Delhi
INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY:
1. Muscle Testing & Function by F.P. Kendall
2. Measurement of Joint motion : a Guide to Goniomentry by C.C. Norkin & D.J.White
3. Pedretti’s Practice skills for physical dysfunction edited by Heidi McHugh Pendleton,
Winifred Schultz Krohn
4. Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction by Mary Vining Radomski, Catherine A
Trombly
5. Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction , Principles ,Skills and Practice by Ann
Turner, Margaret Foster, Sybil E Johnson
6. Willard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy
71
7. Principle of Exercise Therapy by Dena Gardiner
8. Therapeutic Exercises by J. Basmajian & Wolf
MICROBIOLGY
1. Short text book of Medical Microbiology by Sathish Gupta
2. Text book of Microbiology by Anantha Narayanan
3. Microbiology by Baveja
PATHOLOGY
1. Text book of pathology by Harshmohan
2. Text book of pathology by Robbins
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Text of Biochemistry for Medical students by Vasudevan & Sreekumari.
2. Text book of Dietetics by Sreelexmi. B
3. Handbook of food& Nutrition, Dr. Swaminathan M. The Bangalore Printing &
Publishing Co, Lts.
4. Food & Nutrition facts & figures, Gupta L C, et al. New Delhi, Jaypee.
5. Text book of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics, Raheena Beegam. M. A. New Delhi, Sterling
Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
FUNDAMENTAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
1. Pedretti’s Practice skills for physical dysfunction edited by Heidi McHugh Pendleton,
Winifred Schultz Krohn
2. Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction by Mary Vining Radomski, Catherine A
Trombly
3. Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction, Principles, Skills and Practice by Ann
Turner, Margaret Foster, Sybil E Johnson
4. Introduction to Occupational Therapy by Hussey Subonis, Chafea O Brien
5. Occupational Therapy and Mental Health edited by Jennifer Creek, Lesley Lougher
6. Mental Health Concepts and Techniques for the Occupational Therapy Assistant by
Mary Beth Early
7. Frames of Reference in Psychosocial Occupational Therapy by Mary Ann Bruce,
Barbara Borg Willard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy
8. Occupational Therapy for children by Jane Case Smith

72
9. Frames of Reference for Pediatric Occupational Therapy by Paula Kramer, Jim
Hinojosa
PHARMACOLOGY
1. Pharmacology in Rehabilitation 4th Edition - Charles D. Ciccone, PT, PhD
2. Pharmacology for the physical therapist-Peter C. Panus, PhD, PT Bertra, latzimg MD,
3. Essential of Medical Pharmacology by Tripathi
4. Text book of Medical Pharmacology by Padmaja Udayakumar
5. Pharmacology by N. Murugesh 6. Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics by
Sadoskar.
BIOMECHANICS AND APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
1. Joint Structure and Function – A comprehensive Analysis, JP Bros Medical Publishers,
New Delhi.
CLINICAL ORTHOPEDICS
1. Text book of Orthopedics.—Maheswari.
2. Apley‘s Orthopedics.
3. Textbook of Orthopedics and Traumatology— M.N.Natarajan
CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
1. Victor Adams-neurology
2. Haerer: Neurological examinations
3. Neurological examination made easy
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
1. Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dr. J E Park
BASIC NURSING AND FIRST AID 1. First aid in emergency – St. John’s Ambulance
Association.
2. First aid & management of general injuries & common ailments-Gupta & Gupta
GENERAL MEDICINE & GENERAL SURGERY
1. Davidson‘s Principles and Practice of Medicine
2. Harrison‘s Internal Medicine
GENERAL SURGERY
1. General Surgical Operations – by Kirk / Williamson 2. Bailey and Love‘s – Short
Practice of Surgery

73
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN PEDIATRICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
1. Occupational Therapy for children by Jane Case Smith 2. Frames of Reference for
Pediatric Occupational Therapy by Paula Kramer , Jim Hinojosa 3. Willard & Spackman’s
Occupational Therapy
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN PSYCHIATRY
1. Occupational Therapy and Mental Health edited by Jennifer Creek, Lesley Lougher 2.
Frames of Reference in Psychosocial Occupational Therapy by Mary Ann Bruce, Barbara
Borg 3. Occupational Therapy in short Term Psychiatry by Moya Willson 4. Occupational
therapy in Long Term Psychiatry by Moya Willson 5. Willard & Spackman’s Occupational
Therapy 6. Mental Health Concepts and Techniques for the Occupational Therapy
Assistant by Mary Beth Early
REHABILITATION MEDICINE
1. Text book of Rehabilitation by Sunder
2. Text book of Rehabilitation by Delisa
3. Text book of Rehabilitation by Howard Rusk
OT IN ORTHOPEDICS AND NEUROLOGY
1. Pedretti’s Practice skills for physical dysfunction edited by Heidi McHugh Pendleton,
Winifred Schultz Krohn
2. Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction by Mary Vining Radomski, Catherine A
Trombly
3. Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction , Principles ,Skills and Practice by
Ann Turner, Margaret Foster, Sybil E Johnson
4. Willard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
1. Elements of Health Statistics by Rao.N.S.N
2. An introduction of Biostatistics by Sunder Rao. P.S.S.
3. Methods in Bio-Statistics 6th Edn. 1997 by B.K. Mahajan
4. Biostatistics : A manual of Statistics Methods by K. Visweswara Rao
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GROUP PROCESS
1. Group work in Occupational therapy by Lynda Fainlay
2. Group process and structure in Psycho Social Occupational therapy by Diane Gibson
3. Group Dynamics in Occupational Therapy by Marilyn D Cole
74
 Journals

2.19 Reference Books

2.20 Journals
1. Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2. Canadian journal of
Occupational Therapy 3. Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy 4.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 5. British Journal of
Occupational Therapy

2.21 Logbook
2nd yr Log note –
• Orthopaedics , Neurology , Medicine , Plastic surgery , Paediatrics , Psy-
chiatry .

3rd yr Log note for -

• Occupational therapy in Psychiatry
• Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics and Developmental Disabilities
• Occupational therapy in Neurology and Orthopaedics

4th Year Log note for

• O.T in Rehabilitation postings : in Community , Geriatrics/ old age home , Neurology
, Mental health , Cardiology and Pulmonology , Oncology , PMR(Prosthetics and Or-
thotics ,Speech Therapy unit , Special Ed unit , vocational unit, Physiotherapy,Psy-
chology , social work )

3. EXAMINATIONS

3.1 Eligibility to appear for exams

candidate having 80% attendance in theory and practical in all the subjects and
minimum required internal assessment marks and registered for examination are
eligible for promotion to next higher class up to final year.

75
 • The candidates shall be eligible to write the fourth year examination
only after clearing all the papers of the first, second and third year examinations.
• The candidates shall be eligible for internship only after clearing the final year
examinations.

3.2 Schedule of Regular/Supplementary exams

There will be two examinations in a year (regular and supplementary), to be conducted
as per notification issued by university from time to time. First, second, third and final
Examinations of the BOT course shall be held at the end of first year, second year, third
year and fourth year respectively. Supplementary examination shall be conducted by the
university for the benefit of unsuccessful candidates. The supplementary examination
shall be conducted within six months from the date of announcement of results.

3.3 Scheme of examination showing maximum marks and minimum marks

1st YEAR

Subject IA practical oral Theory Theory Total Min

Code Name max max Min marks pass
pass
101 Anatomy 50 - 50 100 50 200 100
102 Physiology 50 - 50 100 50 200 100
103 Sociology 50 - - 100 50 150 75
104 Psychology 50 - - 100 50 150 75
105 Introduction 50 100 50 100 50 300 150
to
Occupational
therapy, and
Therapeutic
activities

76
2nd YEAR
Subject IA practical oral Theory Theory Total Min
Code Name ma max Min marks pass
x pass
Introduction to 50 - - 100 50 150 75
201 Pathology and
Microbiology
202 Biochemistry 50 - - 100 50 150 75
and
Pharmacology
203 Fundamentals of 50 100 50 100 50 300 150
Occupational
Therapy
204 Clinical 50 - 50 100 50 200 75
Orthopedic,
Rheumatology
and Radio
Diagnosis
205 Clinical 50 - 50 100 50 200 75
Neurology
206 Biomechanics, 50 - 50 100 50 200 75
Applied
Anatomy and
Applied
Physiology
207 General 50 100 50 150 75
Medicine,
General Surgery
and Pediatrics

77
3rd YEAR
Subject IA practical oral Theory Theory Total Min
Code Name max max Min marks pass
pass
Clinical Psychology, 50 - - 100 50 150 75
301 Health Psychology
and clinical
Psychiatry
302 Community 50 - - 100 50 150 75
Medicine, Basic
Nursing and First
Aid
303 Occupational 50 100 50 100 50 300 150
therapy in
Psychiatry
304 Occupational 50 100 50 100 50 300 150
Therapy in
Pediatrics and
Developmental
Disabilities

305 Occupational 50 100 50 100 50 300 150

therapy in
Neurology and
Orthopedics

78
 4th YEAR
Subject IA practical oral Theory Theory Total Min
Code Name max max Min marks pass
pass
401 Clinical 50 - 50 100 50 200 100
Cardiorespiratory,
Work Physiology
402 Rehabilitation 50 - - 100 50 150 75
Medicine
403 O.T in 50 100 50 100 50 300 150
Rehabilitation
404 Group Process in 50 - - 100 50 150 75
O.T
405 Organization and 50 - - 100 50 150 75
Administration in
Occupational
therapy
406 Biostatistics, 50 - 50 - - 100 50
Research
Methodology and
Dissertation

3.4 Papers in each year

Paper Subject
1st YEAR
101 Anatomy
102 Physiology
103 Sociology
104 Psychology
105 Introduction to Occupational therapy, and Therapeutic activities

79
2nd YEAR
Introduction to Pathology and Microbiology
201
202 Biochemistry and Pharmacology
203 Fundamentals of Occupational Therapy
204 Clinical Orthopedic, Rheumatology and Radio Diagnosis
205 Clinical Neurology
206 Biomechanics, Applied Anatomy and Applied Physiology
207 General Medicine, General Surgery and Pediatrics
208 OT Clinical Placements (Peads, Psychiatry, Ortho and Neuro)
3rd YEAR
Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology and clinical Psychiatry
301
302 Community Medicine, Basic Nursing and First Aid
303 Occupational therapy in Psychiatry
304 Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics and Developmental
Disabilities

305 Occupational therapy in Neurology and Orthopedics

4th YEAR
401 Clinical Cardiorespiratory, Work Physiology
402 Rehabilitation Medicine
403 O.T in Rehabilitation
404 Group Process in O.T
405 Organization and Administration in Occupational therapy
406 Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Dissertation

80
3.5 Details of theory exams
Question paper pattern for BOT theory examination
Maximum Mark -100
Type of question Number of questions Marks for each question
Structured Essays 2 20
Brief structured essay 8 5
Short Answers 10 2
Structured Essay should be explanatory. Brief structured Essay should be descriptive and
short answers should be based on direct recollection.

3.6 Model question paper for each subject with question paper pattern
Refer 5.2 .

3.7 Internal assessment component

• There shall be a minimum of 3 periodic assessments, for theory and

practical including viva separately, of which the final one will be University
model examination and is mandatory to appear.

• Average of the marks of the best two periodic assessment shall be

taken as internal assessment mark of the candidate.

• The class average of internal assessments mark of theory and prac-

tical should not exceed 75% of Maximum marks for regular examinations and
80% for supplementary examination.

• The class average of internal assessment for an exam shall be calcu-

lated based on the total number of candidates in a particular batch appear-
ing for that internal assessment examination.

• The candidate must secure the minimum 50%marks for internal as-
sessment in theory and practical separately in each subject in order to be
eligible to appear in the university examination of the subject.

81
 • In cases where the candidate is permitted to improve the internal as-
sessment marks, the new marks will be taken as final.
• Each student should maintain a logbook and record the procedures
they do and the work patterns they are undergoing. It shall be based on
periodical assessment , evaluation of student assignment, preparation for
seminar, clinical case presentation, assessment of candidate’s performance
in the sessional examinations, routine clinical works, logbook and record
keeping etc.
3.8 Details of practical/clinical practicum exams.
Internal examiner -37.5 marks ;Ext examiner- 37.5 marks .
• Clinical Questions related to Case- 2.5 marks
• Assessment -10 marks
• Demonstration on assessment components – 5 marks
• Problems Identified – 2.5 marks
• Short and long term goals –2.5 marks
• Demonstration on intervention components -5 marks
• Intervention including Approaches and Techniques – 10 marks

3.9 Number of examiners (Internal & External) and their qualifications

There will be two examiners for each subject where practical/ or viva to be conducted.
One examiner (INTERNAL EXAMINER) is preferably from the same institution or as
decided by the KUHS and the other examiner will be from another zone of KUHS
(EXTERNAL EXAMINER).
3.10 Details of viva:
Wherever viva is prescribed the same will be conducted by the internal and external
examiners appointed for practical examinations. 25 marks total for Internal & external
examiner . Total 5 to 10 questions to be asked .

82
 4. INTERNSHIP

4.1 Eligibility for internship

The students who have passed all the subjects in 4 years shall undergo internship for six
months during which the candidates will be posted in any related institution approved
by the respective college or will be asked to do internship in the college of study. The
candidates shall abide by the internship program rules framed by the institutes from
time to time
4.2 Model of Internship Mark lists
Marks will be awarded for regularity, punctuality, responsibility, dedication, subject
knowledge, assessment and treatment skills, interpersonal relationship, leadership skills
and ability to function in a multi specialty team.
4.3 Extension rules
The interns will be allowed to take leave as per KUHS regulations. However, the
candidate should undergo minimum of 180 days of internship. Extension will be
applicable for the period of absence.
4.4 Details of training given
Postings : 1 month each in Paediatrics including child psychiatry, Mental Health ,
Community Rehab , Neurology, PMR department , Orthopaedics / Oncology/ Hand
rehab .
A) 6 case presentations to be done 1 in each posting
B) 1 journal presentation
C) 1 assistive / adaptive device and 1 hand splint to be made by intern and submitted
D) Format to be submitted later.

83
 5. ANNEXURES

5.1 Check Lists for Monitoring: Log Book, Seminar Assessment etc. to be formulated by
the curriculum committee of the concerned Institution.
5.2 . Model Question Papers

ANATOMY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Describe in detail the type, ligaments, relations, blood supply, nerve supply,
movements and applied anatomy of Elbow Joint.
2. Describe in detail about anatomy of Ear.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Muscles of mastication.
2. Bronchopulmonary segments of lung.
3. Extracranial course of facial nerve.
4. Popliteal fossa.
5. Abdominal aorta.
6. Boundaries and contents of Carotid triangle.
7. Thoracic duct.
8. Palmar aponeurosis.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Name the layers of eye ball.
2. Name the sinus of pericardium.
3. Name the types of ossification.
4. Lumbar puncture.
5. Name the nuclei of cerebellum.
6. Define muscle tone.
7. Name the salivary glands.
8. Name the ventricle’s of brain.
9. Write the contents of femoral triangle.
10. Name the divisions of trigeminal nerve.

*******

84
 PHYSIOLOGY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Define erythropoiesis. List the different stages of erythropoiesis. Describe the

changes which take place in each stage and the factors necessary for
erythropoiesis.
2. Discuss the origin, course and functions of Pyramidal tract with applied
physiology.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Iron deficiency anaemia.
2. Functions of cerebellum.
3. Test for ovulation.
4. Movements of small intestine.
5. Color vision.
6. Acidification of urine.
7. Lung volumes and capacity.
8. Regulation of Cardiac output and its estimation.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Reflex arc.
2. Homeostasis and its components.
3. Shock and its types.
4. Milk ejection reflex.
5. Rh incompatibility.
6. Immunoglobulins.
7. Organ of corti.
8. Deglutition apnea.
9. Phagocytosis.
10. Properties of RBC.
*******

85
 BIOMECHANICS, APPLIED ANATOMY AND APPLIED
PHYSIOLOGY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. What is Kinetics and Kinematics? Describe in detail the Kinematic variables.
2. Explain the biomechanics of hip joint.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. What are all the muscles that cross both hip and knee joint?
2. Write the contribution of scapula for the shoulder movement.
3. Explain patella as an anatomic pulley.
4. Phases of gait cycle.
5. Draw elbow joint.
6. Describe the prehension skills in the hand.
7. Describe the role of menisci in the knee joint.
8. Intervertebral disc prolapse.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Active insufficiency.
2. Action of lumbricals.
3. Gravity vecto
4. Newton’s second law.
5. Function of synovial fluid.
6. Saddle joint.
7. Contractile unit of a skeletal muscle.
8. Define leve
9. Types of equilibrium.
10. Center of gravity.
*******

86
 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Discuss Intracranial Haemorrhage, with reference to etiology, location of bleeding,
clinical manifestations and complications.
2. Discuss clinical manifestations, pathophysiology and treatment of various types of
Dementia.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Basilar invagination.
2. Herpes simplex encephalitis.
3. Foot drop.
4. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy.
5. Spinothalamic tract.
6. Sensory ataxia.
7. Parkinsonian gait.
8. Complex partial Seizures.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Middle cerebral artery.
2. Fifth cranial nerve.
3. Spasticity.
4. Define amnesia.
5. Glioma.
6. Knee jerk.
7. White matter of brain.
8. Tension types headache.
9. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
10. Functions of temporal lobe.

*******

87
 FUNDAMENTALS FOR OCCUPACTIONAL THERAPY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Bio-mechanical frame of reference.
2. Model of Human Occupation.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Assumptions of neuro developmental treatment approach.
2. Four step process in motor relearning program.
3. Behavior modification techniques.
4. Deficits addressed in Rehabilitative frame of reference.
5. Gross motor development up to 2 years from birth.
6. Assessment of higher cognitive functions.
7. Assessment of social skills.
8. Methods in assessing muscle strength.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Function dysfunction continuum.
2. Dysdiadokokinesia.
3. Modified ashworth scale.
4. Define stereognosis and baragnosis.
5. Functions of cerebellum.
6. Gag reflex.
7. Parts of a Goniomete
8. Associated reactions.
9. Icing techniques.
10. Goal of sensory integrative therapy.

*******

88
 COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BASIC NURSING AND FIRST AID

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Enlist the voluntary health agencies in India. Detail the functions of various health
agencies.
2. Define health and detail the determinants of health with suitable examples.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Role of male health worker in control of vector born diseases.
2. Benefits of ESI act.
3. Epidemiology of Leprosy.
4. Advantages of institution based rehabilitation.
5. Iodine deficiency disorder.
6. First aid management of neck injury.
7. Types of wounds.
8. Demographic cycle.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Disability adjusted life years.
2. Specify indication of ryles tube feeding.
3. Advantages of no scalpel vasectomy.
4. Specify any two functions of World Health Organization.
5. Herd immunity.
6. List the four occupational hazards.
7. Eligible couple.
8. What is zoonosis?
9. Define dyspnoea.
10. List any two mortality rate.
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 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY , HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Critically evaluate the schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders.
2. Analyse the methods of clinical psychology.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Personality assessments.
2. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.
3. Stages of acceptance as proposed by Kubler-Ross.
4. Specific psychological reactions of geriatric patients.
5. Side effects of Electro convulsive therapy for mental illness with suitable example.
6. Physiological and psychological changes due to stress.
7. Methods of improving compliance.
8. Differentiate dementia and delirium.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Write any two interview techniques.
2. Abnormality.
3. What are the functional units of mind?
4. Regression.
5. Professional stress.
6. Parkinsonism.
7. Poly substance abuse.
8. What are all endocrine diseases?
9. Child guidance.
10. Factitious disorders.
*******

90
 OT IN NEUROLOGY AND ORTHOPAEDICS

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Describe the role of occupational therapy for a person with C4-C5 level of
incomplete spinal cord injury.
2. What is the role of occupational therapist in median nerve injury at elbow level,
explain the motor and sensory reeducation programme in detail?
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Compartmental syndrome of forearm.
2. Plaster of paris splint, types and complications.
3. Definition, causes and compensatory changes of scoliosis.
4. Motor dysfunctions due to cortical lesion.
5. Principles of sensory testing.
6. Glasco coma scale.
7. Management of pressure sores.
8. Management of edema.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Q-Angle.
2. Chorea.
3. Pseudohypertrophy.
4. What is selective attention?
5. What is parasthesia?
6. Stereognosis.
7. What is sprain?
8. Avascular necrosis.
9. What is referred pain?
10. Endo prosthesis.
*******

91
 OT IN PSYCHIATRY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Role of occupational therapist in psychiatric hospital. Add notes on role of
activities in psychiatric treatment.
2. Describe the contribution of occupational therapist in the treatment of alcoholism.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Cognitive restructuring.
2. Interpersonal skills.
3. Allen cognitive levels.
4. Role of occupational therapy in management of negative symptoms of
schizophrenia.
5. Plan an occupational therapy programme in geriatric unit.
6. Guidelines of counselling.
7. Interest checklist.
8. Half way home.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Group therapy.
2. Insight.
3. Pre-morbid personality.
4. Recreation.
5. Neurosis.
6. Habituation subsystem.
7. Perception.
8. Super-ego.
9. Therapeutic relations.
10. Judgement.

*******

92
 CLINICAL CARDIO RESPIRATORY AND WORK PHYSIOLOGY

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. List some diseases that require Closed Heart Surgery. Discuss in detail the clinical
features, diagnosis and management of patent ductus arteriosus.
2. Define Exercise. What are the benefits of exercise? Describe the effects of
exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. MET (Metabolic Equivalents).
2. Cough reflex.
3. Positive pressure ventilation.
4. Posterolateral thoracotomy.
5. Management of COPD.
6. Pulmonary tuberculosis.
7. Lung function tests.
8. Symptoms of cardiac failure.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Isometric exercise.
2. Rib fractures.
3. Cardiac massage in CP
4. Post-extubation care.
5. White coat hypertension.
6. P wave in ECG.
7. Management of carcinoma lung.
8. Cyanosis.
9. Oxygen debt.
10. Muscles of respiration.
*******

93
 GROUP PROCESS IN OT

Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. What is group? What are the different types of group? How will occupational
therapist manage the groups?
2. Describe how you would plan and organize a stress management group for a group
of clients with alcohol dependent?
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Group therapy for learning disability.
2. Compare project level and parallel level groups with example.
3. Yahlom’s curative factors of group therapy.
4. Disadvantages of co-leadership.
5. Pre group interview.
6. Verbal and nonverbal interaction in group.
7. Types of decision making.
8. Leadership styles in group.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Warm-up in groups.
2. Playboy in groups.
3. Self-actualization.
4. Confrontation.
5. Energize
6. Indications of assertiveness group.
7. Role play.
8. Hierarchy of communication.
9. Group cohesiveness.
10. Group norms.
*******

94
 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN OT

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Describe the importance of documentation in OT. Explain in detail the methods of
documentation.
2. Legal aspects related to Rehabilitation.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Adaptation for in-coordination.
2. Principles of Administration.
3. Methods of purchasing.
4. What are the supervisory considerations while planning a department?
5. Importance of fire and safety in occupational therapy department.
6. Assessment plan for ADL.
7. Relationship between culture and work.
8. Precaution of vocational activities.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Staff development programme.
2. Importance of Referral.
3. What is centralized purchasing?
4. Classification of work.
5. Uses of string diagram.
6. Define Administration.
7. Components of Basic ADL.
8. Define filing.
9. Elements of super vision.
10. Types of Leaders.
*******

95
 OT IN REHABILITATION

I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)

1. Higher cortical function assessment and management for patient with severe Head
injury.
2. Describe the occupational therapy Rehabilitation of a 52 years old man who has
undergone a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Anti-spastic splints.
2. Oral hygiene in dysphagia.
3. Disability evaluation of lower extremity.
4. Work hardening.
5. Principles of electrotherapy.
6. Management of odema.
7. Oro-motor assessment.
8. Box and Block test.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Fight or flight response.
2. Dysarthria.
3. Reliability.
4. Work samples.
5. Universal cuff.
6. Regression.
7. Micrographia.
8. Hot packs paraffin.
9. Complications of amputation.
10. Electrotherapy.
*******

96
 REHABILITATION MEDICINE
I. Elaborate on: (2 x 20 = 40)
1. Describe the Rehabilitation protocol for a patient who has undergone a right Total
Hip Replacement. Write out a home program for this patient.
2. Describe the etiology and classification of Cerebral Palsy. Outline the clinical
features and management of a 02 yrs old child with Spastic Diplegia.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Glasgow coma scale.
2. Osteoarthritis of the knee.
3. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
4. Bell’s Palsy.
5. Opponens splint.
6. Foot drop.
7. CTEV (Club Foot).
8. Claw hand.
III. Short answers on: (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Festinant Gait.
2. MRC Grading of Muscle Powe
3. Name the thenar muscles and their nerve supply.
4. Dysdiadochokinesia.
5. Grading of pressure sores.
6. Features of Upper Motor Neuron lesions.
7. Basal Ganglia.
8. Waddling gait.
9. Gowers sign.
10. Grading of spasticity.
*******

97