CHAPTER

8 Work, Power and Energy

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(a) When a body falls freely under the action of gravity
WORK (θ = 0º), the work done by gravity is positive.
Work is said to be done by a force when the force produces a
displacement in the body on which it acts in any direction except
perpendicular to the direction of the force.
Work is the product of the applied force and the displacement
of the body in the direction of force.
 
W = F s cos θ = F . s
  Positive work done by gravitational force
If F = Fx iˆ + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ and s = xiˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ
(b) When a spring is stretched, stretching force and the
 
Then W = F . s = Fx x + Fy y + Fz z displacement both are in the same direction. So work
done by stretching force is positive.
Work done by a force may also be written as
(iv) Negative work: If the angle θ is obtuse (θ > 90º).
(i) W = F(Scosq) = FS||
= F × component of displacement in the direction of force Then the work is said to be negative.
F

S||
 S

(ii) W = FcosqS = F||S It signifies that the direction of force is such that it opposes
the motion of the body.
= Component of force along displacement × S
F (a) Work done by frictional force is negative when it
opposes the motion.


Fcos = F|| S
Note:
(i) Dimension : M1L2T–2
(ii) SI Unit : joule, C.G.S. Unit: erg, 1 joule = 107 erg
(iii) Positive work : W = FS cos θ Negative work done by gravitational force
If the angle θ is acute (θ < 90º) then the work is said to be (b) Work done by air resistance on a moving car is negative.
positive. (v) Zero work: W = Fs cos θ
The positive work signifies that the external force favours Work done will be zero if F = 0 or s = 0 or θ = 90º
the motion of the body.
q = 90º Work done is zero
q < 90º Positive work
F motion
motion
F
q
s s

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 (vi) Work done by a variable force: When magnitude and
direction of the force varies with position, the work done Example 2: A block of mass 20 kg is slowly slid up on
 
by force for infinitesimal displacement ds is dW = F . ds a smooth incline of inclination 53° by a person. Calculate
the work done by the person in moving the block through
The total work done for displacement from A to B is
B 
a distance of 4 m, if the driving force is (a) parallel to the
 B
WAB = =∫ F . ds ∫ ( F cos θ) ds
A A
incline and (b) in the horizontal direction. [g = 10 m/s2]
In terms of rectangular components Sol.
 
F = Fx iˆ + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ , ds = dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ
B

WAB =
∫ ( F iˆ + F
A
x y )(
ˆj + Fz kˆ · dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ )
xB yB zB
F1 = mg sin53°
( a = 0)
= ∫ xA
Fx dx + ∫
yA
Fy dy + ∫
zA
Fz dz
W1 = (mg sin 53°).(4)

(vii) Work done by several Forces: When several forces act on
4
a body then the net work done on the body is the algebraic = (20 × 10 × ) (4)
5
sum of work done by individual forces.
      = 640 J
W
= net F1 . s1 + F2 . s2 +…… Fn . sn
= W1 + W2 + .... + WN
  
here s1 , s2 , …… sn are the displacement of points of
  
application of forces F1 , F2 , …… Fn respectively. mg
F
WF2 = F2cosq × 4 = 0

But F2 cosq = mg sinq ( a = 0)

W2 = WF2 = 4mg sinq = 640 J

x
O x1 x2 Example 3: A block of mass m is taken from A to B along
x2–x1 spherical bowl.
If a graph is constructed of the component F cos θ of a
Spherical bowl
variable force, then the work done by the force can be
determined by measuring the area between the curve and
the displacement axis.
R y
q
Note: Displacement depends on reference frame so work B
F
done by a force is reference frame dependent. Work done F x
A
by a force can be different in different reference frame.
Sol: Sx = Rsinq
Sy = R – Rcosq = R(1 – cosq)
Work Done by gravity F = –mgSy = –mgR(1–cosθ)
Train Your Brain Work Done by force FSx = FR(Sinθ)
Example 1: A gardener pulls a lawn roller along the ground Work Done by normal = 0
through a distance of 20 m. If he applies a force of 20 kg Example 4: A particle is shifted form point (0 m, 0 m,
weight in a direction inclined at 60º to the ground, find the 1 m) to (1 m, 1 m, 2 m), under two forces. The forces are
work done by him. (Take g = 10 m/s2)  
F 1 = (2i + 3 j − k) N and F 2 =(i − 2 j + 2k) N . Find work
1 done by these combined two forces.
Sol. WF = Fs cos60º = 200 × 20 × J = 2000 J.
2
F Sol. Work done by a constant force equals to dot product of
the force and displacement vectors.
    
(
W= F ⋅ ∆ r → W= F 1 + F 2 ⋅ ∆ r )
60°
Substituting given values, we have
W = (3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) ⋅ (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5 J

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W Work, Power and Energy 35
 Example 5: Example 7: In the given figure

F = 120 N

(i) Find work done by force F on A during 100 m

displacement.
(ii) Find work done by force F on B during100 m (i) Find work done by applied force during
displacement. displacement 2 m.
(iii) Find work done by normal reaction on B and A (ii) Find work done by frictional force on B by A
during the given displacement. during the displacement.
Sol. (i) (WF)on A = FDS cos q (iii) Find work done by friction force on A by B during
displacement.
= 120 × 100 × cos 0°

= 12000 J Sol: (i) WF = 100 × 2 × cos0 =200 J
(ii) (WF)on B = 0 A
f
 F does not act on B

(ii) fsmax = µmg =
0.5 × 10 g =
50 N
(iii) (WN )on B =40 × 100 × cos0 = 4000 J f
B
(WN )on A =×
40 100 × cos180 =
−4000 J F
Assuming they move together.
W.D. by normal reaction on system of A and B is
100= 20a ⇒ a= 5 m / s 2
zero. i.e. w.d. by internal reaction on a rigid system
is zero. Check Friction on A, f = 10 × 5 = 50 N
Example 6: The system is released from rest. When 10 kg f = fs,max
block reaches at ground then find ∴ They move together,
hence (Wf) on B = –50 × 2 = –100 J
(Wf)on A = 50 × 2 = 100 J
Note total work done by internal static friction is zero.
(i) Work done by action reaction pair of constraint
5 kg forces such as static friction, normal reaction
10 kg and tension in the string is always zero when
2m they are internal forces
Course (ii) When parts of a body undergo different
(i) Work done by gravity on 10 kg displacements then work done by the force
(ii) Work done by gravity on 5 kg is given by force × displacement of point of
application of the force for example when a man
(iii) Work done by tension on 10 kg
moves up on a stair case work done by normal
(iv) Work done by tension on 5 kg. reaction on him is zero.
Sol. (i) (Wg )10=
kg
10 g × 2 = 200 J

(ii) (Wg )5 kg = 5 g × 2 × cos180 = −100J

(WT )10kg=
200
× 2 × cos180 =
−400
J
Concept Application
(iii)
3 3
1. Calculate the work done against gravity by a coolie
200 400
(iv) (WT )5 kg=× 2 × cos0= J in carrying a load of mass 10 kg on his head when he
3 3 moves uniformly a distance of 5 m in the (i) horizontal
Net work done by tension is zero. Work done by direction (ii) upwards vertical direction.
internal tension i.e. (tension acting within system) (Take g = 10 m/s2)
on the system is always zero if the length remains
constant.

36 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 Graphical Interpretation Of Work Done
2. As shown in figure a body of mass 1 kg is shifted from Area of F–S graph gives work, work done by constant force.
A to D slowly on inclined planes by applying a force
The area enclosed by the graph on displacement axis gives the
parallel to incline plane, such that the block is always
amount of work done by the force
in contact with the plane surfaces. Neglecting the jerk
experienced at points C and B, total work done by the
force is

3

Work = FS = Area of OPQR

2
Work done by variable force

1
A

(a) 90 J (b) 56 J (c) 180 J (d) 0 J

3. A block of mass m is pulled on a rough horizontal
surface which has a friction coefficient m. A horizontal
force F is applied which is capable of moving the body
uniformly with speed v. Find the work done on the
block in time t by
(a) Weight of the block
(b) Normal reaction by surface on the block For a small displacement dx the work done will be the area of the
strip of width dx
(c) Friction
xf xf
(d) F
W
= ∫=
dw ∫ F dx
xi xi

Work done by Variable Force In this case work done is positive. If area lies above X-axis work
done is +ve if the area lies below X-axis work done is –ve

When the magnitude and direction of a force varies with position,

Spring Force
the work done by such a force for an infinitesimal displacement Natural length of spring is l0. When we compress spring by x1
ds is given by dw = F .ds from natural length, then work done by spring force.
The total work done in going from A to B is
B  B
WAB
= ∫=
F ·d s ∫ ( F · ds cos θ)
A A
In terms of rectangular components

F = Fxiˆ + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ


ds = dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ
dS

B B B
W = ∫ Fx dx + ∫ Fy dy + ∫ Fz dz
A A A

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W Work, Power and Energy 37
 
F = kxiˆ
 Example 10: A horizontal force F is used to pull a box placed
dS (dx)(−iˆ) {dx is +ve as x is increasing}
= on floor. Variation in the force with position coordinate x
  measured along the floor is shown in the graph.
dW = F·dS
x
1
1 Fx
∫ dw =
− ∫0 kx dx =
− kx12
2
xo = 0 x
In general work done by the string is given by
F(N)
1
W= − k ( x 2f − xi2 ) 10
2
where xi and xf are initial and final deformation of the spring. 15
x (m)
xi = li – l0 5 10
xf = lf – l0

(a) Calculate work done by the force in moving the

box from x = 0 m to x = 10 m.
Train Your Brain (b) Calculate work done by the force in moving the
box from x = 10 m to x = 15 m.

( )
Example 8: A force F = 3 t iˆ + 5 ˆj N acts on a body due (c) Calculate work done by the force in moving the
box from x = 0 m to x = 15 m.
 2
( )
to which its position varies as s = 2 t iˆ − 5 ˆj . Work done Sol. In rectilinear motion work done by a force equals to
area under the force-position graph and the position
by this force in first two seconds is:
axis
(a) 23 J (b) 32 J
F(N)
(c) zero (d) can’t be obtained A B
10
→→ 15
Sol. (b) W = ∫ F . ds
C E
O
= ∫ (3t iˆ + 5 ˆj ) . (4t dt iˆ ) 5 10
x (m)
2
= ∫ 12t 2 dt D
0
(a) W0→10 = Area of trapazium OABC =75 J
2
12 t 3  (b) W10→15 = –Area of triangle CDE = –25 J
0
= (c) W0→15 = Area of trapazium OABC – Area of
3
triangle CDE = 50 J
= 32 J
Example 11: A spring of force constant 100 N/m is stretched
Example 9: A force F acting an a particle varies with the
position x as shown in figure. Find the total work done by upto 5 cm. Find out work done.
this force in displacing the particle from Sol. Spring is stretched by length l = 5 cm = 0.05 m
(a) x = – 2 m to x = 0 Work done for small displacement dx is
(b) x = 0 to x = 2 m dW = Fdx = kx dx
F(N) Total work done for length l is
10 l l
1 2 1
–2
x(m)
W= ∫ F=
0
dx ∫ kx=
0
dx =
2
kl
2
100 (0.05)2 = 0.125 J
2 
Example 12: Find the work done by= F ( xyiˆ + yjˆ) N on
–10
particle, when it moves from origin to point (1, 1) along the
1 curve y = x2 where x and y are in meters
Sol. (a) W = − (2) (10) = – 10 J
2 =
Sol. W ∫ Fx dx + ∫ Fy dy
(b) W = 1 (2) (10) = 10 J =W ∫ xy dx + ∫ y dy
2

38 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 From this we can infer that kinetic energy increases when
dy positive work is done on the particle and decreases when negative
⇒ y = x2=
⇒ x or dy 2 x dx
2= work is done on it.
dx  
1 1 We know, Fnet = ma
∫ x dx + ∫ x 2 x dx
3 2 
⇒W=
  
W = ∫ Fnet ⋅ dS = ∫ ma ⋅ dS
0 0
f
4 1 1 
x 2 x4 1 2 3 dv 
∫ mv ⋅ dv= m ∫ (vx dvx + v y dv y + vz dvz )
 
  
=
4
+
4
= + = J
4 4 4 ∫ dt ⋅ vdt =
m
i
0 0
v
1 f
1 2 1 2
= m(vx2 + v 2y + v=
2
z) mv f − mvi
2 vi 2 2
= Kf – Ki = change in kinetic energy
Therefore change in kinetic energy of a particle is equal to
Concept Application total work done and this is called work energy theorem.

4. A position dependent force F = 7 − 2x + 3x2 acts on

a small body of mass 2 kg and displaces it from x = 0
to x = 5 m. Calculate the work done in joule.
Train Your Brain
5. Position-time graph of a particle of mass 2 kg is shown Example 13: Under the action of a force, the velocity of a
in figure. Total work done on the particle from t = 0
body charges from (3iˆ + 4 ˆj )m / s to (−12iˆ + 5 ˆj )m / s. . If
to t = 4s is
mass of the body is 2 kg, find the total work done on it.
x(m)
1 2
Sol. K i = × 2 × 3iˆ + 4 ˆj = 25 J
2 2
1 2
Kf = × 2 × −12iˆ + 5 ˆj = 169 J
t(s) 2
0 2 4 6
Work done = Kf – Ki
= 169 – 25 = 144 J
6. An object is displaced from point A(1, 2) to B(0, 1) Example 14: A ball of mass m = 0.4 kg is thrown vertically

by applying force F= xiˆ + 2 yˆj . up with a velocity of 20 m/s in vertically upward direction.
 It the ball rises to a maximum height of 19 m, find force air
Find out work done by F to move the object from resistance that acts on it (g = 9.8 m/s2)
point A to B. Sol. vi = 20 m/s
vf = 0 (at maximum height)
1
DK = Kf – Ki = − × 0.4 × 202 = –80 J FR
Kinetic Energy 2
The energy associated with a particle due to its motion is called Wgravity = –mg × 19 = –76 J mg
1 Wgravity + WR = DK
kinetic energy of the particle, K = mv 2
2
This is a scalar quantity. It is equal to work done by an external –76 + WR = –80
force in increasing its velocity from zero to v as is shown in next WR = –4 J
section. Example 15: A block of mass m is attached to a spring of
spring constant k. Spring is initially relaxed. If the block is
WORK ENERGY THEOREM now released, find the maximum vertical displacements of
the block?
When a force is applied on a particle in the direction of its velocity
its speed increases and work done on it is positive
v v
F F
(i) (ii)
On the other hand, when force is applied opposite to its S
direction of motion, its speed decreases and negative work is done
on it.
P
W Work, Power and Energy 39
 Sol. At the lowest positive blocks velocity will be zero. (a) left to mid point of the flat part
Ki = 0 (b) right to the mid point of the flat part
Kf = 0 (c) Mid point of the flat part
Wgravity = mgS (d) None of these
1 Sol. (c) WG – Wf = 0
Wspring = − kS 2
2
mgh = mmgl
Wgravity + Wspring = Kf – Ki
h = ml
mgS – −
1 2 =0
kS h = (0.2)l
2
2mg 1.5
S=
⇒l=
K 0.2

Example 16: A block attached to a spring, pulled by a
l = 7.5 m = (3 + 3 + 1.5)m
constant horizontal force, is kept on a smooth surface as
shown in the figure. Initially, the spring is in the natural
state. Then the maximum positive work that the applied
force F can do is [Given that spring does not break]
Concept Application
K
7. A block of mass m = 4 kg is dragged 2 m along a
F
horizontal surface by a force F = 30 N acting at
53o to the horizontal. The initial speed is 3 m/s and
F2 2F 2 µk = 1/8.
(a) (b)
K K
53°
F2
(c) ∞ (d)
2K
(a) Find the change in kinetic energy of the block
Sol. (b) Force will continue to do positive work till the
(b) Find its final speed
velocity of the block becomes zero
8. The displacement x of a body of mass 1 kg on
Applying work energy theorem on block
horizontal smooth surface as a function of time t is
t3
given by x = . Find the work done by the external
3
WF + WS = 0
agent for the first one second.
1 9. In the figure a block slides along a track from one level
Fl – kl2 = 0
to a higher level, by moving through an intermediate
2
valley. The track is frictionless until the block reaches
2F 2F2 the higher level. There a frictional force stops the block

\ l = or work done = Fl =
k k in a distance d. The block’s initial speed v0 is 6m/s,
the height difference h is 1.1 m and the coefficient of
Example 17: A small particle slides along a track with
kinetic friction µ is 0.6. The value of d is:
elevated ends and a flat central part, as shown in figure. The
v µ = 0.6
flat part has a length 3 m. the curved portions of the track 0

are frictionless, but for the flat part the coefficient of kinetic
friction is µ = 0.2. The particle is released at point A, which µ=0
is at a height h = 1.5 m above the flat part of the track. The
position where the particle finally come to rest is (a) 1.17 m (b) 1.71 m
A (c) 7.11 m (d) 11.7 m

CONSERVATIVE FORCE
3.0 m
A force is said to be conservative if work done by or against
the force in moving a body depends only on the initial and final

40 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

positions of the body and does not depend on the nature of path The frictional forces are non-conservative forces. This is
followed between the initial and final positions. because the work done against friction depends on the length of
m m m the path along which a body is moved. It does not depend only on
the initial and final positions. Note that the work done by frictional
force in a round trip is not zero.
m m m The velocity-dependent forces such as air resistance, viscous
force etc., are non conservative forces.
(a) (b) (c) Difference between Conservative and Non-conservative forces
Consider a body of mass m being raised to a height h vertically
upwards as shown in above figure. The work done is mgh. S.No. Conservative forces Non-conservative
Suppose we take the body along the path as in (b). The work done forces
during horizontal motion is zero. Adding up the works done in the 1 Work done does not depend Work done depends on
two vertical parts of the paths, we get the result mgh once again. upon path path.
Any arbitrary path like the one shown in (c) can be broken into 2 Work done in a round trip Work done in a round trip
elementary horizontal and vertical portions. Work done along the is zero. is not zero.
horizontal path is zero. The work done along the vertical parts add 3 Central in nature. Forces are velocity-
up to mgh. Thus we conclude that the work done in raising a body dependent and retarding
against gravity is independent of the path taken. It only depends in nature.
upon the inertial and final positions of the body. We conclude from 4 When only a conservative Work done against a
this discussion that the force of gravity is a conservative force. force acts within a system, non-conservative force
Examples of Conservative Forces the kinetic energy and may be dissipated as
potential energy can change. heat energy.
(i) Gravitational force, not only due to the Earth, but due in
its general form as given by the universal law of However their sum, the
gravitation, is a conservative force. mechanical energy of the
system, does not change.
(ii) Elastic force in a stretched or compressed spring is a
conservative force. 5 Work done is completely Work done in not
recoverable. completely recoverable.
(iii) Electrostatic force between two electric charges is a
conservative force.
(iv) Magnetic force between two magnetic poles is a ENERGY
conservative force.
A body is said to possess energy if it has the capacity to do work.
Forces acting along the line joining the centres of two When a body possessing energy does some work, part of its energy
bodies are called central forces. Gravitational force and
is used up. Conversely if some work is done upon an object, the
electrostatic forces are two important examples of central
object will be given some energy. Energy and work are mutually
forces. Central forces are conservative forces.
convertible.
Properties of Conservative Forces There are various forms of energy. Heat, electricity, light,
™ Work done by or against a conservative force depends only on sound and chemical energy are all familiar forms. In studying
the initial and the final position of the body. mechanics, we are however concerned chiefly with mechanical
™ Work done by or against a conservative force does not depend energy. This type of energy is a property of configuration or
upon the nature of the path between initial and final position position.
of the body.
1. Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy (K.E.), is the capacity of a
™ Work done by or against a conservative force in a round trip
body to do work by virtue of its motion.
is zero.
™ If a body moves under the action of a force that does no total If a body of mass m has velocity v, its kinetic energy is
work during any round trip, then the force is conservative; equivalent to the work, which an external force would have to
otherwise it is non-conservative. do to bring the body from rest up to its velocity v.
™ The concept of potential energy exists only in the case of The numerical value of the kinetic energy can be calculated

conservative forces. 1 2 mv .v
The work done by a conservative force is completely from the formula, K.E. = mv =
™ 2 2
recoverable. Since both m and v2 are always positive, K.E. is always
™ Complete recoverability is an important aspect of the work positive and does not depend upon the direction of motion of
done by a conservative force. the body.
2. Potential Energy: Potential energy is energy of the body
NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES by virtue of its position. A body is capable to do work by
virtue of its position, configuration or state of strain.
A force is said to be non-conservative if work done by or against
the force in moving a body depends upon the path between the Now relation between Potential energy and work done by a
initial and final positions. conservative force,

P
W Work, Power and Energy 41
 WC = –∆U, where ∆U is change in potential energy
The end of a stretched elastic spring will begin to move if it
There are two common forms of potential energy, is released. The spring. therefore possesses potential energy
gravitational and elastic. due to its elasticity. (i.e., due to change in its configuration)

Important points related to Potential energy The amount of elastic potential energy stored in a spring of
natural length a and spring constant k when it is extended
1. Potential energy is a straight function (defined only for
by a length x (from the natural length) is equivalent to the
position)
amount of work necessary to produce the extension.
2. Potential energy of a point depends on a reference point
1 2
3. Potential energy difference between two position doesn’t Elastic Potential Energy = kx
2
depend on the frame of reference.
It is never negative whether the spring is extended or
4. Potential energy is defined only for conservative force because
compressed.
work done by conservative force is path independent.
N.L. N.L.
5. If we define Potential energy for non conservative force then
we have to define P.E. of a single point through different path K K
which gives different value of P.E. at single point, this doesn’t M M M
make any sense.
Types of Potential Energy x0

(a) Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): It is possessed by Consider a spring block system as shown in the figure and let
virtue of height. us calculate work done by spring when the block is displaced
by x0 from the natural length.
When an object is allowed to fall from one level to a lower
level it gains speed due to gravitational pull, i.e., it gains At any moment if the elongation in spring is x, then the force
kinetic energy. Therefore, in possessing height, a body on the block by the spring is kx towards left. Therefore, the
has the ability to convert its gravitational potential energy work done by the spring when block further displaces by dx
into kinetic energy. The gravitational potential energy is dW = – kx dx
equivalent to the negative of the amount of work done by ∴ Total work done by the spring,
the weight of the body in causing the descent. If a mass m x0
1 2
is at a height h above a lower level the P.E. possessed by W=– ∫ kx dx
0
=–
2
kx0
the mass is (mg) (h). Since h is the height of an object above
Similarly, work done by the spring when it is given a
a specified level, an object below the specified level has
1
negative potential energy. compression x0 is – kx02 .
2
Therefore GPE = ±mgh
We assume zero potential energy at natural length of the
m1 spring.
mg mg
h h1 Work Energy Theorem for a System
P.E. = mgh From work energy theorem, we know
Reference level where 1 2 1 2
Wtotal = ∆=
K mv f − mvi
(a) P.E. is zero 2 2
h2 P.E. of m1 is m1gh1 Now, if we consider a system of particles,
P.E. of m 2 is –m2 gh2
Wtotal = DK1 + DK2 + ..... + DKn = DKsystem
m2 If we split the forces into internal and external forces.
(b) m2 g Wext + Wint = DK
™ The chosen level from which height is measured has no or Wext + Wint-C + Wint-NC = DK
absolute position. It is important therefore to indicate clearly But DU = –Wint-C
the zero P.E. level in any problem in which P.E. is to be Therefore, DK + DU = Wext + Wint-NC
calculated.
This is work energy theorem for a system of particles
™ GPE = ±mgh is applicable only when h is very small in
comparison to the radius of the earth. We have discussed GPE For an isolated system Wext = 0.
in detail in ‘GRAVITATION’. It internal non-conservative forces are also absent
(b) Elastic Potential Energy: It is a property of stretched or DK + DU = 0
compressed springs. D(K + U) = 0

42 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 K + U = constant friction diminishes the mechanical energy of the system. The lost
K + U = Mechanical energy is constant. mechanical energy in this case appears as thermal energy (heat)
and is denoted by Eth. This is the energy associated with random
The principle of conservation of energy may be stated as: If all motion of individual molecules, as distinct from the motion of
forces exerted by objects in a system are conservative and no work the macroscopic body as a whole. Just as the work done by a
is done on the system by an outside agent, the mechanical energy conservative force between bodies is the negative of the potential
(sum of kinetic and potential energy) does not change. energy gain, the work done by frictional force is negative of the
Note: While solving problems involving conservation of thermal (heat) energy gain. Thus
mechanical energy, one should note the following key points: DEth = –Wf and DME + DEth = 0 (for an isolated system)
1. One should identify the system for which mechanical energy The Conservation of Energy
is conserved. That means one should be able to draw a
If we consider not only conservative forces and the force of
closed surface such that what ever is inside the surface is friction but also other non-frictional non-conservative forces we
the system and whatever is outside is the environment. can regroup the work-energy theorem
2. Is friction or viscous forces (non-conservative force) DK + DU + DEth = WNC
absent? If they are present, mechanical energy will not be
where WNC is the work done by non-frictional non-conservative
conserved. forces.
3. The system under consideration should be isolated. The Now whatever the WNC are, it is always possible to find new forms
principle of mechanical energy conservation holds only of energy whose change corresponds to negative of this work. We
for an isolated system. If external forces are present then can then represent ΣWNC by another forms of energy. As a result,
mechanical energy will not be conserved. we can rewrite work energy theorem as
4. The system changes from some initial state to some final DK + DU +DEth + (change in other forms of energy) = 0
state. One must be clear what these states are. Applying In other words, total energy may be transformed from one form
energy conservation, one should then set to another but the total energy for an isolated system remains
(ME)initial = (ME)final or (Kf – Ki) + (Uf – Ui) = 0 constant.
External Work: Let us consider a system of objects that can
interact with each other by conservative forces and with other
particles (objects) outside the system. Its mechanical energy
will not be conserved if external forces do work on the system. Train Your Brain
Suppose, for instance, a box is lifted by a person form the ground.
The force applied by the person on the box is external if the system Example 18: Two masses are connected by a light string
which passes over a fixed pulley. The system is released
consist of earth and the box. The work done by this force increases
from rest. Find the speed of block m1 when it strikes the
the mechanical energy of earth - box system. If the velocity of the ground after falling a distance h.
box does not change, the increase in energy appears as potential
m2
energy; the box being further away from the earth. If the box’s
speed also increases, the increase in energy is both potential and
kinetic.
The energy equation can be written as
m1
DK + DU = Wext
where U arises from the interaction of the objects in the system h
with each other and K is the kinetic energy of the system.
Sol. Considering the system of m1, m2 and earth, we notice
Friction and Thermal Energy that there is no friction (non-conservative force) and
Let us now suppose that in addition to conservative forces, a single system is isolated. The mechanical energy of the
non-conservative force due to friction acts between the bodies of system is conserved. Hence DK +DU = 0
an isolated system. Then  1 1  
⇒  m1v12 + m2 v22  − 0  − m1 gh =
0
DK + DU = Wf  2 2  
This equation tells us that if friction force acts, the total mechanical in which v1 = v2 = v
energy is not constant, but changes by an amount equal to work The change in U of m1 is (–m1gh) and that of m2 is zero.
done by frictional force. We can rewrite the above equation as
2m1 gh
DME = MEf – MEf = Wf ⇒v=
m1 + m2
But frictional force is a dissipative force. The total work done by
kinetic frictional force is always negative. Therefore, presence of
P
W Work, Power and Energy 43
 Example 19: If the coefficient of kinetic friction between Example 21: In the figure shown below masses of blocks
m2 and horizontal surface is µ in the previous problem, find A and B are 3 kg and 6 kg respectively. The force constants
the velocity of m1 when it strikes the ground. of springs S1 and S2 are 160 N/m and 40 N/m respectively.
Length of the light string connecting the blocks is 8 m. The
Sol. In this case mechanical energy will not be conserved
system is released from rest with the springs at their natural
because work done by friction (non-conservative force) lengths. The maximum elongation of spring S1 will be:
is non-zero.
Hence, DK + DU = Wfriction
in which Wfriction = –µNh = –µm2gh
1 B
⇒ ( m1 + m2 ) v 2 − m1 gh = −µm2 gh A
2
S2
2 ( m1 − µm2 ) gh S1
⇒v=
m1 + m2
(a) 0.294 m (b) 0.490 m
Example 20: A block of mass m is attached to a spring of (c) 0.588 m (d) 0.882 m
spring constant k. The other end of the spring is attached to
Sol. (a) DK = 0 ⇒ DUgravity = –6gx + 3gx
a fixed wall (see fig.). If a force F is applied to the block as
1 1
shown, find the maximum elongation of the spring ∆U spring = k2 x 2 + k1 x 2
2 2

k
F

Sol. Let us consider the system consisting of the block and 6 kg

the spring. In this case mechanical energy will not be 3 kg
conserved, since external force F does some work.
Thus DK + DU = work done by F
The length of the string will continue to increase as
long as block moves to the right. Consequently, the
Applying, DK + DUgravity + DUspring = 0
maximum elongation of spring will occur when block
comes to state of momentarily rest. 1 2 1 2
6g(x) – 3g(x) = k2 x + k1 x
2 2
Let xm be the maximum elongation of the spring.
6 × 9.8 3 × 9.8
1 k2)x
6g = (k1 += =
Then ∆U spring = kxm 2 − 0 200 100
2
⇒ x = 0.294 m

∆K = 0 − 0 = 0

Work done by F = Fxm
1 2
Hence, kxm = Fxm
2
2F
Concept Application
⇒ xm =
k 10. The potential energy of a particle of mass m free to
Notice that the block will start moving towards left move along x-axis is given by U = 1/2kx2 for x < 0 and
after it comes to rest because force applied by the U = 0 for x ≥ 0 (x denotes the x-coordinate of the
spring will be more than F at this instant. particle and k is a positive constant). If the total
mechanical energy of the particle is E, then its speed
Try your self: Let the coefficient of kinetic friction
between block and surface be µ. Find the maximum 2E
at x = – is
elongation of spring in this case. k

( F − µmg ) (a) Zero (b)

2E
(c)
E
(d)
E
The answer is xm = 2
k m m 2m

44 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 Potential Energy Curve
11. In the given figure, spring, string and pulley are ™ A graph plotted between the PE of a particle and its
massless. System released from rest when spring in displacement from the centre of force field is called PE curve.
its natural length. Find maximum elongation in the ™ Using graph, we can predict the velocity of a particle at
spring. various positions if we know the mechanical energy of the
1
particle i.e., mu 2 + U = M ⋅ E
2
dU
™ Force on the particle is F(x) = –
dx

M.E

12. A block of mass m is placed inside a smooth hollow

cylinder of radius R whose axis is kept horizontally. Case: I On increasing x, if U increases, force is in (–) ve
Initially system was at rest. Now cylinder is given x direction i.e. attraction force.
constant acceleration 2 g in the horizontal direction by Case: II On increasing x, if U decreases, force is in (+) ve
external agent. The maximum angular displacement x-direction i.e. repulsion force.
of the block with the vertical is Different Positions of a particle

2g Position of Equilibrium: If net force acting on a body is zero, it

dU
is said to be in equilibrium. For equilibrium = 0. Points P, Q,
dx
(a) 2 tan–1 2 (b) tan–1 2 R and S are the states of equilibrium positions.
1 Types of Equilibrium
(c) tan–1 1 (d) tan–1  
2 ™ Stable equilibrium: When a particle is displaced slightly
from a position and a force acting on it brings it back to the
initial position, it is said to be in stable equilibrium position.
dU d 2U
Conservative Force and Potential Energy Necessary conditions: = 0, and = + ve
dx dx 2
∂U In figure P and R point shows stable equilibrium point.
Fs = −
∂s ™ Unstable Equilibrium: When a particle is displaced slightly
The projection of the force field , the vector F, at a given point from a position and force acting on it tries to displace the
in the direction of the displacement r equals the derivative of particle further away from the equilibrium position, it is said
the potential energy U with respect to a given direction, taken to be in unstable equilibrium.
with the opposite sign. The designation of a partial derivative dU
Condition: = 0 potential energy is maximum
∂/∂s emphasizes the fact of deriving with respect to a definite dx
direction. So, having reversed the sign of the partial derivatives of d 2U
the function U with respect to x, y, z, we obtain the projection Fx, i.e. = – ve
dx 2
Fy and Fz of the vector F on the unit vectors i, j and k. Hence, one Q point in figure shows unstable equilibrium point
can readily find the vector itself: ™ Neutral equilibrium: In the neutral equilibrium potential
   ∂U ∂U ∂U  energy is constant. When a particle is displaced from its
F = Fx iˆ + Fy j + Fz Kˆ , or F = –  i+ j+ k position it does not experience any force acting on it and
 ∂ x ∂ y ∂z 
continues to be in equilibrium in the displaced position. This
The quantity in parentheses is referred to as the scalar gradient of
is said to be neutral equilibrium.
the function U and is denoted by grad U or ∇U. We shall use the
second, more convenient, designation where ∇ (“nabla”) signifies In figure S is the neutral point
∂ ∂ ∂ dU d 2U
the symbolic vector or operator, ∇ = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ Condition: = 0, =0
∂x ∂y ∂z dx dx 2

P
W Work, Power and Energy 45
  
dW F .ds  
Instantaneous Power (P) = or P = ( dW = F .ds )
Train Your Brain or P = F .
 ds 
or P = F .v
dt dt

dt
Example 22: The potential energy between two atoms in a
Note:
a b
molecule is given by, U(x) = 12 – 6 , where a and b are  W
x x (i) Dimensions: [M1L2T–3]  from P = 
 t 
positive constants and x is the distance between the atoms. joule
(ii) SI unit: watt =
The system is in stable equilibrium when second
a (iii) Bigger Unit of power:
(a) x = 0 (b) x = 1 kilo watt (kW) = 1000 watt = 103 W
2b
1/ 6 1 maga watt = 1000, 000 watt or 1MW = 103kW
 2a   11a  1 horse power (h.p.) = 746 W = 550 ft. lb/s
(c) x =   (d) x =  
 b   5b 
a b (foot × pound)
Sol. (c) Given that, U(x) = 12 − 6 FPS Unit : , 1W = 0.738 ft. lb/s
x x second
du (iv) When an agent delivers power at a uniform rate, the average
We, know F = – = (–12) a x–13 – (–6b) x–7= 0 power is equal to the instantaneous power.
dx 1/ 6
6b 12a  2a  (v) The slope of work – time graph gives the instantaneous
or 7 = 13 or x6 = 12a/6b = 2a/b or x =  
x 4x  b  power
dW
Example 23: The potential energy of a conservative system slope = tan θ = = P (instantaneous power)
is given by U = ax2 – bx where a and b are positive constants. dt
Find the equilibrium position and discuss whether the (vi) Area under power – time graph gives the work done.
equilibrium is stable, unstable or neutral. Area under P-t graph = Area ABCD = work done from A to B.
dU
Sol. In a conservative field F = − R S
dx D C
d
∴F=– (ax 2 − bx) = b – 2ax
dx
p
b
For equilibrium F = 0 or b – 2ax = 0 ⇒ x = dt
2a A B
t
d 2U P Q
From the given equation we can see that = 2a
(positive), i.e., U is minimum. dx 2 Area under power – time graph = ∫ Pdt = W
Therefore, x = b/2a is the stable equilibrium position.

Train Your Brain

Concept Application Example 24: Force acting on a particle moving in a straight
K
line varies with the velocity v of the particle as F = ,
v
13. The potential energy U of a conservative system is
given by U = ax2 – bxy2. Find the x and y components where K is a constant. The work done by this force in time
of the conservative force Fx and Fy. t is
K
(a) t (b) 2Kt
v2
POWER
2Kt
(c) Kt (d)
Rate of work done by a force is called power delivered by the v2
force.
Sol. (c) It can be observed that power delivered to particle
work done W
Average power = or P = by force F is
time t
W is the amount of the work done in total time t.

46 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 P = Fv = K. Example 27: An elevator of total mass (elevator +
The power is constant. passenger) 1800 kg is moving up with a constant speed
Hence work done by force in time t is of 2 ms–1. A frictional force of 4000 N oppose its motion.
DW = Pt = Kt Determine the minimum power delivered by the motor to
the elevator. (Take g = 10 ms–2).
Example 25: What is the power of an engine which can lift
20 metric ton of coal per hour from a 20 metre deep Imine? Sol. Weight of (elevator + passenger) = mg = 1800 × 10
N = 18000 N, frictional force = 4000 N
Sol. Mass, m = 20 metric ton = 20 × 1000 kg
Total downward force on the elevator (18000+ 4000)
Distance, S = 20 m
N = 22000 N
Time, t = 1
Clearly. the motor must have enough power to balance
Hour = 3600 s this force.
Work Now, power, P = Fv = 2200 N × 2 ms–1
Power =
Time
4000
mg × S = hp = 58.98 hp
= 746
t
20 × 1000 × 9.8 × 20
= watt
3600
= 1.09 × 103 W
Example 26: A large family uses 8 kW of power. Direct
solar energy is incident on the horizontal surface at an
Concept Application
average rate of 200 W per square metre. If 20% of this 14. An electric motor creates a tension of 4500 N in
energy can be converted to useful electrical energy. how hoisting cable and reels it at the rate of 2 m/s. What
large an area is needed to supply 8 kW? is the power of electric motor?
Sol. If A must be the area. (a) 9 W
Useful electrical energy produced/s (b) 9 KW
20 (c) 225 W
= (200 A)
100 (d) 9000 H.P
= 100 40. A watts
But 40 A = 8000
or A = 800 m2

Short Notes

Work Done by constant Force Important cases:

 
W = F ⋅S (i) The force is perpendicular to velocity at all times. The work
done in this case is zero. e.g., :
Work Done by Multiple Forces (a) A particle attached to a string whose other end is
   
ΣF = F1 + F2 + F3 + attached to a fixed point. The work done by tension in
  the string is zero.
W =Σ[ F ]⋅ S
      (b) A body moving on a fixed surface. The work done by
W = F1 ⋅ S + F2 ⋅ S + F3 ⋅ S + or W = W1 + W2 + W3 + …
normal reaction is zero in this case.
Work Done by Variable Force (ii) Work done by gravity on a body near the surface of earth
 
= ∫ dW
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds = –mg(hf – hi)
Area under the force and displacement curve gives work done. = –mg × increase in height

P
W Work, Power and Energy 47
 (iii) Work done by friction on a block moving on a fixed surface Equilibrium Conditions
= −µ k ∫ N ( s )ds Stable Equilibrium
= −µ k N × distance travelled (if N is constant). dU dF d 2U
F (r ) =
− 0;and
= < 0; or >0
Here N is the normal reaction between the block and the dr dr dr 2
surface on which it is moving. Unstable Equilibrium
(iv) Work done by a spring on a block dU dF d 2U
F (r ) =
− 0; therefore
= > 0; and <0
1 dr dr dr 2
=− k x 2f − xi2
2
( ) Neutral Equilibrium
where xi and xf refer to the initial and final elongation or dU dF d 2U
compression of the spring. F (r ) =
− 0; therefore
= 0; and
= 0
=
dr dr dr 2
Relation between Momentum and Kinetic Energy Work-Energy Theorem for a Particle
2
p 1 2 1 2
=K = and P 2m K WNet = mv f − mvi
2m 2 2
P = linear momentum Work-Energy Theorem for a System
DK + DU = Wext + Wint-NC
Potential Energy
U2 r2   Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
∫U 1
− ∫ F ⋅ dr
dU =
r1 If the net external force acting on a system is zero, then the
rf   mechanical energy is conserved.
− ∫ F ⋅ dr =
i.e., U f − U i = −WConservative Kf + Uf = Ki + Ui
r i

Conservative Forces Power

 dU The average power delivered by an agent is given by
F= − rˆ
dr W
Pavg =
 ∂U ˆ ∂U ˆ ∂U ˆ t
F= − i− j− k   
∂x ∂y ∂z dF ⋅ S  dS  
P= =F ⋅ =F ⋅ v
dt dt

Solved Examples

1. A block of mass m rests on a rough horizontal plane having 5 µ k mg

coefficient of kinetic friction µk and coefficient of static Sol. (a) For motion to start > msmg or 5mk > 4ms
4
friction µs. The spring is in its natural length, when a constant
(b) initial position final position
5 µ k mg
force of magnitude P = starts acting on the block. no extension max. extension = x
4 k u=0 v=0
The spring force F is a function of extension x as F = kx3. µs µk P
(Where k is spring constant)
x
At the final position of the block extension in spring is
5 k mg
k P maximum and the speed of the block is v = 0. Hence the net
µs µk rough 4 work done in taking the block from initial to final position
(a) Comment on the relation between µs and µk for the DW = (Work done by force P + work done by spring force
F + work done by friction) = DK = 0
motion to start.
x
(b) Find the maximum extension in the spring (Assume the 5 µ k mg kx 4
force P is sufficient to make the block move). ∫
= Px – Kx3 . dx – µkmgx =
4
.x –
4
–mkmgx = 0
0

48 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 1/3 (vi) For what value of x does F(x) = 0 ?
 µ mg 
Solving we get, x =  K 
U(x)
 K  164
2. A particle of mass m approaches a region of force starting 84 49
from r = + ∞. The potential energy function in terms of ME
20
distance r from the origin is given by,
K –x x
U(r) = (3a2 - r2) for, 0 ≤ r ≤ a

7.38
–10 –3.38 x = 2 10
2 a3
Sol. (i) Potential energy at x = 5.0 m is
= K/r for, r ≥ a
where K > 0 (Positive constant) U = 20 + (5 – 2)2 = 29 J
(a) Derive the force F(r) and determine whether it is ∴ Mechanical energy, E = K + U = 20 + 29 = 49 J
repulsive or attractive. (ii) At x = 10 m, U = 84 J at x = –10 m, U = 164 J
(b) With what velocity should the particle start at r = ∞ to and at x = 2 m, U = minimum = 20 J
cross over to other side of the origin. (iii) Particle will move between the points where kinetic
2K energy becomes zero or its potentials energy is equal
(c) If the velocity of the particle at r = ∞ is towards to its mechanical energy
am
Thus, 49 = 20 + (x – 2)2
the origin describe the motion.
or (x – 2)2 = 29 or x – 2 = ± 29 =
± 5.38 m
du K K
Sol. (a) = (–2r) ⇒ F(r) = 3 r ∴ x = 7.38 m and –3.38 m
dr 2a 3 a
So the particle will move between x = –3.38 m and
 K  x = 7.38 m.
F (r ) =  3 r  rˆ for 0 ≤ r ≤ a
a  2 + 29
 K 2 – 29
F (r ) = r̂ for r ≥ a
r2 0
2
K>0 29 M.P. 29
\ force is +ve (iv) Maximum kinetic energy is at x = 2 m, where the
\ force is repulsive potential energy is minimum
1 K3a2 So, Kmax = E – Umin = 49 J – 20 = 29 J
(b) mu2 + 0 = 0 +
2 2 a3 dU
(v) F =− = −2( x − 2) =2(2 − x)
3K 3K dx
u2 =
⇒u= (vi) F(x) = 0 at x = 20 m
ma am
where potential energy is minimum (the position of
1 2K
(c) m + 0 = 0 + P.E. stable equilibrium)
2 am
4. A 1.2 kg collar C may slide without friction along a fixed
K
⇒ P.E = ⇒ r = a (Circular motion) smooth horizontal rod. It is attached to three springs each
a of constant k = 400 N/m and 150 mm undeformed length.
3. A single conservative force F(x) acts on a 1.0 kg particle that Knowing that the collar is released from rest in the position
moves along the x-axis. The potential energy U(x) is given shown. Determine the maximum velocity it will reach in its
by: U(x) = 20 + (x – 2)2 motion. [Here A, O, B are fixed points.]
where x is in meters. At x = 5.0 m the particle has a kinetic
energy of 20 J. C
(i) What is the mechanical energy of the system?
(ii) Make a plot of U(x) as a function of x for – 10m < x <
10m, and on the same graph draw the line that represents
the mechanical energy of the system.
Use part (ii) to determine
(iii) The least value of x and the greatest value of x between
which the particle can move.
(iv) The maximum kinetic energy of the particle and the
value of x at which it occurs.
(v) Determine the equation for F(x) as a function of x.

P
W Work, Power and Energy 49
Sol. Velocity will be maximum when a = 0 P = K.14mg.v1...(ii)
For a = 0, F = 0, Since engine power is constant
This situation occurs for ve following arrangement of springs. So by equation (i) and (ii)
6
6Kmgv = 14Kmgv1 ⇒ v1 = ×v
14
6 6 × 10 60
= × 20 = =
14 7 7
= v1 = 8.5 m/sec
150 150 Similarly for 6 coaches ⇒ K6mgv = K8mgv2
Natural length is c = 150 mm 6 3
Now , Ui + Ki = Uf + Kf ⇒ v2 = ×20 = × 20 = 15 m/sec
8 4
1 1 7. A pump motor is used to deliver water at a certain rate from
Ui = k{ 5 c – c}2 + k{ 2 c – c}2 and Ki = 0
2 2 a given pipe. To obtain “n” times water from the same pipe
1 1 2 in the same time, the factor by which the power of the motor
Uf = 2. k{ 2 c – c}2 and Kf = mv should be increased is
2 2  
1 1 Sol. Power P = F ⋅ V = FV
\ k{ 5 c – c}2 + k{ 2 c – c}2  dm 
2 2 F = V 
1 2 1  dt 
= mv + 2. k{ 2 c – c}2
2 2  d (ρ× volume) 
= V   r = density
Solving the equation and putting the values  dt 
we have  d (volume) 
1/2 = rV  
dt
v= 
 15
2
{ } 
( 5 − 1)2 + ( 2 − 1)2  m/s = 3.189 ms–1 .


= rV (AV) = rAV2


\ Power P = rAV3 or P a V3
5. Wind entering in a wind mill with a velocity of 20 m/sec
facing area of the windmill is 10 m2 and density of air is 8. A chain of mass M and length l is held vertically such that
1.2 kg/m3. If wind energy is converted into electrical energy its bottom end just touches the surface of a horizontal table.
with 33.3% efficiency, then find electrical power produced The chain is released from rest. Assume that the portion of
by the wind mill in kW. chain on the table does not form a heap. The momentum of
the portion of the chain above the table after the top end of
1
Sol. Energy entering in the windmill = mv2 
2 the chain falls down by a distance .
8
dE  1   dm 
Pin = =  v2    
dt  2   dt  Sol. After the top end of chain falls down by , the speed of
8
1 2 1 chain is
Pin =  v  (rAV) = rAV3
2  2 
Electrical power output 8
11 3
Pout =  ρAV 
3 2 
1 1
Pout =
ρAV 3 = × 1.2 × 10 × (20)3
6 6
Pout = 16 kW.

6. An engine can pull 4 coaches at a maximum speed of  g
20 m/s. Mass of the engine is twice the mass of every coach. v = 2g
=
8 2
Assuming resistive forces to be proportional to the weight,
approximate maximum speeds of the engine when it pulls 7
The mass of chain above table is M.
12 and 6 coaches are (power of engine remains constant). 8
Sol. When 4 coaches (m each) are attached with engine (2m) 7 g
according to question P = K 6mgv...(i)
\ Momentum of chain is = M
8 2
(constant power), (K being proportionality constant)
7
Since resistive force is proportional to weight = M g
16
Now if 12 coaches are attached

50 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 9. The figure shows a hollow cube of side ‘a’ of volume V. 12. Consider an elliptically shaped rail PQ in the vertical
V plane with OP = 6 m and OQ = 8 m. A block of mass 1 kg
There is a small chamber of volume in the cube as shown. is pulled along the rail from P to Q with a force of 18 N,
4
Which is always parallel to line PQ (see the figure given).
This chamber is completely filled by m kg of water. Water
Assuming no frictional losses, the kinetic energy of the block
leaks through a hole H and spreads in the whole cube. Then
the work done by gravity in this process assuming that the when it reaches Q is (n × 10) joules. The value of n is (take
complete water finally lies at the bottom of the cube is: acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms–2)
a/2
a

H Hole 8m
a

a
6m
Sol. Let h be the height of water surface, finally
Sol. WF + Wg = Kf – Ki
a/4
18 × 10 + 1g (–8) = Kf
180 – 40 = Kf
Kf = 100J = 10 ×10 J ⇒ n = 10
13. A particle of mass m is initially at rest at the origin. It is
a/8 h subjected to a force and starts moving along the x-axis. Its
kinetic energy K changes with time as dK/dt = gt where l
Volume of water remains the same hence, is a positive constant of appropriate dimensions. Which of
a a a the following statements is (are) true?
a2h = a. . ; h =
2 2 4 (a) The force applied on the particle is constant
a a 3a 5a (b) The speed of the particle is proportional to time
\ C.M. gets lowered by a –  +  = a – =
4 8 8 8 (c) The distance of the particle from the origin increases
linearly with time
5a
\ Work done by gravity = mg (d) The force is conservative
8
Sol. (a,b,d)
10. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force, K
  dv dk

mv = = gt
 x ˆ+ y ˆj  (K being a constant of dt dt
 2 i 3/2 
(
 x + y )
2 3/2
(
x2 + y 2  )
v dv =
γ
t dt
m
appropriate dimensions), when the particle is taken from the γ t2
v2
point (a, 0) to the point (0, a) along a circular path of radius = ⇒v∝t
a about the origin in the x-y plane is: 2 m 2
2K π Kπ Kπ dv
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0 = constant ⇒ F = constant
a a 2a dt
Sol. (d) Suppose x = r cos q, y = r sin q dx
∝ t ⇒ x ∝ t2
The expression of force on particle now becomes dt
 K 
− K ( y iˆ + x ˆj ) where K is a positive constant,
= F
r3
(
r cos θiˆ + r sin θˆj ) 14. A force F =
acts on a particle moving in the x-y plane. Starting from the
This force is in radial direction so work done by this origin, the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to the
force along given path (circle) is zero. point (a,0) and then parallel to the y-axis
 to the point (a, a).
11. A particle of mass 0.2 kg is moving in one dimension under The total work done by the force F on the particle is
a force that delivers a constant power 0.5 W to the particle. (a) –2Ka2 (b) 2Ka2 (c) –Ka2 (d) Ka2
If the initial speed (in ms–1) of the particle is zero, the speed    
(in ms–1) after 5s is : Sol. dW = F . ds where ds = dxiˆ + dyjˆ and F = – K( yiˆ + xjˆ )
Sol. E = P.t = 0.5W × 5 s \ dW = –K(ydx + xdy)= –Kd(xy)
1 ( a, a ) ( a, a ) ( a, a )
= 2.5 J = mv2
2
\W=
∫ (0, 0) dW = –K ∫ (0, 0) d ( xy) = –{K(xy)} (0, 0)
⇒ v = 5 m/s W = –Ka2

P
W Work, Power and Energy 51
 Exercise-1 (Topicwise)

DEFINITION OF WORK
30N
1. A man pushes wall and fails to displace it. He does

Force (F)
(a) Negative work 20N
(b) Positive but not maximum work 10N
(c) No work at all
5m 10m 15m 20m 25m 30m
(d) Maximum work
Displacement (X)
2. If the unit of force and length each be increased by four
times, then the unit of energy is increased by (a) 275 J (b) 375 J (c) 400 J (d) 300 J
(a) 16 times (b) 8 times 8. The work done by a force acting on a body is as shown in
(c) 2 times (d) 4 times the graph. The total work done in covering an initial distance
of 20 m is
WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE, VARIABLE
FORCE 20

3. You lift a heavy book from the floor of the room and keep 15
it in the book-shelf having a height 2 m. In this process you
F(in N) 10
take 5 seconds. The work done by you will depend upon
(a) Mass of the book and time taken 5
(b) Weight of the book and height of the book-shelf
5 10 15 20 25 30
(c) Height of the book-shelf and time taken
S(in m)
(d) Mass of the book, height of the book-shelf and time taken
(a) 225 J (b) 200 J (c) 400 J (d) 175 J
4. A body of mass m kg is lifted by a man to a height of one
metre in 30 sec. Another man lifts the same mass to the 9. A rigid body moves a distance of 10 m along a straight line
same height in 60 sec. The work done by them are in the under the action of a force of 5 N. If the work done by this force
ratio on the body is 25 joules, the angle which the force makes
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 with the direction of motion of the body is
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1 (a) 0º (b) 30º (c) 60º (d) 90º
5. A body of mass 6kg is under a force which causes 10. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio of work
t2 done by force of gravity in first, second and third second of
displacement in it given by S = metres where t is time.
4 the motion of the ball is
The work done by the force in 2 seconds is
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 : 9
(a) 12 J (b) 9 J
(c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 5 : 3
(c) 6 J (d) 3 J
6. A cord is used to lower vertically a block of mass M by a 11. A force acting on a particle varies with the displacement x
g as F = ax – bx2. Where a = 1 N/m and b = 1 N/m2. The work
distance d with constant downward acceleration . Work done by his force for the first one meter (F is in newtons, x
4
done by the cord on the block is is in meters) is
d d 1 2
(a) Mg (b) 3 Mg (a) J (b) J
4 4 6 6
d 3
(c) −3 Mg (d) Mgd (c) J (d) None of these
4 6
7. Given below is a graph between a variable force (F) (along 12. A block of mass 10 kg is released on a fixed wedge inside a
y-axis) and the displacement (X) (along x-axis) of a particle cart which is moving with constant velocity 10 ms−1 towards
is one dimension. The work done by the force in the
right. There is no relative motion between block and cart.
displacement interval between 0m and 30 m is

52 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 Then work done by normal reaction on block in two seconds 18. A force of 20 N is applied on a body of mass 5 kg resting on
from ground frame will be (g = 10 ms−2) a horizontal plane. The body gains a kinetic energy of 10 J
after it moves a distance 2m. The frictional force is
10 kg 10m/s (a) 10 N (b) 15 N (c) 20 N (d) 30 N
37º 19. The work done in pushing a block of mass 10 kg from bottom
to the top of a frictionless inclined plane 5 m long and 3 m
high is- (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
(a) 1320 J (b) 960 J (c) 1200 J (d) 240 J
(a) 392 J (b) 294 J (c) 98 J (d) 0.98 J
WORK ENERGY THEOREM 20. Two equal masses are attached to the two ends of a spring of
spring constant k. The masses are pulled out symmetrically
13. A block of mass m initially at rest is dropped from a height h to stretch the spring by a length x over its natural length.
on to a spring of force constant k. The maximum compression The work done by the spring on each mass during the above
in the spring is x then pulling is
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
(a) mgh = kx (a) kx (b) – kx2 (c) kx (d) – kx2
2 2 2 4 4
21. A particle of mass m at rest is acted upon by a force F for a
1 2
(b) mg ( h + x ) =kx time t. Its kinetic energy after an interval t is
2
F 2t 2 F 2t 2 F 2t 2 Ft
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 m 2m 3m 2 m
mgh
(c) = k ( x + h) 2
2 22. A body starts from rest with uniform acceleration and
1 acquires a velocity V in time T. The instantaneous kinetic
(d) mg ( h + x=
) k ( x + h) 2
2 energy of the body after any time t is proportional to:
14. A block of mass 3 kg starts from rest and slides down a (a) (V/T) t (b) (V2/T)t2
curved path in the shape of a quarter-circle of radius 2 m (c) (V2/T2) t (d) (V2/T2)t2
and reaches the bottom of path with a 4 m/s speed. If g is
10 m/s2, the amount of work done against friction is 23. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed
(a) 60 J (b) 36 J v0 in time t0. The work done on the body till any time t is
(c) 24 J (d) 12 J 1 2  t2  1 2  t0 
(a) mv0  2  (b) mv0  
15. A truck accelerates from speed ν to 2ν. Work done in doing 2  t0  2 t 
this is
3
(a) Three times as the work done in accelerating it from t  t 
rest to ν. (c) mv02   (d) mv02  
 t0   t0 
(b) Same as the work done in accelerating it from rest
to ν. 24. A body moving at 2 m/s can be stopped over a distance x.
(c) Four times as the work done in accelerating it from rest If its kinetic energy is doubled, how long will it go before
to ν. coming to rest, if the retarding force remains unchanged?
(d) Less than the work done in accelerating it from rest (a) x (b) 2x
to ν.
(c) 4x (d) 8x
16. If Ki and Kf are the initial and final values of kinetic energy
of a body respectively, then the work done by the net force 25. The work done in joules in increasing the extension of a
on the body is equal to spring of stiffness 10 N/cm from 4 cm to 6 cm is :
K f Ki (a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 50 (d) 100
(a) (b) Kf + Ki 26. A block of mass 1 kg slides down a curved track which forms
K f − Ki
one quadrant of a circle of radius 1 m as shown in figure.
K f + Ki The speed of block at the bottom of the track is v = 2 ms−1.
(c) (d) Kf – Ki
2 The work done by the force of friction is
17. A body possessing kinetic energy T moving on a rough 1m
horizontal surface is stopped in a distance y. The frictional m
force exerted on the body is
T 1m
(a) Ty (b)
y
m
T T V
(c) (d)
y y (a) +4 J (b) –4 J (c) –8 J (d) +8 J

P
W Work, Power and Energy 53
POWER (a) (b)

27. An engine develops 10 kW of power. How much time P P

will it take to lift a mass of 200 kg to a height of 40 m?
(Take g = 10 ms–2) :
(a) 4s (b) 5s (c) 8s (d) 10s t t
28. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to ν1 in (c) (d)
time t1. As a function of time t, the instantaneous power P P
delivered to the body is
t t
mν1t mν12 t
(a) (b)
t1 t1
36. A block of mass m slides along the track with kinetic friction
mν1t 2 mν12 t
(c) (d) μ. A man pulls the block through a rope which makes an
t1 t12 angle q with the horizontal as shown in the figure. The block
29. A man is riding on a cycle with velocity 7.2 km/hr up a hill moves with constant speed v. Power delivered by man is
having a slope 1 in 20. The total mass of the man and cycle T
is 100 kg. The power of the man is 
(a) 200 W (b) 175 W (c) 125 W (d) 98 W
m
30. An electric motor creates a tension of 4500 newton in a (a) Tv (b) Tvcosθ
hoisting cable and reels it in at the rate of 2 m/sec. What is (c) (Tcosθ – µmg)v (d) Zero
the power of electric motor IDEA OF POTENTIAL ENERGY EQUILIBRIUM
(a) 15 kW (b) 9 kW
37. In which case does the potential energy decrease
(c) 225 W (d) 9000 HP
(a) On compressing a spring
31. A weight lifter lifts 300 kg from the ground to a height of 2
(b) On stretching a spring
meter in 3 second. The average power generated by him is
(c) On moving a body against gravitational force
(a) 5880 watt (b) 4410 watt
(d) On the rising of an air bubble in water
(c) 2205 watt (d) 1960 watt
 38. A 2g ball of glass is released from the edge of a hemispherical
32. A constant force F is acting on a body of mass m with
 cup whose radius is 20 cm. How much work is done on the
constant velocity v as shown in the figure. The power P
exerted is ball by the gravitational force during the ball’s motion to the
F bottom of the cup?

q 
v

(a) F cos θv (b) F cos θ/mg

(c) F mg cos θ/v (d) mg sin θ/F
33. The power of a pump, which can pump 200 kg of water to a
height of 200 m in 10 sec is (g = 10 m/s2) (a) 1.96 mJ (b) 3.92 mJ
(a) 40 kW (b) 80 kW (c) 4.90 mJ (d) 5.88 mJ
(c) 400 kW (d) 960 kW
39. A uniform chain of length L and mass m is kept on a smooth
34. A force applied by an engine of a train of mass 2.05 × 106 kg
table. It is released from rest when the overhanging pat was
changes ts velocity from 5 m/s to 25 m/s in 5 minutes. The
power of the engine is nth fraction of total length. Find the kinetic energy of the
(a) 1.025 MW chain as it completely slips off the table :
(b) 2.05 MW 1
(a) mgL(1 − n 2 )
(c) 5 MW 2
(d) 6 MW (b) 2mgL(1 – n2)
35. A particle is projected at t = 0 from a point on the ground
with certain velocity at an angle with the horizontal. The 1
(c) mgL(n 2 − 1)
power of gravitation force is plotted against time. Which of 2
the following is the best representation? (d) 2mgL(n2 – 1)

54 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 40. In the stable equilibrium position, a body has (a) U (b) U
(a) Maximum potential energy
(b) Minimum potential energy
(c) Minimum kinetic energy
(d) Zero kinetic energy
r r
41. The potential energy of a conservative system is given by O O
V(x) = (x2 – 3x) joule, where x is measured in metre. Then
(c) U (d) U
its equilibrium position is at
(a) 1.5 m (b) 2 m
(c) 3 m (d) 1 m
42. When a conservative force does positive work on a body
(a) The potential energy increases r r
(b) The potential energy decreases 45. The given plot shows the variation of U, the potential
(c) Total energy increases energy of interaction between two particles with the distance
separating them r.
(d) Total energy decreases
43. The potential energy of a particle varies with distance x as
shown in the graph.
U(x)

B
D 1. B and D are equilibrium points
A 2. C is a point of stable equilibrium
C 3. The force of interaction between the two particles is
x
The force acting on the particle is zero at attractive between points C and D and repulsive between
(a) C (b) B D and E
(c) B and C (d) A and D 4. The force of interaction between particles is repulsive
between points E and F.
44. The diagrams represent the potential energy U of a function
of the inter-atomic distance r. Which diagram corresponds Which of the above statements are correct?
to stable molecules found in nature. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 2 and 4 (d) 2 and 3

Exercise-2 (Learning Plus)

1. The graph between the resistive force F acting on a body 2. A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth curved track
and the distance covered by the body is shown in the figure. AB joined to a rough horizontal surface (figure). The rough
The mass of the body is 25 kg and initial velocity is 2 m/s. surface has a friction coefficient of 0.20 with the block. If the
When the distance covered by the body is 4m, its kinetic block starts slipping on the track from a point 1.0 m above
energy would be the horizontal surface, the distance it will move on the rough
surface is
A
F(Netwon)

20

10
1.0m
0 1 2 3 4 x(m)
B Rough
(a) 50 J (b) 40 J (c) 20 J (d) 10 J
(a) 5.0 m (b) 10.0 m (c) 15.0 m (d) 20.0 m

P
W Work, Power and Energy 55
3. A light spring of length 20 cm and force constant 2 kg/cm is m 2 g tan 2 θ
m g 2 tan 2 θ
placed vertically on a table. A small block of mass 1 kg falls (a) (b)
2K 2K
on it. The length h from the surface of the table at which the
ball will have the maximum velocity is m 2 g 2 tan 2 θ m 2 g 2 tan 2 θ
(c) (d)
(a) 20 cm (b) 15 cm 2K K
(c) 10 cm (d) 5 cm 10. A 1.0 kg block collides with a horizontal weightless spring
 of force constant 2.75 Nm–1 as shown in figure. The block
4. A particle moves with a velocity v = (5iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ) m/s under
 compresses the spring 4.0 m from the rest position. If
the influence of a constant force F = (10iˆ + 10 ˆj + 20kˆ) N. the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and
The instantaneous power applied to the article is horizontal surface is 0.25, the speed of the block at the instant
(a) 200 J/s (b) 40 J/s (c) 140 J (d) 170 J/s of collision is
5. A man M1 of mass 80 kg runs up a staircase in 15 s. Another
man M2 also of mass 80 kg runs up the stair case in 20 s. The
ratio of the power developed by them (P1 / P2) will be
(a) 1
(b) 4/3
(c) 16/9 (a) 0.4 ms–1 (b) 4 ms–1
(d) None of the above (c) 0.8 ms–1 (d) 8 ms–1
6. A pump ejects 12000 kg of water at speed of 4 m/s in 40 11. Potential energy v/s displacement curve for one dimensional
second. Find the average rate at which the pump is working conservative field is shown. Force at A and B is respectively.
(a) 0.24 KW (b) 2.4 W U
(c) 2.4 KW (d) 24 W
7. Two springs A and B (kA = 2kB) are stretched by applying A B
forces of equal magnitudes at the four ends. If the energy
stored in A is E, that in B is x
(a) E/2 (b) 2E
(c) E (d) E/4
(a) Positive, Positive (b) Positive, Negative
8. A block of mass m is attached to two unstretched springs of
(c) Negative, Positive (d) Negative, Negative
spring constants k1 and k2 as shown in figure. The block is

displaced towards right through a distance x and is released. 12. The potential energy for a force field F is given by
Find the speed of the block as it passes through the mean U(x, y) = sin (x + y). The force acting on the particle of mass
position shown.
π
m  0,  at is
k1
m
k2  4
(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 0
k1 + k2 k1k2 2
(a) x (b) x
m m(k1 + k2 ) 13. A particle is taken from point A to point B under the influence
of a force field. Now it is taken back from B to A and it is
k12 k22 k13 k23 observed that the work done in taking the particle from A to
(c) x (d)
m(k12 + k22 ) m(k13 + k23 ) B is not equal to the work done in taking it from B to A. If
9. A wedge of mass M fitted with a spring of stiffness ‘K’ is kept Wnc and Wc is the work done by non-conservative forces and
on a smooth horizontal surface. A rod of mass m is kept on conservative forces present in the system respectively, ∆U
the wedge as shown in the figure. System is in equilibrium. is the change in potential energy, ∆k is the change in kinetic
Assuming that all surfaces are smooth, the potential energy energy, then
stored in the spring is (a) Wnc – ∆U = ∆k (b) Wc = +∆U
(c) Wnc + Wc = ∆k (d) Wnc – ∆U = –∆k
k m 14. The relationship between force and position is shown in fig
M (in one dimensional case). The work done in displacing a
 body from x = 1cm to x = 5 cm is

56 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 dyne 19. A pendulum bob of mass m is suspended at rest. A constant
horizontal force F = mg/2 starts acting on it. The maximum
30 angular deflection of the string is
20
10 
0 x in cm m F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (a) 90° (b) 53°
–10
(c) 37° (d) None of these
–20 
20. The potential energy for the force F = yziˆ + xzjˆ + xykˆ , if
(a) 20 erg (b) 60 erg the zero of the potential energy is to be chosen at the point
(c) 70 erg (d) 700 erg (2, 2, 2), is
15. F = 2x2 – 3x –2. Choose correct option (a) 8 + xyz (b) 8 – xyz
(a) x = –1/2 is position of stable equilibrium (c) 4 – xyz (d) 4 + xyz
(b) x = 2 is position of stable equilibrium 21. The upper half of an inclined plane with inclination 6 is
perfectly smooth while the lower half is rough. A body
(c) x = –1/2 is position of unstable equilibrium
starting from rest at the top will again come to rest at the
(d) x = 2 is position of neutral equilibrium bottom if the coefficient of friction for the lower half given
16. The kinetic energy of a particle continuously increases with by
time (a) tanθ (b) 2tanθ
(a) The resultant force on the particle must be parallel to (c) 2cosθ (d) 2sinθ
the velocity at all instants. 22. A smooth chain AB of mass m rests against a surface in
(b) The resultant force on the particle must be at an angle the form of a quarter of a circle of radius R. If it is released
less than 90° with the velocity all the time from rest, the velocity of the chain after it comes over the
horizontal part of the surface is
(c) Its height above the ground level must continuously
R A
decrease
(d) The magnitude of its linear momentum is increasing
continuously
17. A box of mass m is initially at rest on a horizontal surface.
B
A constant horizontal force of mg/2 is applied to the box
directed to the right. The coefficient of friction of the surface (a) 2gR
changes with the distance pushed as µ = µ0x where x is the
distance from the initial location. For what distance is the (b) gR
box pushed until it comes to rest again
1  2
2 1 1 (c) 2gR 1 − 
(a) (b) (c) (d)  π
µ0 µ0 2µ0 4µ0
18. One end of a light rope is tied directly to the ceiling. A man (d) 2gR(2 − π)
of mass M initially at rest on the ground starts climbing the 23. A body is moving down an inclined plane of slope 37°. The
rope upto a height . From the time he starts at rest on the coefficient of friction between the body and the plane varies
ground to the time he is hanging at rest at a height how much as μ = 0.3 x, where x is the distance traveled down the plane
work was done on the man by the rope? by the body. The body will have maximum speed.
 3
 sin 37º = 
 5
(a) At x = 1.16 m
(b) At x = 2
 (c) At bottommost point of the plane
(d) At x = 2.5 m
(a) 0
24. A vertical spring is fixed to one of its end and a massless
(b) Mg plank fitted to the other end. A block is released from a height
(c) –Mg h as shown. Spring is in relaxed position. Then choose the
(d) It depends on how fast the man goes up. correct statement.

P
W Work, Power and Energy 57
 (c) The compression of the spring at maximum KE of the
block does not depend on h
h (d) The maximum compression of the spring does not
depend on k
25. A block A of mass 45 kg is placed on another block B of
mass 123 kg. Now block B is displaced by external agent
by 50 cm horizontally towards right. During the same time
block A just reaches to the left end of block B. Initial and
k final positions are shown in figures. The work done on block
A in ground frame is
10 cm µ = 0.2 A
A
(a) The maximum compression of the spring does not 40 cm B F B F
depend on h
(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the block does not Initial Position Final Position
depend on h (a) –18 J (b) 18 J (c) 36 J (d) –36 J

Exercise-3 (JEE Advanced Level)

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 3. A particle free to move along x-axis is acted upon by a force
F = −ax + bx2 where a and b are positive constants. For
1. A car of mass m is accelerating on a level smooth road under x ≥ 0, the correct variation of potential energy function U(x)
the action of a single force F. The power delivered to the is best represented by
car is constant and equal to P. If the velocity of the car at
(a) U (b) U
an instant is v, then after travelling how much distance it
becomes double? x
x O
O
F

(c) U (d) U

x x
7 mv3 4mv3 mv3 18mv3 O O
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3P 3P P 7P
2. An ideal massless spring S can be compressed 1 m by a
4. Simple pendulums P1 and P2 have lengths 1 = 80 cm and
force of 100 N in equilibrium. The same spring is placed at
2 = 100 cm respectively. The bobs are of mass m1 and m2.
the bottom of a frictionless inclined plane inclined at 30° to Initially are at rest in equilibrium position. If each of the
the horizontal. A 10 kg block M is released from rest at the bobs is given a displacement of 2 cm, the work done cm is
top of the incline and is brought to rest momentarily after W1 and W2 respectively. Then,
compressing the spring by 2 m. If g = 10 ms–2, what is the (a) W1 > W2 if m1 = m2
speed of mass just before it touches the spring? (b) W1 < W2 if m1 = m2
M
m1 5
(c) W1 = W2 if =
S m2 4

30º m1 4
(d) W1 = W2 if =
m2 5
(a) 20 ms –1 (b) 30 ms –1 5. A body of mass m is slowly hauled up the rough hill by a
force F which at each point is directed along a tangent to
(c) 10 ms –1 (d) 40 ms –1 the hill. Work done by the force

58 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 surface. The coefficient of friction between the block and
the surface is m. The block is released when the spring has a
F 2 µ mg
h compression of. then choose the incorrect option(s)
k
2µmg/k
x k m
m
(a) Independent of shape of trajectory.
(b) Depends upon x. m
(a) The maximum speed of the block is m g
(c) Depends upon h. k
(d) Depends upon coefficient of friction (µ)
m
6. A spring block system is placed on a rough horizontal (b) The maximum speed of the block is 2m g
k
surface having coefficient of friction µ. The spring is given
initial elongation and the block is released from rest. For the (c) The block will have velocity towards left during its
motion.
subsequent motion
(d) The extension in the spring at the instant the velocity
of block become zero for the first time after being
k m µmg
m released is .
k
(a) Initial acceleration of block is 2 µg. 10. A man applying a force F upon a stretched spring is
(b) Maximum compression in spring is µmg/k stationary in a compartment moving with constant speed v.
(c) Minimum compression in spring is zero. The compartment covers a distance L in some time t.
m v
(d) Maximum speed of the block is 2µg F
k
7. In the figure shown, there is no friction between B and ground
and m = 2/3 between A and B.
A M
(a) The man acting with force F on spring does the work
B 2M F = Mg w = – FL.
(b) The total work performed by man on the (compartment
(a) The net work done on block A with respect to B is zero + spring) with respect to ground is zero.
(b) The net work done on block A with respect to ground (c) The work done by friction acting on man with respect
for a displacement ‘S’ is MgS/3 to ground is, w = –FL.
(c) The net work done on block B with respect to ground (d) The total work done by man with respect to ground is,
for a displacement ‘S’ is 2MgS/3 w = –FL.
(d) The work done by friction with respect to ground on A 11. A force F (power P = constant) is applied on block A of mass
and B is equal and opposite in sign. m as shown in figure, F is parallel to the inclined plane. Then
8. A body of constant mass m = 1 kg moves under variable Smooth
force F as shown. If at t = 0, S = 0 and velocity of the body
is 20 m/s and the force is always along direction of F
m
velocity, then choose the incorrect options A Fixed
F(N) 
P
(a) The maximum speed of block A is
10 N mg sin θ
P
2m 6m
S(m) (b) The maximum speed of block A is
mg cos θ
(a) Velocity of the particle will increase upto S = 2m and
then decrease. (c) The speed of block A first increases and then becomes
(b) The final velocity at S = 6 m is 10 m/s constant
(c) The final velocity at S = 6 m is 4 5 m/s (d) Speed of block A continuously increases
(d) The acceleration is constant up to S = 2 m and then it is 12. A single conservative force F(x) acts on a particle that
negative. moves along the x-axis. The graph of the potential energy
with x is given. At x = 5 m, the particle has a kinetic energy
9. A block of mass ‘m’ is attached to one end of a massless of 50 J and its potential energy is related to position ‘x’ as
spring of spring constant ‘ k’. The other end of the spring is U = 15+(x – 3)2 Joule, where x is in meter.
fixed to a wall. The block can move on a horizontal rough

P
W Work, Power and Energy 59
 U(Joule) U(x)
64
50 J
15
25
x(m)
–4 0 3 10 x(m)
–10 –5 6 10 15
(a) The mechanical energy of system is 69 J.
–35
(b) The mechanical energy of system is 19J.
(c) At x = 3, the kinetic energy of particle is minimum
16. If total mechanical energy of the particle is 25 J, then it can
(d) The maximum value of kinetic energy is 54 J. be found in the region
13. A body of mass 1.0 kg moves in X-Y plane under the influence (a) −10 < x < −5 and 6 < x < 15
of a conservative force. Its potential energy is given by
U = 2x + 3y where (x, y) denote the coordinates of the body. (b) −10 < x < 0 and 6 < x < 10
The body is at rest at (2, –4) initially. All the quantities have (c) −5 < x < 6
SI units. Therefore, the body (d) −10 < x < 10
(a) Moves along a parabolic path 17. If total mechanical energy of the particle is − 40 J, then it
(b) Moves with a constant acceleration can be found in region
(c) Never crosses the X axis (a) x < − 10 and x > 15
(d) Has a speed of 2 13 m/s at time t = 2s. (b) −10 < x < −5 and 6 < x < 15
14. A disc of mass 3 m and a disc of mass m are connected by a (c) 10 < x < 15
massless spring of stiffness k. The heavier disc is placed on (d) It is not possible
the ground with the spring vertical and lighter disc on top.
From its equilibrium position the upper disc is pushed down Comprehension (Q. 18 to 20): In the figure the variation of
by a distance d and released. Then potential energy of a particle of mass m = 2 kg is represented
3mg w.r.t. its x-coordinate. The particle moves under the effect of this
(a) If δ > , the lower disc will bounce up
k conservative force along the x-axis.
2mg U(in J)
(b) If δ = , maximum normal reaction from ground 20
k
on lower disc = 6 mg 15
10
2mg –5 5
(c) If δ = , maximum normal reaction from ground x (in metre)
k –10 2 10
on lower disc = 4 mg
12
4mg –15
(d) If δ > , the lower disc will bounce up
k
15. A ball of mass m is attached to the lower end of light vertical 18. If the particle is released at the origin then:
spring of force constant k. The upper end of the spring is fixed. (a) It will move towards positive x-axis.
The ball is released from rest with the spring at its normal
(b) It will move towards negative x-axis.
(unstretched) length, comes to rest again after descending
through a distance x. (c) It will remain stationary at the origin.
(a) x = mg/k (d) Its subsequent motion cannot be decided due to lack of
(b) x = 2 mg/k information.
(c) The ball will have no acceleration at the position where 19. If the particle is released at x = 2 + Dx where Dx → 0 (it is
it has descended through x/2. positive) then its maximum speed in subsequent motion will
(d) The ball will have an upward acceleration equal to g at be
its lowermost position. (a) 10 m/s (b) 5 m/s
(c) 5 2 (d) 7.5 m/s
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
20. x = –5 m and x = 10 m positions of the particle are respectively
Comprehension (Q. 16 to 17): The figure shows the variation of
are of
potential energy of a particle as a function of x, the x-coordinate
(a) Neutral and stable equilibrium.
of the region. It has been assumed that potential energy depends
(b) Neutral and unstable equilibrium.
only on x. For all other values of x, U is zero, i.e. for x < −10 and
x > 15, U = 0. Based on above information answer the following (c) Unstable and stable equilibrium.
questions (d) Stable and unstable equilibrium.

60 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS (a) A-(q); B-(r); C-(q); D-(r)
(b) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(p)
21. A block is placed on a rough wedge fixed on a lift as shown
in figure. A string is also attached with the block. The whole (c) A-(r); B-(p); C-(s); D-(r)
system moves upwards. Block does not lose contact with (d) A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(r)
wedge on the block. Match the following two columns
regarding the work done (on the block).| NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
23. A uniform chain of length l and mass m overhangs on a rough
horizontal table with its 3/4 part on the table. The friction
coefficient between the table and the chain is µ. Find the
magnitude of work (in joules) done by the friction during
the period the chain slips off the table
Column-Ι Column-ΙΙ 24. The system as shown in the figure is released from rest. The
pulley, spring and string are ideal & friction is absent
A. Work done by normal p. Positive
everywhere. If speed of 5 kg block when 2 kg block leaves
reaction
the contact with ground is 2 x m/s, then value of x is (spring
B. Work done by gravity q. Negative
constant k = 40 N/m and g = 10 m/s2)
C. Work done by friction r. zero
D. Work done by tension s. Can’t say anything
(a) A-(q); B-(r); C-(q); D-(r)
(b) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(p)
(c) A-(r); B-(p); C-(s); D-(q)
(d) A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(r) 5kg
2kg
22. AB is a quarter of a smooth horizontal circular track of radius
R. A particle P of mass m moves along the track from A to 25. A spring (k = 100 Nm–1) is suspended in vertical position
B under the action of following forces: having one end fixed at top and other end joined with a 2
O R B kg block. When the spring is in non deformed shape, the
y
block is given initial velocity 2 m/s in downward direction.
 3 +1 
F1 F2 The maximum elongation of the spring is  meter.
 n 
F3 x Find n.  
R
26. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are connected by a spring
P F4 of stiffness k = 200 Nm –1. The coefficient of friction
between the blocks and the surface is µ. Find the minimum

A constant horizontal force F (in Newton) to be applied to
F1 = F (always towards y-axis)
m1 in order to slide the mass m2. (Initally spring is in its

F2 = F (always towards point B)
natural length).
 (Take m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 5 kg, g = 10 m/s2, m = 0.2)
F3 = F (always along the tangent to path AB)

 27. All springs, string and pulley shown in figure are light.
F4 = F (always towards x-axis)
Initially when both the springs were in their natural state, the
system was released from rest. The maximum displacement
Column-Ι Column-ΙΙ  5mg 
of block m is x ×   . Calculate x.
A. Work done by  p.  k 
F1 2FR
B. Work done by  q. 1
F2 FR
2 Spring 1
 k
C. Work done by F3 r. FR

D. Work done by  s. πFR

F4
2 Spring 2
k
T. πFR m
2

P
W Work, Power and Energy 61
 28. One end of a spring of natural length l and spring constant 31. Potential energy of a particle of mass m, depends on distance
k is fixed at the ground and the other is fitted with a smooth K
ring of mass m which is allowed to slide on a horizontal rod y from line AB according to given relation U = ,
fixed at a height l (figure). Initially, the spring makes an y + a2
2

angle of q with the vertical when the system is released from where K is a positive constant. A particle of mass m is
rest. If the speed of the ring when the spring becomes vertical projected from y = 3 a towards line AB (perpendicular
k
is (2l / 3) m/s then find the value of angle q (in degree): to it) then minimum velocity so that it cannot return to its
m
K
initial point is , calculate N.

aNm
 m

29. A particle of mass ‘M’ is moved rectilinearly under constant y

power P0. At some instant after the start, its speed is v and at
a later instant, the speed is 2 v. Neglecting friction, distance A B
travelled (in m) by the particle as its speed increases from v a a
to 2v is 7x. Find x (Take P0 = 4 watt, M = 12 kg, v = 3m/s). 32. The potential energy (in SI units) of a particle of mass
30. A particle of mass 2 kg is subjected to a two dimensional 2 kg in a conservative field is U = 6x – 8y. If the initial

conservative force given by, Fx = -2x + 2 y, Fy = 2x - y2. velocity of the particle is u = – 1.5 iˆ + 2 ĵ then find the
(x, y in m and F in N). If the particle has kinetic energy of total distance (in meter) travelled by the particle in first
8/3 J at point (2,3), find the speed (in m/s) of the particle two seconds.
when it reaches (1, 2).

Exercise-4 (Past Year Questions)

JEE MAIN work is done only when the weight is lifted up? Fat supplies
3.8 × 107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical
1. A point particle of mass m moves along the uniformly rough
energy with a 20% efficiency rate. (Take g = 9.8 ms – 2)(2016)
track PQR as shown in the figure. The coefficient of friction,
between the particle and the rough track equals μ. The (a) 2.45 × 10 – 3 kg (b) 6.45 × 10 – 3 kg
(c) 9.89 × 10 kg– 3 (d) 12.89 × 1 – 3 kg
particle is released, from rest, from the point P and it comes
to rest at a point R. The energies lost by the ball over the parts 3. A body of mass m = 10–2 kg is moving in a medium and
PQ and QR of the track are equal to each other, and no energy experiences a frictional force F = –kv2. Its initial speed is
is lost when particle changes direction from PQ to QR. 1 2
The values of the coefficient of friction μ and the distance v0 = 10 ms–1. If after 10 s, its energy is mv0 , the value of k
8
x( = QR), are, respectively close to (2016) will be (2017)
–4
(a) 10 kg m –1 –1
(b) 10 kg m s –1 –1

(c) 10–3 kg m–1 (d) 10–3 kg s–1

4. A time dependent force F = 6t acts on a particle of mass
1 kg. If the particle starts from rest, the work done by the
force during the first 1 s will be (2017)
(a) 9 J (b) 18 J
(c) 4.5 J (d) 22 J
(a) 0.2 and 6.5 m (b) 0.2 and 3.5 m 5. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius a under the
(c) 0.29 and 3.5 m (d) 0.29 and 6.5 m k
action of an attractive potential U = − 2 . Its total energy
2. A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass 2r
of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m, 1000 times. Assume that is (2018)
the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is k 3 k k
(a) (b) Zero (c) − (d) − 2
dissipated. How much fat will he use up considering the 2a 2 2 a2 4a

62 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 6. A force acts on a 2 kg object so that its position is given as 11. A uniform cable of mass ‘M’ and length ‘L’ is placed on a
th
a function of time as x = 3t2 + 5. What is the work done by 1
horizontal surface such that its   part is hanging below
this force in first 5 seconds?  (2019) n
(a) 850 J (b) 950 J the edge of the surface. To lift the hanging part of the cable
(c) 875 J (d) 900 J upto the surface, the work done should be (2019)
7. A block of mass m, lying on a smooth horizontal surface, is MgL MgL
(a) (b)
attached to a spring (of negligible mass) of spring constant k. n2 2n 2
The other end of the spring is fixed, as shown in the figure. 2MgL
The block is initially at rest in an equilibrium position. If now (c) (d) nMgL
n2
the block is pulled with a constant force F, the maximum
speed of the block is  (2019) 12. A spring whose unstreched length is l has a force constant
k. The spring is cut into two pieces of unstretched lengths l1
and l2 where, l1 = nl2 and n is an integer. The ratio k1/k2 of
the corresponding force constants, k1 and k2 will be (2019)
m F 1 1
(a) 2 (b) n2 (c) (d) n
n n
2F F
(a) (b)
mk π mk 13. A person of mass M is sitting on a swing of length L and
swinging with an angular amplitude θ0. If the person stands
πF F up when the swing passes through its lowest point, the work
(c) (d)
mk mk done by him, assuming that his centre of mass moves by a
8. A particle which is experiencing a force, given by distance ( << L) , is close to (2019)
 
F= 3iˆ − 12 ˆj , undergoes a displacement of d = 4iˆ . If the (a) Mg 2
(b) Mg (1 + θ0 )
particle had a kinetic energy of 3 J at the beginning of the
 θ2 
displacement, what is its kinetic energy at the end of the (c) Mg  (1 − θ02 ) (d) Mg  1 + 0 
displacement?  (2019)  2 
(a) 9 J (b) 12 J (c) 10 J (d) 15 J 14. A 60 HP electric motor lifts an elevator having a maximum
total load capacity of 2000 kg. If the frictional force on the
9. A block of mass m is kept on a platform which starts from rest elevator is 4000 N, the speed of the elevator at full load is
with constant acceleration g/2 upward, as shown in figure.
close to : (1 HP = 746 W, g = 10 ms–2) (2020)
Work done by normal reaction on block in time t is (2019) –1 –1
(a) 1.5 ms (b) 1.9 ms
(c) 2.0 ms–1 (d) 1.7 ms–1

m 15. A particle (m = 1 kg) slides down a frictionless track (AOC)

g
a= starting from rest at a point A(height 2 m). After reaching C,
2
the particle continues to move freely in air as a projectile.
When it reaches its highest point P (height 1 m), the kinetic
mg 2 t 2 mg 2 t 2 energy of the particle (in J) is : (Figure drawn is schematic
(a) − (b)
8 8 and not to scale)(Take g = 10 ms–2) (2020)
3mg 2 t 2
(c) 0 (d)
8
10. A particle moves in one dimension from rest under the
influence of a force that varies with the distance travelled
by the particle as shown in the figure. The kinetic energy of
the particle after it has travelled 3 m is (2019)

3 16. An elevator in a building can carry a maximum of 10 persons

with the average mass of each person being 68 kg. The mass
Force 2
(in N) 1 of the elevator itself is 920 kg and it moves with a constant
speed of 3 m/s. The frictional force opposing the motion is
1 2 3 6000 N. If the elevator is moving up with its full capacity,
Distance the power delivered by the motor to the elevator must be at
(in m) least (g = 10 m/s2) (2020)
(a) 6.5 J (b) 2.5 J (c) 4 J (d) 5 J (a) 62360 W (b) 56300 W (c) 48000 W (d) 66000 W
P
W Work, Power and Energy 63
 
17. Consider a force=F – xiˆ + yjˆ. The work done by this force 1 1
2B  6 A2  B 6 A2
in moving a particle from point A(1,0) to B(0,1) along the (a)   , − (b)   ,−
 A  2B  2A  2B
line segment is (All quantities are in SI units) (2020)
1 1
y A2  B 6
 2B  6
(c)   ,− (d)   , 0
B(0,1)  A  4B  A
23. A ball of mass 4 kg, moving with a velocity of 10ms–1,
collides with a spring of length 8 m and force constant
100 Nm–1. The length of the compressed spring is x m. The
value of x, to the nearest integer, is (2021)
x 24. As shown in the figure, a particle of mass 10 kg is placed at
(0,0) A(1,0) a point A. When the particle is slightly displaced to its right,
it starts moving and reaches the point B. The speed of the
1 3 particle at B is x m/s. The value of ‘x’ to the nearest integer
(a) (b)
2 2 is (Take g = 10 m/s2) (2021)
(c) 2 (d) 1
18. A small block starts slipping down from a point B on an
inclined plane AB, which is making an angle θ with the
horizontal section. BC is smooth and the remaining section
CA is rough with a coefficient of friction µ. It is found that
the block comes to rest as it reaches the bottom (point A) of
the inclined plane. If BC = 2AC, the coefficient of friction
is given by µ = k tanθ. The value of k is __________.(2020)

25. Two masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving with equal kinetic

energy. The ratio of the magnitudes of their momenta is
 (2021)
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 :1
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 16
19. A cricket ball of mass 0.15 kg is thrown vertically up by 26. A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant
a bowling machine so that it rises to a maximum height of radius r such that its centripetal acceleration ac is varying
20 m after leaving the machine. If the part pushing the ball with time ‘t’ as ac = k2rt2 where ‘k’ is a constant. The power
applies a constant force F on the ball and moves horizontally delivered to the particle by the force acting on it is (2021)
a distance of 0.2 m while launching the ball, the value of F (a) 2πmk2r2t (b) mk2r2t
4 2 5
(c) (mk r t )/3 (d) Zero
(in N) is (g = 10 ms–2) ________. (2020)
20. A person pushes a box on a rough horizontal platform 27. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a vertical
surface. He applies a force of 200 N over a distance of 15 m. circle with the other end of the string at the centre. At a
Thereafter, he gets progressively tired and his applied force certain instant of time, the stone is at its lowest position, and
reduces linearly with distance to 100 N. The total distance has a speed u. The magnitude of the change in its velocity as
through which the box has been moved is 30m. What is the it reaches a position where the string is horizontal is (2021)
work done by the person during the total movement of the
(a) u 2 − 2 gL (b) u 2 − gL
box? (2020)
(a) 5690 J (b) 3280 J (c) 5250 J (d) 2780 J (c) 2(u 2 − gL) (d) 2gL
21. A body of mass 2 kg is driven by an engine delivering a 28. When a rubber-band is stretched by a distance x, it exerts
constant power of 1 J/s. The body starts from rest and moves a restoring force of magnitude F = ax + bx2 where a and b
in a straight line. After 9 seconds, the body has moved a are constants. The work done in stretching the unstretched
distance (in m) _______. (2020) rubber-band by L is (2021)
22. If the potential energy between two molecules is given by (a) (aL2)/2 + (bL2)/3
A B (b) 1/2(aL2)/2 + (bL3)/3)
U = – 6 + 12 , then at equilibrium, separation between
r r (c) aL2 + bL3
molecules, and the potential energy are (2020)
(d) 1/2(aL2 + bL3)

64 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW

 29. A body of mass m = 10–2 kg is moving in a medium and 37. Consider an elliptically shaped rail PQ in the vertical plane
experience a frictional force F = –kv2. Its initial speed is with OP = 3m and OQ = 4m. A block of mass 1kg is pulled
1 2 along the rail from P to Q with a force of 18 N which is
v0 = 10 ms–1. If, after 10 s, its energy is mv0 , the value of always parallel to line PQ (see the figure given). Assuming
8
k will be (2021) no frictional losses, the kinetic energy of the block when
–4
(a) 10 kg m –1 –1
(b) 10 kg m s –1 –1 it reaches Q is (n × 10) joules. The value of n is (take
(c) 10–3 kg m–1 (d) 10–3 kg s–1 acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms–2) (2014)
Q
30. A block of mass 10 kg starts sliding on a surface with an initial
velocity of 9.8 ms–1. The coefficient of friction between the
surface and block is 0.5. The distance covered by the block
before coming to rest is [g = 9.8 ms–2] (2022) 4m
(a) 4.9 m (b) 9.8 m (c) 12.5 m (d) 19.6 m
31. A boy ties a stone of mass 100 g to the end of a 2 m long 90º
string and whirls it around in a horizontal plane. The string O 3m P
can withstand the maximum tension of 80 N. If the maximum
K 38. A particle is moved along a path AB-BC-CD-DE-EF-FA,
speed with which the stone can revolve is rev./min, the 
π as shown in figure, in presence of a force F = (αyiˆ + 2αxjˆ)
value of K is (Assume the string is massless and unstretchable) N where x and y are in meter and a = –1 N/m–1. The work

done on the particle by this force F will be ____ Joule
 (2022)
 (2019)
(a) 400 (b) 300 (c) 600 (d) 800 y
32. A 0.5 kg block moving at a speed of 12 ms–1
compresses a 1.0
A B
spring through a distance 30 cm when its speed is halved. The
spring constant of the spring will be _____ Nm–1. (2022)
33. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a vertical D
0.5 C
circle with the other end of the string at the centre. At a
certain instant of time, the stone is at its lowest position and
has a speed u. The magnitude of change in its velocity, as it
reaches a position where the string is horizontal, is F E x
0 0.5 1.0
2
x(u − gL). The value of x is (2022)
39. A student skates up a ramp that makes an angle 30° with
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 5 the horizontal. He/she starts (as shown in the figure) at the
34. A particle of mass 500 gm is moving in a straight line bottom of the ramp with speed v0 and wants to turn around
with velocity v = bx5/2. The work done by the net force over a semicircular path xyz of radius R during which he/she
during its displacement from x = 0 to x = 4 m is (Take: reaches a maximum height h (at point y) from the ground as
b = 0.25 m–3/2 s–1) (2022) shown in the figure. Assume that the energy loss is negligible
(a) 2 J (b) 4 J (c) 8 J (d) 16 J and the force required for this turn at the highest point is
provided by his/her weight only, then (g is the acceleration
due to gravity) (2020)
JEE ADVANCED
35. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force, K z
R
  y
 x y ˆj  (K being a constant of
iˆ + x
 ( x2 + y 2 ) 3/ 2
( x 2 + y 2 ) 
3/ 2

 h
appropriate dimensions), when the particle is taken from the 30º
point (a, 0) to the point (0, a) along a circular path of radius
1
a about the origin in the x-y plane is (2013) (a) v02 − 2 gh = gR
2
2K π Kπ Kπ
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0 3
a a 2a (b) v02 − 2 gh =gR
36. A particle of mass 0.2 kg is moving in one dimension under 2
a force that delivers a constant power 0.5 W to the particle. (c) The centripetal force required at points x and z is zero
If the initial speed (in ms–1) of the particle is zero, the speed (d) The centripetal force required is maximum at points
(in ms–1) after 5s is (2013) x and z

P
W Work, Power and Energy 65
 ANSWER KEY

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (i) Zero (ii) 500J, 2. (a) 3. (a) zero (b) zero (c) –mmgvt (d) mmgvt 4. [135 J] 5. [0 J]
mg
6. [W = – 3.5 J] 7. (a) 32 J, (b) 5 m/s 8. [0.5 J] 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. 12. (a)
k
−∂U
13. Fx = = −2ax + by 2 , Fy =
2bxy 14. (b)
∂x

EXERCISE-1 (TOPICWISE)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c)

EXERCISE-2 (LEARNING PLUS)

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b,d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b)

EXERCISE-3 (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a,d) 5. (a,b,c,d) 6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (a,b,c,d) 8. (a,c,d) 9. (a,b,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a,c) 12. (a,d) 13. (b,c,d) 14. (b,d) 15. (b,c,d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. [18] 24. [2] 25. [5] 26. [11] 27. [2] 28. [53°] 29. [27] 30. [2]
31. [1] 32. [15]

EXERCISE-4 (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

JEE Main
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. [10] 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. [3] 19. [150] 20. (c)
21. [18] 22. (c) 23. [6] 24. [10] 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. [600] 33. (b) 34. (d)

JEE Advanced
35. (d) 36. [5] 37. [5] 38. [0.75] 39. (a,d)

66 Dropper JEE Module-2 Physics PW