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English Grammar-2-5

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31 views4 pages

English Grammar-2-5

Uploaded by

radiya mamedova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NOUN

-Morphological composition of nouns-

NOUNS
SIMPLE DERIVATIVE COMPOUND

Simple nouns have only one stem, e.g. a table, an apple.


Derivative nouns are formed from simple nouns or other parts of speech by means
of suffixes or prefixes, e.g. a lioness, strength, misunderstanding. Stem+suffix
prefix+stem
Compound nouns are formed by means of joining two or more stems, e.g. a
railway, a letter-box. Compound nouns are formed by means of a combination of
two or more stems, creating a word with indivisible meaning e.g. Compound
nouns, formed of three stems or having a preposition as a part, are written as
following: a mother-in-law, an editor-in-chief, a forget-me-not

List of suffixes
-age baggage, village, postage
-al arrival, burial, deferral
-ance/-ence reliance, defence, insistence
-dom boredom, freedom, kingdom
-ee employee, payee, trainee
-er/-or driver, writer, director
-hood brotherhood, childhood, neighbourhood
-ism capitalism, Marxism, socialism (philosophies)
-ist capitalist, Marxist, socialist (followers of philosophies)
-ity/-ty brutality, equality, cruelty
-ment amazement, disappointment, parliament
-ness happiness, kindness, usefulness
-ry entry, ministry, robbery
-ship friendship, membership, workmanship
-sion/-tion/-xion expression, population, complexion

-Semantic character-

We can use nouns in the plural and singular. We can use the nouns in the plural, if
it is countable. Plural noun is formed by adding -S/-ES
An idea- ideas
A bench- benches

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Some nouns are irregular in the plural
A man- men
A woman- women
A child- children
A person- people
A foot- feet
A tooth- teeth
A goose- geese
A mouse- mice
A louse- lice

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and plural
A sheep- sheep
A deer- deer
A fish- fish
A swine- swine
A species- species

Some nouns are only in the plural:


Clothes scissors
Goods trousers
Police shorts
Poultry glasses
Cattle tights
Arms binoculars
Riches tongs
Gentry jeans
Stairs headphones

Some nouns end with S but they are not plural


News
Lexics
Politics
Economics
Maths
Phonetics
Billiards

There are also countable and uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns we cannot
count and we cant form the plural form from them. But with countable nouns we
use article A/AN and can form plural.
Uncountable nouns are
1) Names of food: meat, salt, bread, chocolate, soup
2) Liquids: water, wine, coffee, tea, lemonade, oil
3) Materials: gold, wood, sand, paper, coal

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4) Abstract meanings: happiness, love, friendship, beauty
5) Subjects and languages: chemistry, literature, Spanish, English
6) Illness: flu, mumps, measles
7) Other: money, furniture, weather

-Cases of nouns-
Case is a grammatical category which shows relation nouns with other words in
the sentence. There are 2 cases: Common and Possessive/Genitive. Possessive
Case is formed by adding ‘S (in the singular) or ‘(in the plural).
A girl’s hair
The boys’ cars

However, if the noun is formed in irregular way in the plural we add ‘s:
Men’s work
Children’s toy

If the noun is derivative, we add ‘s to the last element:


Mother-in-law’s advice
Passer-by’s surprise

It is used preposition “OF” with alive nouns.


My friend= a friend of mine

‘s is also used in these cases:


1) Distance: a kilometre’s distance
2) Time: today’s newspaper
3) Names of countries and cities: Germany’s industry
4) Names of newspaper and organizations: The Time’s article
5) Names of months and seasons: January’s snow
6) Planets: Saturn’s rings
7) Some expressions: for God’s sake
At death’s door
At a snail’s pace

Absolute possessive is used in the purpose of avoiding usage of one form the
second time or it is clear what the topic is about.
My car has been stolen and I’m using my wife’s.

Some absolute possessive cases are used in order to use the name of organizations,
shops or living places.
At my sister’s
At the baker’s

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If one thing is related to not one person, so we add ‘s to the last in group. But if
one thing is related to two or more people we add ‘s to each word.
My son and daughter’s room is white.
My son’s and daughter’s rooms are black.

PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need to repeat the
same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things,
concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun.

-Personal pronoun-
There are 2 cases If we use the pronoun as a subject, we the pronoun to the first
place. But if it is of personal pronoun: subjective and objective.

object, we use them in objective case.


THEY know YOU.

SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
I me
You you
He him
She her
It it
We us
They them

Julia likes tomatoes. – She likes them

-Demonstrative pronoun-

singular plural
This is (there, here) These are
That is (over) Those are

These pronouns show not only place, but also time. This shows present, while that
shows future or past.
This summer is so rainy. That winter I was at the party.

-Possessive pronoun-

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