International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 3, Issue 9 Sep 2021, pp: 412-425 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Distillery Wastewater: Characteristics and

Treatment Methods
P.Khot1, S.Deshmukh2, S.Pujari3 , G.Bhandwale4,R.Patil5
1,2
Student, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, KIT’s CoEK
3,4,5
Student, Dept. of Biotechnology Engineering, KIT’s CoEK
Corresponding Author: Prathamesh Khot, Sandesh Deshmukh, Sourabh Pujari, Guruprasad Bhandwale,
Raviraj Patil

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Submitted: 30-08-2021 Revised: 03-09-2021 Accepted: 05-09-2021
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ABSTRACT:Effluent originating from distilleries pollution potential of the Distillery Waste Water is
known as spent wash leads to extensive soil and one of the most critical environmental issues of
water pollution. Elimination of pollutants and colour today. For these reasons, distillery industries are
from distillery effluent is becoming increasingly forced to look for more effective technologies for
important from environmental and aesthetic point of wastewater treatment [2]. The waste water (effluent)
view. The industrial production of ethanol by generated from distillery is of two types viz. process
fermentation results in the discharge of large waste water and non-process waste water. The non-
quantities of high strength liquid wastes. Distillery process waste water is comparatively pure and as
wastewater is one of the most polluted waste such can be recycled. The process waste waters of
products to dispose because of the low pH, high distillery consist of fermenter sludge, spent lees and
temperature, dark brown colour, high ash content spent wash. Spent lees is usually recycled.
and high percentage of dissolved organic and Fermenter sludge has higher biochemical oxygen
inorganic matter with high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and lower volume as compared to
demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand spent wash. It is advisable to dewater fermenter
(COD) values. Due to the large volumes of effluent sludge and dispose it off without mixing it with
and presence of certain recalcitrant compounds, the spent wash as it will increase the BOD of receiving
treatment of this stream is rather challenging by stream [3]. Even though wastewater is generated at
conventional methods. Distillery wastewater, various stages of alcohol production, wastewater
without any treatment can result in depletion of from the fermenter sludge, spent wash and spent
dissolved oxygen in the receiving water streams and lees are the main contributors to pollution [4].
poses serious threat to the aquatic flora and fauna. Distilleries are industries, where 88% of its raw
This review paper presents basic overview of material is converted into waste. Distilleries also use
various physical, chemical, biological processes and huge volumes of water during the manufacturing
physiochemical treatment methods applied for stages and for every liter of ethanol produced, 15L
efficient the treatment of distillery wastewater of spent wash is released as dark brown colored
treatment. wastewater [5]. Chemical composition, turbidity,
KEYWORDS : Distillery Wastewater, Aerobic color and temperature of the effluent categories the
Treatment, Anaerobic Treatment, Wastewater severity of the effluent and also decides the
Treatment required treatment technique. However, there has
been no general agreement on the most suitable
I. INTRODUCTION method for the management of WW yet [6]. Hence,
Various organic wastewaters that are this paper aims to gather wastewater characteristics
known to cause serious problems may be attributed reported in the literature and to discuss several
to distillery effluents, paper and pulp effluents, widely adopted treatment options, such as aerobic-
textile effluents and tannery effluents, among others. and anaerobic based biological processes,
Among these types‘ distillery wastewater is highly physicochemical, oxidation processes, physical and
charged with organic matter, which, when dumped their combinations in order to present the picture of
into water sources without treatment or inadequate more effective and sustainable management
treatment, causes serious pollution hazard [1]. The strategies of DW.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0309412425 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 412
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 9 Sep 2021, pp: 412-425 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

reduced sugars, lignin, polysaccharides and waxes

[13]. The organic compounds have possessed
II.CHARACTERISTICS OF DW antioxidant characteristics, that provide toxic
The DW is a mixture of agro-based by- substances to available microorganisms that aid in
product and water, and it is one of the polluting the treatment processes [14]. Usually, raw DW has
factors of the environment [7].The quantum and low pH that ranges from 4.0 to 4.6 [15]. Molasses-
characteristics of wastewater generated at various based alcohol distilleries generate large volume of
stages in the manufacturing process is provided in dark coloured wastewater. The colour is primarily
Table 1 [142] and their characteristics are shown in attributed to a dark brown pigment, melanoidin as
Table 2 [142]. The distilleries have been generating well as the presence of phenolics, caramel and
huge quantities of high toxic effluents. The melanin [16]. Melanoidins have conjugated carbon–
production and the characteristics of the spent wash carbon double bonds–C=C– in their structure that
are highly variable and dependent on the raw are responsible for their brown colour [17].
material used and various aspects of the ethanol Spentwash contains 2% melanoidins, which has an
production process [8,9,10]. The characteristics of empirical formula of C17H26–27O10N [18].
different types of distillery wastewater are given in Melanoidins have anti-oxidant properties causing
Table 3. DW is characterized by dark brown colour, toxicity to many microorganisms involved in
high temperature, acidity, COD and BOD [11, 12]. wastewater treatment processes [19].
These are attributed to the presence of proteins,

Distillery Average Specific

Operations wastewater wastewater
generation generation
(kLD/distillery) (kL
wastewater/
kL alcohol)
Spent wash 491.9 11.9
Fermenter 98.2 1.6
Cleaning
Fermenter 355.2 2.0
Cooling
Condenser 864.4 7.9
Cooling
Floor Wash 30.8 0.5
Bottling 113.8 1.3
Plant
Others 141.6 1.2
Table 1. Wastewater generation in various operations [142]

III. TREATMENT OF DW anaerobic and aerobic systems are commonly used

DWW is generally treated by physical, to treat the wastewaters from agro-industrial plants
biological and chemical methods [21, 22]. The including distilleries as well [9]. Physicochemical
selection of treatment methods depends on various treatment methods are combination of physical and
factors viz. treatment efficiency, treatment cost, chemical technologies. Various physicochemical
local geography, climate, land use, regulatory methods such as adsorption, coagulation–
constraints, and public acceptance of the treatment. flocculation, and oxidation processes like Fenton‘s
[22]. In physical treatment method screening, oxidation, ozonation, electrochemical oxidation
sedimentation, floatation and air stripping method is using various electrodes and electrolytes,
generally used. In biological method, anaerobic nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, ultrasound and
digestion of SW to produce methane gas followed different combinations of these methods have also
by aerobic treatment of BDE is common and this been practiced for the treatment of distillery effluent
method is applied in most of distillery [23, 24]. [26]. All these treatment technologies are discussed
Furthermore, Biological treatments have been in the following section.
recognized as effective methods of treatment for
highly polluted industrial wastewaters. Both 3.1 Biological Treatments.

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 9 Sep 2021, pp: 412-425 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Biological wastewater treatment processes are based degrades concentrated wastewater, produces a small
on the use of aerobic, anaerobic or combinations of amount of sludge, requires less energy, and
both microorganisms and also on use of different produces economically valuable bioenergy (biogas)
type of reactors [27]. [28].
3.1.1 Anaerobic Treatment:
Anaerobic digestion is a natural process in 3.1.1.1. Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor
which anaerobic microorganisms utilize organic (ASBR) :
matter and transform it to biogas, which makes this ASBR is highly effective for COD removal
treatment more attractive than aerobic treatment. for high strength wastewater from brewery
The process is conducted by a comprehensive production plant [36]. When the organic loading rate
ecosystem in which physiologically different groups is operated between 1.5 kg COD/ m3dand 5.0 kg
of microorganisms function and interact with each COD/m3d, and hydraulic retention time one day,
other [33]. A number of microorganisms are COD removal efficiency can reach more than 90%
involved in anaerobic digestion, including acetic even though VFA in the feed was fluctuating from
acid-forming bacteria (acetogens) and methane- 300 mg/L to 1500 mg/L. Besides COD reduction,
forming archaea (methanogens). The anaerobic the process has the potential to produce energy. The
digestion can treat high-strength distillery stillage gas production
more effectively than aerobic treatment because it

Parameter Spent Fermenter Fermenter Condenser Fermenter Bottling

wash cooling cleaning cooling wash plant
Colour Dark Colourless Colourless Colourless Faint Colourless
brown
pH 4-4.5 6.26 5.0-5.5 6.8-7.8 6 7.45
Alkalinity 3500 300 Nil - 40 80
(mg/L)
Total Solids 100000 1000-1300 1000-1500 700-900 5550 400
(mg/L)
Suspended 10000 220 400-600 180-200 300 100
solids
(mg/L)
BOD 45000- 100-110 500-600 70-80 15 5
(mg/L) 60000
COD 8000- 500-1000 1200-1600 200-300 25 15
(mg/L) 120000
Table No.2 Typical characteristics of different wastewater streams [142]

Reached as high as 2.40 L/L d. Methane to the category of high rates anaerobic wastewater
composition varied between 50% and 80%. treatment and the success of UASB depends on the
Granulation can be achieved in ASBR in formation of active and settleable granules [96]. To
approximately 60 days. The granular sludge formed achieve successful startups, the reactors must be
in the reactor has a very good settling ability and operated at a low loading rate of 4–8 kg COD/m3d
biomass activity, 0.947 g COD/g VSS d, 0.786 g [97].
COD/g VSS d, 0.674 g COD/g VSS d and 0.624 g 3.1.1.3. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
COD/g VSS d for formate, acetate, propionate and (CSTR)
butyrate, respectively. Therefore, ASBR is a CSTR can effectively be adopted for the
potential alternative for brewery Wastewater treatment of distillery wastewater. The maximum
treatment [37]. COD removal efficiency of the CSTR was observed
to be 72 to 73% when operated in the favorable pH
3.1.1.2.Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and temperature ranges. Optimum conditions for
Reactors : COD removal and biogas generation were found to
In the recent years, the UASB process has be for OLR 0.10 kg/d to 0.11 kg/d, 15d to 14d HRT,
been one of the promising choices which and for VFA to Alkalinity ration around 0.12.
successfully used for the treatment of various types Optimum biogas generation with a conversion
of waste waters [95]. UASB reactor systems belong coefficient of 0.405 was observed to be around 30

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 9 Sep 2021, pp: 412-425 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

L/d for steady-state conditions. Post-methanation on reactor performance. A wide variety of materials
effluent still contains high COD and needs to be like polyureathane foam and sintered glass [104],
treated further [9]. The performance towards COD waste tyre rubber [105], poly (acrylonitrile–
reduction and acrylamide) corrugated plastic [106] etc., have been
Biogas formation can further be enhanced by used as non-porous support media at laboratory as
increasing the buffering capacity of the reactor. well as pilot-scale.
Characterization of seed and or response of seed to 3.1.1.8. Down flow Reactor: The application of the
micronutrients can also be required to focus in order down-flow fluidization technology for the anaerobic
to enhance the performance of CSTR [37]. digestion of red wine distillery wastewater [35]. The
3.1.1.4. Fluidized Bed Reactor: system achieved 85% total organic carbon (TOC)
In the anaerobic fluidized bed, the media removal, at an organic loading rate of 4.5 kg TOC
for bacterial attachment and growth is kept in the m3d. Up flow UASB reactor is the most popular
fluidized state by drag forces exerted by the up high rates digester that has been utilized for
flowing wastewater. The media used are sand, anaerobic treatment of various types of industrial
Activated Carbon (AC), plastics, etc. Under wastewaters [107].
fluidized state, each medium provides a large 3.1.1.9. Semi continuous batch digester: A semi
surface area for biofilm formation and growth. It continuous batch digester to investigate
enables the attainment of high reactor biomass hold- biomethanation of distillery waste in mesophilic and
up and promotes system efficiency and stability thermophilic range of temperatures. The study
[98]. Irrespective of support media utilized, revealed that there was an important effect of the
anaerobic fluidized technology is more effective temperature of digestion and of substrate
than anaerobic filters, fundamentally because this concentration in terms of BOD and COD loading on
technology favors the transport of microbial cells the yield of biogas as well as its methane content.
from the bulk to the surface and enhances the Maximum BOD reduction (86.01%), total gas
contact between the microorganism and substrate production and methane production (73.23%)
phases [29]. occurred at a BOD loading rate of 2.74 kg m−3 at
3.1.1.5. Fixed Bed Reactor: This involves 50°C digestion temperature [37].
immobilisation of microorganisms on some inert
support to limit the loss of biomass and enhance the 3.1.2. Aerobic Treatment:
bacterial activity per unit of reactor volume. Although the key dis-advantage of the
Moreover, it provides higher COD removal at low aerobic processes for the treatment of distillery
HRT and better tolerance to organic and toxic shock stillage is high energy consumption, these processes
loadings. In anaerobic contact filters, various are widely used because of their high efficiency and
packing materials, viz. polyurethane, clay brick, ease of use . They are applied both as a pretreatment
GAC, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), plastic media have and as a final treatment [108]. A large number of
been employed resulting in 67–98% reduction in microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria, yeast,
COD [32, 99, 100, 101, 102] fungi, etc.) can be used for treatment of distillery
3.1.1.6. Anaerobic lagoons: stillage in aerobic conditions. Filamentous fungi can
Anaerobic lagoons are one of the effective be considered important phenolic-degrading
and a preferable choice for anaerobic treatment of organisms, as they frequently grow on wood,
distillery waste [38]. The results of excellent utilizing lignin as a carbon source [109, 110]. The
research work by Rao,1972 in the field of distillery efficiency of treatment depended on the following
waste management by using anaerobic lagoon factors: temperature, pH, COD, and Nutrients
treatment in two pilot-scale lagoons in series had [111,112].
shown overall BOD removal ranging from 82 to 3.1.2.1. Conventional Aerobic Methods
92%. However, the lagoon systems are seldom 3.1.2.1.1. Fungal Treatment
operational, souring being a frequent phenomenon Fungi are very useful system to treat
[92] . distillery waste water by their superior nature to
3.1.1.7. Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactors: In fixed produce a large variety of extracellular organic acids
film reactors, the reactor has a biofilm support and other metabolites [119]. Fungi have shown
structure (media) for the biomass attachment. The potential for the treatment of various specific
colonization process proceeds in three consecutive pollutants and mixed wastewaters, including dark-
phases: lag phase, biofilm production phase and colored, phenolic wastewaters such as molasses
steady state establishment phase (establishment of [123] and olive mill waste [104, 124, 125, 110,
amature biofilm) [103]. The nature of the media 127], which means that fungal treatment of these
used for biofilm attachment has a significant effect wastewaters could be used as a pre-treatment step

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 9 Sep 2021, pp: 412-425 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

for anaerobic digestion. Another promising [16]. Valderrama (2002) studied the feasibility of
approach would be to use enzymes derived from combining microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and
fungi to treat the wastewater [119]. One of the most macrophyte Lemna minuscule for bioremediation of
studied fungus having ability to degrade and wastewater from ethanol producing units. This
decolorize distillery effluent is Aspergillus combination resulted in 61% COD reduction and
fumigatus G-2-6, Aspergillus niger, A. niveus, A. 52% color reduction [134].
fumigates UB260 brought about an average of 60– 3.1.2.1.4. Phytoremediation
85% COD reduction along with 65–78% Phytoremediation of effluents is a low cost
decolorization [128, 129]. Treatment of distillery technique is used to remediate sites, contaminated
spentwash with ascomycetes group of fungi such as with heavy metals and toxic organic compounds.
Penicillium spp., Penicillium decumbens, Phytoremediation takes advantage of plants,
Penicillium lignorumresulted in about 50% nutrients utilization processes transpire water
reduction in color and COD, and 70% phenol through leaves, and act as transformation system to
removal [130]. metabolize organic compounds such as oil and
3.1.2.1.2. Bacterial treatment. pesticides. They may also absorb and bioaccumulate
Microbial treatments employing pure toxic trace elements, such as the heavy metals like
bacterial culture to enhance the aerobic degradation lead, cadmium, and selenium [ 135]. It is an
have been reported frequently in the past and recent emergent green technology that employs plants and
years [29]. Bacterial cultures are capable of their associated microbiota to remove, reduce,
bioremediation of distillery spent wash. Bacterial immobilize, and/or degrade harmful environmental
cultures have very high potential for decolorization pollutants [136, 137]. This can reduce the health risk
of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash. from contaminated water, sediments, sludge, and
Various bacteria applied for treatment of distillery soil through contaminant degradation or removal
wastewater [22]. Pioneering work on spent wash [138, 139, 140]. For the removal of DW
decolourizarion by bacteria was done by Kumar contaminants, there is some significant work done
1997 [14]. They observed that two aerobic bacterial by Billore (2001) for a horizontal flow gravel bed
isolates LA-1 and D-2 brought about maximum constructed wetland (CW) to treat DW. After
decolourization (36.5% and 32.5%) and COD secondary conventional treatment, the
reduction (41% and 39%) under optimized concentrations of COD and BOD5 in DW amounted
conditions in eight days [14]. The most prominent to 2540 and 13,866 mg L−1, respectively, and,
bacterial species isolated from the reactor liquid therefore additional treatment was essential. The
belonged to Pseudomonas, while Bacillus was CW treatment system achieved BOD5, COD, total P
isolated mostly from colonized carriers. and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) reductions up to
Pseudomonas fluorescens, decolourized melanoidin 84%, 64%, 79%, and 59%. This study recommended
wastewater (MWW) up to 76% under non-sterile that CW may be a sustainable tertiary treatment
conditions and up to 90% in sterile samples [131]. technique for the remediation of contaminants
3.1.2.1.3.Cynobacterial/ Algal Treatment present in DW. Similarly various researches have
The Cyanobacteria have been reported to been made on Phytoremediation Techniques [141].
be useful for treatment of solid wastes and
wastewaters containing phenol [132]. Cyanobacteria 3.1.2.2 Other Aerobic Methods
are prokaryotic, gram-negative, photoautotrophic 3.1.2.2.1. Aerobic Membrane Reactor (ABR)
eubacteria having the ability to take up their Aerobic membrane bioreactor (ABR) has
nutrients from DW as sole carbon and nitrogen developed quite a lot of interest among the
source, and thereby decolorizing the wastewater researchers, as well as the industries. Compared to
resulting in the reduction of color, BOD, and COD. the old bio filtration processes, MBR process offers
Another advantage of using cyanobacteria is that, distinct advantages of reliable and efficient
apart from the degradation of the melanoidin, it also treatment performance with smaller footprint,
oxygenates water bodies thereby reducing the reduced sludge generation and high treatability of
energy need of the aerobic treatment [133]. distillery wastewater, recovering high-quality
Kalavathi (2001) explored the possibility of using a effluent [114, 115, 116]. Effluent from UASB
marine cyanobacterium for decolorization of reactor treating distillery wastewater was treated
distillery spent wash and its ability to use further in a laboratory-scale MBR and found to
melanoidins as carbon and nitrogen source. The achieve 92% of decolourization and 95% of COD
organism decolorized pure melanoidin pigment reduction [117]. In another study for treatment of
(0.1%, w/v) by about 75% and crude pigment in the distillery spent wash with continuously fed MBR,
distillery effluent (5%, v/v by about 60% in 30 days equipped with submerged 30-μm nylon mesh filters

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
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and operated at OLR ranging from 3 to 5.7 kg COD/ in neutralized mass, as well as it is also carried to
(m3d), up to 41% COD removal was achieved [118]; settle by sweeping [44, 43]. Applications of the
whereas, in the same reactor configuration with 2–8 process at optimum pH and coagulant dosages
micron submerged membrane made from waste fly provide best result for various waste water treatment
ash, around 36 and 60% of COD and phenol [45]. It is an important unit process in water
removal were obtained, respectively [119]. treatment for the removal of turbidity. Its
3.1.2.2.2. Activated sludge application in water treatment is followed by
The most common wastewater treatment is sedimentation and filtration [46]. Various types of
the activated sludge process where in research coagulants are used in practice. The choice of
efforts are targeted at improvements in the reactor coagulant chemical depends upon the nature of the
configuration and performance. For instance, suspended solid to be removed, the raw water
aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was conditions, the facility design, and the cost of the
reported to be a promising solution for the treatment amount of chemical necessary to produce the
of effluents originating from small wineries [120]. desired result. Sludge considerations, compatibility
The treatment system consisted of a primary settling with other treatment processes, environmental
tank, an intermediate retention trough, two storage effects, labor and equipment requirements for
tanks and an aerobic treatment tank. A start up storage, feeding, and handling are main factors that
period of 7 days was given to the aerobic reactor should be considered in selecting these chemicals
and the system resulted in 93% COD and 97.5% [47].
BOD removal. The activated sludge process and its 3.2.2. Electro Coagulation
variations utilize mixed cultures. To enhance the Electro-coagulation involves consumption
efficiency of aerobics systems, several workers have of metal from the anode with simultaneous
focused on the treatment by pure cultures. Though formation of hydroxyl ions and hydrogen gas
aerobic treatment like the conventional activated occurring at the cathode [48]. This process has been
sludge process is presently practiced by various proposed since 100 year back for wastewater
molasses-based distilleries and leads to significant treatment [49]. It is capable to remove a large range
reduction in COD, the process is energy demanding of pollutants under a variety of conditions ranging
and the color removal is still unsatisfactory [121]. from suspended solids and heavy metals [50]. In
Third Annual Australian Environmental
3.2 Physiochemical Treatment Methods Engineering Research Event 23-26 November, 1999
Physicochemical treatment methods are serious discussion had taken place on application of
combination of physical and chemical technologies. electro-coagulation technique for castle maine,
Removal of suspended solids from the water is petroleum products, colour from dye-containing
physical operation while reduction of the dissolved solution; aquatic humus , and deflouridation of
solid is a chemical process. Both operations are water treatment. In the process pH, pollutant type
done on waste water with adding chemicals. The and concentration, bubble size, position of electrode,
coagulation and electro-coagulation are applied floc and agglomerate size all influence the operation
commercially for treatment of certain effluents [40]. of electro-coagulation unit [51].
3.2.3. Electro Oxidation
3.2.1. Coagulation For the complete decomposition of
Coagulation is the use of chemicals to pollutant from the distillery wastewater, complete
cause pollutants to agglomerate and subsequently oxidation of organics to carbon dioxide and water or
settle out during sedimentation [41]. All surface other oxides is required. The oxidation incurs
water sources and industrial effluent contain relatively high energy consumption for large organic
perceptible turbidity. The plain sedimentation is not molecules [52].The electrochemical oxidation of
a very preferred method for the removal of smaller wastewater or wastes can be classified in two
suspended particles. Efficient removal of particles categories:
less than 50 m in diameter cannot be expected [42].  Direct anodic oxidation (organics are oxidized
However, small colloidal particles can be removed along the surface of the electrode)
by agglomeration of particle into groups, which  Indirect oxidation (a mediator is
increase the size, and are able to settle down [43]. electrochemically generated to carry out
The colloids are separated from each other by zeta oxidation
potential between colloids having negative charges. Direct anodic oxidation - In a direct anodic
When coagulants are added, it reduces the zeta oxidation process, the contaminants are first
potential which causes of colloids and form large adsorbed on the anode surface and then oxidized
particles (flocks). The pollutants are also entrapped (destroyed) by the anodic electron transfer reaction.

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 9 Sep 2021, pp: 412-425 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Electro oxidation of pollutants can take place adsorbent [69]. Adsorption process is generally
directly on anodes by generating physically considered better in water treatment because of
adsorbed ―active oxygen‖ (adsorbed hydroxyl convenience, ease of operation and simplicity of
radicals) or chemisorbed ―active oxygen‖ (oxygen design [70]. Further this process can
in the oxide lattice, MOX+1) [53]. remove/minimize different types of organic and
Indirect anodic oxidation - Indirect anodic oxidation inorganic pollutants from the water or waste water
having several advantages, by this process, strong and thus it has a wider applicability in water
oxidant such as hypochlorite, ozone, hydrogen pollution control [71, 72, 73]. This process has been
peroxide Fenton's reagent or oxidized metallic ion also found successful in removing harmful
[113] can be regenerated by the electrochemical parameter like COD and color from DWW [71]. To
reactions during electrolysis. All of the oxidants are remove the air pollutant for air adsorption process is
generated in-situ and are utilized immediately [54]. also applicable. The effect of powdered activated
3.2.4. Ozone Oxidation carbon (PAC) on the operation of a membrane
Ozonation method was investigated as a bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of DWW has
chemical means of oxidation and colour removal been also reported [68].
from the wastewater. One of the most important 3.2.7. Wet Air Oxidation Of DW
characteristics of the ozone in industrial wastewater The wet oxidation (WO) process is widely
treatment is its ability to convert biorefractory used for the treatment of the liquid effluents having
compounds into less toxic and more biodegradable pure compound(s), industrial effluents and domestic
compounds thereby significantly decreasing the time wastewater; however, very few research papers are
necessary for bioremediation [56, 57, 58]. When available on the wet oxidation of BDE and SW. The
ozone is comes in the contact of distillery waste wet oxidation process is strongly dependent on
water, ozone reacts with organic compounds in two various parameters like temperature, pressure,
different ways: by direct oxidation as molecular partial pressure of oxidants, degree of mixing, pH,
ozone or by indirect reaction through formation of catalyst type and its concentration, and the time of
secondary oxidants like free radical species, in the treatment. A number of research papers have
particular the hydroxyl radicals. Both ozone and been published on wet oxidation of various
hydroxyl radicals are strong oxidants and are chemicals such as phenol [74, 75, 76, 77],
capable of oxidizing a number of compounds and polyethylene glycol [78], dye [79], pulp and paper
finally COD value is reduced [59]. mill effluent [80, 81], distillery wastewater [82, 83,
3.2.5. Thermolysis 84], carboxylic acids [85, 86], cyanides [87, 88,
Thermolysis involves chemical 89]and sewage sludge [90, 91].
decomposition, chemical reaction to form solid and
thermal precipitation, caused by heat with the help 3.3 Physical Treatments
of metal catalyst (Cu++, Fe++, MnO, CuO,ZnOetc) Physical treatment methods are used at the
[55]. There is no oxidation reaction of the matter. initial stage of effluent treatment [25]. In physical
Pollutant such as heavy metals when present are treatment method screening, sedimentation,
also trapped in solid residues [60]. Application of floatation and air stripping method is generally used
this process has been reported to treat waste water of [23, 93]. Adsorption is also a one of the most
pulp and paper mills [61], alcohol distilleries [62, widely used physical method. Adsorption on
63, 64], textile industries [65, 66] and dyes [67]. It activated carbon is widely employed for removal of
may be economical and a good supplement to the colour and specific organic pollutants. Physical
biochemical oxidation processes. In this process, a treatment is used to decrease suspended/settable
considerable amount of organic substrate is obtained solids from wastewater which may be removed
in the form of solid precipitates, which has moderate inexpensively via sedimentation by using the force
heating values [67]. of gravity to separate suspended material, oil, and
3.2.6. Adsorption grease from the wastewater [94].
Adsorption on AC is widely employed for
the removal of colour and specific organic pollutants IV. CONCLUSION
due to its extended surface area, microporous The distillery industry generates large
structure, high adsorption capacity and high degree volumes of dark brown coloured wastewater with
of surface reactivity [68]. In DWW treatment the high BOD and COD. This review indicates that, a
interface is between the liquid and solid surface that wide range of biological as well as physiochemical
are artificially provided. The material removed from treatments have been investigated over the years for
the liquid phase is called the adsorbate and the the treatment of distillery effluent. The physical and
material providing the solid surface is called the chemical treatment methods remove organic

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
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