I.

Identify the sentence elements of the superordinate clauses of the following sentences and state
the name and function of each finite subordinating clause. (2pts)
E.g. The fishermen / think/ that the company polluted the bay.
S V O (noun clause – object of “think”)
1. If girls in this group idolise a female star with a body they consider to be perfect,/ they/ are/ more likely
to be unhappy with their own bodies.
ASVCs (ADVERBIAL CL OF CONDITION)
2. Surplus animals /are sold /not only to other zoos but also to circuses or hunting ranches in the US or
South Africa, where some people are willing to pay a lot of money for the chance to kill an animal
in a fenced enclosure.
SVA (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “hunting ranches”)
3. Electric versions of instruments like the piano, drums, guitar and even violin /give /you/ the option of
playing into the night using headphones, while your housemates sleep in peace.
SVOiOd (ADVERBIAL CL OF TIME)
4. Pre-school children who play interactive games /can kick, catch and throw/ a ball /better than children
who don’t.
SVOdA (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “Pre-school children”),
(ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “children”)
5. She /wondered /whether she would win the competition.

SVOd (NOUN CLAUSE , OBJECT OF “wondered”)

6. Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted /are/ absent in cetaceans.

SVCs (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “senses”)

7. Although at least some cetaceans have taste buds,/ the nerves that serve these /have degenerated.

ASV (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “nerves”)

8. Now that the semester is finished,/ I /am going to rest/ to recharge my battery.

ASVA (ADVERBIAL CL OF reason)

9. These dances/ told /the bees /that within quite short distance of the hive /there was a food source.

SVOiOd (NOUN CLAUSE , OBJECT OF “told”)

10. Some UK institutions /offer /a foundation course/ to prepare international students/ before they go on
to do a full undergraduate degree.

SVOdAA (ADVERBIAL CL OF PURPOSE), (ADVERBIAL CL OF TIME)

11. People/ hold/ different opinions /about whether leadership ability is important or not.
SVOdA (NOUN CLAUSE , COMPLEMENT OF “about”)

12. Many sports organizations /are forced/ to do this type of training/ because of what is called ‘the
golden age’ to acquire the physical skills.

SVCsA (ADVERBIAL CL OF reason), (NOUN CLAUSE , OBJECT OF “BECAUSE OF”)

13/Refrigeration/ is/ a process of cooling an area or a substance below the environmental temperature.
SVCs
14/People /used to find /various ways to preserve their food. SVOd
15/The research on culture’s effect on cognitive processing still /goes on /today. SVA
16/People’s demand for ice/ became /strong. SVCs
17/Consumers’ soaring requirement for fresh food /resulted/ in reform in people’s dieting habits. SVA
18/Many inventors with creative ideas/ made /a lot of money.SVO
19/Managers/ are /organisational members who are responsible for the work performance of other
organisational members. SVCs
(ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “organisational members”)

20/Managers /have /formal authority to use organisational resources and to make decisions.SVOd
(ADVERBIAL CL OF PURPOSE)

21/Earl Miller, an expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,/ studied/ the prefrontal cortex,
which controls the brain while a person is multitasking.SVOd
(ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “organisational members”)
(ADVERBIAL CL OF TIME)
22/Informational roles /are/ those in which managers obtain and transmit information. SVCs
(ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “those”)

II. Analyse the following sentences by Descriptive Linguistic: (3pts)

E.g. I’m glad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was a child.
M 1 : I’m glad
S 1 : that my mother made me take piano lessons: noun clause, complement of “glad”
S.1.1 : when I was a child: adverbial clause of time, modifying “made”.
1. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else’s
cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives
is enough to produce effects that substantially harm a person’s heart and lungs.
M1: Leaving aside the philosophical question of, the report suggests
S1: whether anyone should have to breathe someone else’s cigarette smoke (NOUN CLAUSE , Cprep ,
POSTMODIFIER OF “OF”)

S2: that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce effects (NOUN
CLAUSE , OBJECT OF “suggests”)

S2.1: that substantially harm a person’s heart and lungs. (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, POSTMODIFYING “effects”)
2. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular
system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking.
M1: The study suggests
S1: that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular system(NOUN
CLAUSE , OBJECT OF “suggests”)

S1.1: who smoke cigarettes (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, POSTMODIFYING “people”)

S1.2: which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE,
POSTMODIFYING “their cardiovascular system”)

3. One misconception which was expressed by some of the pupils was that acid rain is responsible for
rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests.

M1: One misconception was

S1: which was expressed by some of the pupils . (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “misconception”)
S2: that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction(NOUN CLAUSE , COMPLEMENT OF
“subject”)

M2: a similar proportion said

S3: that it is human activities (NOUN CLAUSE , object OF “SAID”)

S3.1: which are destroying rainforests. (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, MODIFYING “human activities”)

4. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some
cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric
oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth.

M1: in some cases this response also embraced the misconception

S1: While two fifths of the students provided the information (ADVERBIAL CL OF time)
S1.1: that the rainforests provide oxygen (appositive to “the information”)

S3: that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible
with human life on Earth. (NOUN CLAUSE , appositive to “the misconception”)

III. Combine the set of simple sentences into complex/compound complex sentence (1pt)
He studied the biological and natural sciences and learned how to categorize and draw animals accurately,
which will greatly benefit his future career path.
IV. The following sentence is structurally ambiguous; analyze the two different sentence structures
(SVOCA) to show both possible meanings. (1pt)
We /called /him /a porter .SVOdCs
We /called /him a porter .SVOd
V. Construct the incomplete phrases as guided to complete the following sentences: (2pts)
E.g. [Noun clause] means he knew nothing about the task.
What he did means he knew nothing about the task.
1. She told her parents [noun clause].
2. [Noun clause] surprised everybody.
3. We need to create a working environment [adjective clause].
4. You can study effectively [adverbial clause].

1. She told her parents what she had decided.

2. What he did surprised everybody.
3. We need to create a working environment that is conducive to collaboration.
4. You can study effectively if you manage your time well.