Periodic

Table
Mr. Asad Abbas
Lecturer Chemistry Department
University of engineering and technology,
Lahore.
Development of the Periodic Table
• Science has come a long way since Aristotle’s theory
of Air, Water, Fire, and Earth.
• Scientists have identified 90 naturally occurring
elements, and created about 28 others.
Elements
• The elements, alone or in combinations, make up our
bodies, our world, our sun, and in fact, the entire
universe.
Periodic Table
• The periodic table organizes the elements in a
particular way. A great deal of information about an
element can be gathered from its position in the
periodic table.
• Understanding the organization and plan of the
periodic table will help you obtain basic information
about each of the 118 known elements.
History of Periodic Table
Al-Razi
• Classified the elements based on their physical and
chemical properties.
Dobereiner
• Arranged 30 known elements at that time.
• First scientist to observe an important trend.
• Noticed certain groups of three elements had similar
physical and chemical properties but different masses
called them TRIADS.
Examples
• Li, Na, K
• Cl, Br, I
• Cu, Ag, Au
• Be, Mg, Ca
Newland
• In 1865 Arranged 45 known elements at that time.
• Noted connection of properties and mass.
• Every 8th element had similar properties.
• Didn’t know about Noble gases.
Law of Octaves
Properties repeat after every 8th element
• Problems occurred as more elements were discovered
and did not fit into this pattern.
Mendeleev
• In 1869 Mendeleev arranged 62 known elements at
that time.
• He is known as Father of Periodic Table.
• Developed table that showed relationship between
properties of elements and atomic masses.
Properties
• Carefully planned and in great detail
• Avoided earlier mistakes of forcing elements to fit into
8 pattern like Newland
• Proposed properties were a function of increasing
atomic masses
• Believed similar properties occurred after periods
that could vary in length by specific patterns
• Left blank spaces on table where an element did not
fit (did not force elements in) properties
• Predicted that spaces were undiscovered elements
• Predicted masses and properties of unknowns
• Elements discovered were very close to predictions
• Elements properties repeated in an orderly way
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
When elements are arranged in order of their
increasing atomic masses then their properties repeat in
a periodic manner.
Defects
Following are the defects in Mendeleeve’s periodic
table
• Anomalous Pairs.
• Grouping of chemically dissimilar elements.
• Position of Isotopes.
• Electronic arrangement.
• Separation of chemically similar elements.
• The position of hydrogen.
Henry Moseley
• Made improvements to Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Arranged elements by atomic number instead of mass
• Realized that there were undiscovered elements
• Modern Periodic Law
All the physical and chemical properties of an element
are the periodic functions of their increasing atomic
number.
• Modern Periodic Table
The table, which is obtained after classifying elements
based on modern periodic law, is called modern periodic
table.
Advantages of Modern Periodic table
• The wrong position of some elements like argon,
potassium, cobalt and nickel due to atomic weights
has been solved by arranging the elements in the order
of increasing atomic number without changing their
own places.
• The isotopes of some element have the same atomic
numbers. Therefore, they find the same position in the
periodic table.
• It separates metals from non-metals.
• The place of hydrogen in the periodic table has not
yet been solved completely. However, the hydrogen
is placed in group IA of the periodic table along with
alkali metals due to its least atomic number which is
'1'.
• The groups of the table are divided into sub groups
A and B due to their dissimilar properties, which
make the study of elements specific and easier.
• The representative and transition elements have
been separated.
Characteristics of Modern periodic table
• The elements are arranged based on their increasing
atomic number.
• There are 7 periods and 18 groups in the table
• The inert gases i.e. He, Ne, Ar, etc. are kept in the 0
group at the extreme right side of the table
• All the groups are divided into sub groups A and B
except 0 and VIII group in the modern periodic table.
Component of Modern periodic table
• Periods
Modern periodic table contains horizontal rows
called periods. It contains 7 periods and are
represented by n=one, n=two and so on. Periods of
modern periodic table are of three types:
Short period
1st period contains only two elements whereas 2nd
and 3rd period contains eight elements each. So,
these periods are called short period.
Long period
4th and 5th period contain 18 elements each and
6th period contains 32 elements. So, they are
called long period.
Incomplete Long Period
7th period contains 30 elements and some gap left
for the elements, which will be discovered in the
future. So, it is called incomplete long period.
• Groups
Modern periodic table contains vertical columns
called groups. In this table, eight groups are there
starting from IA to VII A and 0 group. Group IA to
VII A are divided into sub groups A and B.
 Group IA elements
• Elements like hydrogen, lithium, sodium and
potassium, etc. are placed in group IA.
• They can form electropositive (monovalent) cations
after losing their one valence electrons.
• Elements of group are called alkali metals as their
oxides are strongly basic.
Group IIA elements
• In group IIA, elements like beryllium, magnesium,
calcium, etc. are present.
• Their valency is +2 and they can form bivalent
cations.
• They are called alkaline earth metals because they
form basic hydroxides which are less soluble in
water and found in earth crust.
Group VIIA elements
• Elements like Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, etc. lie in
group VIIA, they have seven valence electrons.
• They can accept one electron and form
electronegative ion during reaction.
• Elements of this group are called halogens as they
react with the elements of group IA to form salt.
Zero(0) group elements
Elements like helium, neon, argon, etc. are placed in
this group which has stable electronic configuration.
Chalcogens
• Group VIA elements are called chalcogens meaning
copper givers.
Transitional elements
• Those elements lying in between group IIA and IIIA
(i.e. from group IB to group VIIIB) are called
transition elements.
• They are called so because they have incomplete
valence shell and penultimate shell.
These groups are shown below in table.
Advantages of Modern Periodic Table
Position of metals, non-metals and metalloids
In modern periodic table, metals are placed on left
side (i.e. group IA to IIA), non metals are placed at
the right side (i.e. group VIA, VIIA) and
metalloids are placed in between metals and non
metals in groups.
• Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
Properties of metals, non-metals and metalloids are
given below:
Metals
• Shiny (luster)
• Hard
• Conduct electricity and heat well
• Malleable
• Ductile
• Generally have three or fewer e- in their valence
levels
• Tend to lose e- in the bonding process
Non-metals
• Their compounds are Brittle
• No luster
• Generally have 5 or more e- in their valence shell
• Tend to gain or share e- in the bonding process
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Metalloids
• Share some of but not all of the characteristics of
both metals and non-metals
Position of hydrogen
Hydrogen show electropositive nature by its valence
electrons and sometimes it shows electronegative
nature by gaining one electron in its valence shell.
So, it resembles with elements of group IA and VII
A. But it is placed in group IA because of its least
atomic number.
Position of f-block elements
Elements whose 4f sub shell is filled successively
(i.e lanthanides and actinides) are placed separately
in the bottom of the main body of the table.
How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE?
Atomic Number
• The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom or
• The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an
atom.
Atomic Mass
• The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom.
How do I find the number of protons, electrons, and
neutrons in an element using the periodic table?
• No. of Protons = Atomic number
• No. of Electrons = Atomic number
• No. of Neutrons =Atomic _ Atomic
Weight number
Element

• A substance composed of a
single kind of atom.

• Cannot be broken down into

another substance by chemical
or physical means.
Mixture
• Two or more substances that are
mixed together but are NOT
chemically bonded.

Compound
• A substance in which two or
more different elements are
CHEMICALLY bonded together.
Questions?