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Lecture09 Setting Out A Circular Curve and Vertical Curve Part 1

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37 views42 pages

Lecture09 Setting Out A Circular Curve and Vertical Curve Part 1

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lst6801
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CA3144 Lecture 9

Setting out a circular curve and vertical


curve Part 1
Prof. Denvid LAU

1
Introduction

• What is circular curve?


• Connection of constant radius between two
straight lines when there is a change of
direction in construction such as roads and
railways

2
Intersection point Deflection angle
Tangent length =
R tan /2
Length of curve =
p/180 R
Tangent point Tangent point

Long Chord
= 2R sin /2
Radius of curvature

Deflection angle
Centre of curvature

3
Definition of parameters

• Chainage: a cumulative increase of distance


measured from a starting point to the
particular point
– chainage of T = chainage of I – IT
– chainage of U = chainage of T + p/180 R

4
Design of circular curve

• Three main parameters:


– Deflection angle, 
– Radius of curvature, R
– Design speed, v

5
Design of circular curve

• Design speed is fixed for particular classes


of roads
• What can we do?
– R&
– Radius curve in terms of radius
– Degree curve in terms of the angle
subtended at the center of the curve by a
100m arc

6
Location of the intersection and tangent points in
the field
6) Set up the theodolite over I and
measure angle AIB, hence 
2) Use a theodolite on one of the line AC, 3) Drive in 2 pegs x & y such that BD will
sight towards the intersection of the 2 intersect the line xy
tangents at I
1) Locate 2 tangent lines, AC & BD
4) Join pegs x and y by a string
9) Check angle ITU, which should be /2

5) Set up the other theodolite on BD and


fix the position of I
7) Calculate IT and IU using R tan /2
8) Measure IT and IU, and hence the point,
T and U

7
Setting out

• Tangential angles method


• Two theodolites
• Offsets from tangent lengths
• Offsets from long chord
• Coordinates method

8
Setting out (Tangential angles method)

• Assumptions:
arc TK = chord TK
if chord <=R/20
• Calculations:
– Chord TK=R2a1
– a1=(TK/2R) x (180/p)
– a2=(KL/2R) x (180/p)

9
Setting out (Tangential angles method)

• Calculation procedure
– Determine the total length of curve
– Select a suitable chord length (<=R/20) and
sub-chord length at both ends, i.e., all chords
are the same except first and last
– A series of tangential angles is obtained
– Determine cumulative angles, individual chord
lengths

10
Setting out (Tangential angles method)
4) Tangential angle for the
1) Tangent points are fixed and
second chord is set, a1+a2
the theodolite is set up at one of
them, preferably the left one

2) Tangential angle for the first


chord is set, a1
3) First chord is set out by lining
5) Second chord is set out by marking
in the tape with the theodolite
off the length of the second chord from
and mark off the length of the
the end of first chord
chord from the tangent point
6) The procedure is repeated
until the other tangent point. As
a check, the tangential angle
should be /2

11
Setting out (Two theodolites)

• Based on tangential methods


• Applicable in where taping is difficult
• 2 theodolites are required
1) To fix Z, a1 is set out from
T relative to IT

2) To fix Z, (360°-(/2)+a1) is set


out from U relative to UI

12
Setting out (Offsets from tangent lengths)

• Suitable for short curves


• Add extra points between those previously
established

13
Setting out (Offsets from tangent lengths)
1. In triangle OBC,
OB2=OC2+BC2
2. R2=(R-X)2+Y2
3. R2=R2-2RX+X2+Y2
4. Divide by 2R,
X=(Y2/2R)+(X2/2R)

5. X=(Y2/2R) for large R

6. Point B is determined

14
Setting out (Offsets from long chord)

• Suitable for curves of small radius such as


boundary walls and kerb lines at road
intersections
• Suitable where tangent lengths are
inaccessible

15
Setting out (Offsets from long chord)
1. In triangle TFO,
OT2=OF2+TF2
2. R2=(R-Xm)2+(W/2)2
3. Xm= R-√(R2-(W/2)2)
4. In triangle ODE,
OD2=OE2+DE2
5. R2=(OF+X)2+(Y)2
6. (OF+X)= √(R2-Y2)
7. But OF = (R-Xm)
OF = √(R2-(W/2)2)
8. X = √(R2-Y2)-√(R2-(W/2)2) TU = W

16
Setting out (Offsets from long chord)

• The long chord is defined from the starting


point (T) to the end point (U).
• The offsets are calculated at regular
intervals from F, along FT and FU.
• The corresponding offset X is set out at
right angles at that point.

17
Setting out (Coordinates method)

• The National Grid or local coordinates of


points on the curve are calculated.
• They are fixed either by
– Intersection from two control points
– Bearing and distance from control points

18
Setting out (Coordinates method)
5) Derive bearings PA and QA, PB 7) Set out curves by
and QB, … a) intersection from P and Q
6) Calculate the lengths PA and QA, PB b) polar rays from P and Q
and QB

1) Locate and obtain coordinates of


T & U from control points

4) Calculate the coordinates of A to U


2) Calculate chord from T, as a closed transverse
lengths TA, AB, ….
3) Calculate bearings TA, AB,…

19
Summary of setting out

• Tangential angle method and coordinate


method are popular
• Coordinate method is preferred now
• Offset method is for less important curve
• Long chord method – where tangent length
is inaccessible

20
Compound circular curves

• Consists of two or more consecutive


circular curves of different radii without any
intervening straight section
• A change in the radial force at the junction
of the curves
• Remedial measures: large radii or transition
curves

21
Compound circular curves

22
Reverse circular curves

• Consist of two consecutive curves of the


same or different radii without any
intervening straight section and with their
centers of curvature falling on opposite
sides of the common tangent

23
Reverse circular curves

24
Summary of circular curves

• Provide fundamental understanding of


curve ranging
• Transition curves of changing radii

25
Example (Tangential angle method)

• Condition:
– Connect two straight
curves whose deflection
angle is 13°16’00” by a
circular curve of radius
600 m
– Through chainage I =
2745.72 m
– Chord length = 25 m

26
Example (Tangential angle method)

• Tangent length
= R tan /2 = 69.78 m

• Through chainage of T
= chainage I – tangent length
= 2745.52-69.78
= 2675.94 m

27
Example (Tangential angle method)

• Round to 2700 m
(next multiple of 25 m)
length of initial sub-chord
= 2700 – 2675.94
= 24.06 m
• Length of circular curve
= R  = 138.93 m
• Through chainage of U
= chainage T + curve length
= 2675.94 + 138.93
= 2814.87 m

28
Example (Tangential angle method)

• Length of final sub-chord


= 2814.87 – 2800
= 14.87 m
• Summary of 3 chords
– Initial sub-chord : 24.06 m
– General chord : 25.00 m
– Final sub-chord : 14.87 m

29
Example (Tangential angle method)

• Tangential angle
– a=(chord length/R) x (180/2p)

30
Example (Tangential angle method)

Point Chainage Chord Individual Cumulative.


(m) length (m) a a
T 2675.94 0 00°00’00” 00°00’00”
C1 2700.00 24.06 01°08’56” 01°08’56”
C2 2725.00 25.00 01°11’37” 02°20’33”
C3 2750.00 25.00 01°11’37” 03°32’10”
C4 2775.00 25.00 01°11’37” 04°43’47”
C5 2800.00 25.00 01°11’37” 05°55’24”
U 2814.87 14.87 00°42’36” 06°38’00”
 138.93 (checks)

31
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

• Whole-circle bearing TI = 63°27’14”


Traverse station A
• Coordinates of A, B, T
– (A) 829.17mE, 724.43mN
– (B) 915.73mE, 691.77mN, Traverse station B
– (T) 798.32mE, 666.29mN
• 1. Coordinates of all points?
• 2. Bearings from A to all points?
• 3. Bearings from B to all points?

32
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

33
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

Point Chainage Chord Individual Cumulative.


(m) length (m) a a
T 2675.94 0 00°00’00” 00°00’00”
C1 2700.00 24.06 01°08’56” 01°08’56”
C2 2725.00 25.00 01°11’37” 02°20’33”
C3 2750.00 25.00 01°11’37” 03°32’10”
C4 2775.00 25.00 01°11’37” 04°43’47”
C5 2800.00 25.00 01°11’37” 05°55’24”
U 2814.87 14.87 00°42’36” 06°38’00”
 138.93 (checks)

34
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

Coordinates of C1
• Bearing TC1 = bearing T1 + a1
= 63°27’14”+01°08’56”=64°36’10”

• DETC1=24.06sin 64°36’10” = +21.735m


• DNTC1=24.06cos 64°36’10” = +10.319m

• EC1=ET+(DETC1) = 798.32+21.735=820.055m
• NC1=NT+(DNTC1) = 666.29+10.319=676.609m

35
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

l1+(90°-a1)+(90°-a2)=180°

36
Example (Coordinates by intersection)
Coordinates of C2
• l1=a1+a2 = 01°08’56” +00°11’37” =02°20’33”
• Bearing C1C2 = bearing TC1 + l1
= 64°36’10”+ 02°20’33”= 66°56’43”

• DEC1C2=25.00sin 66°56’43” = +23.003m


• DNC1C2=25.00cos 66°56’43” = +9.790m

• EC2=EC1+(DEC1C2) = 820.055+23.003=843.058m
• NC1=NC1+(DNC1C2) = 676.609+9.790=686.399m

37
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

Coordinates of C3, C4, C5, U


• (C3) 866.449mE, 695.223mN
• (C4) 890.187mE, 703.065mN,
• (C5) 914.231mE, 709.911mN
• (U) 928.660mE, 713.505mN

38
Example (Coordinates by intersection)

Coordinates of U (as a cross-check)


• Bearing TI = 63°27’14”
• Horizontal length = 69.78m

• DETI=69.78sin 63°27’14” = +62.423m


• DNTI=69.78cos 63°27’14” = +31.186m

• E1=ET+(DETI) = 798.32+62.423=860.743m
• N1=NT+(DNTI) = 666.29+31.186=697.476m

39
Example (Coordinates by intersection)
Coordinates of U (as a cross-check)
• =13°16’00”
• Bearing IU = 63°27’14”+13°16’00”=76°43’14”
• Horizontal length = 69.78m

• DEIU=69.78sin 76°43’14” = +67.914m


• DNIU=69.78cos 76°43’14” = +16.029m

• EU=EI+(DEIU) = 860.713+67.914=928.657m
• NU=NI+(DNIU) = 697.476+16.029=713.505m

40

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