Physics for 11 G

Working with numbers

I. Scientific notation

Scientific notation is a form of presenting very large numbers or very small

numbers in a simpler form.

For example, 100000000 can be written as 108, which is the scientific notation.
Here the exponent is positive. Similarly, 0.0000001 is a very small number which
can be represented as 10-7, where the exponent is negative.

0,00045 = 4,5 * 10-4

Scientific Notation Rules

To determine the power or exponent of 10, we must follow the rule listed below:

 The base should be always 10

 The exponent must be a non-zero integer, that means it can be either positive
or negative

 The absolute value of the coefficient is greater than or equal to 1 but it should
be less than 10

 Coefficients can be positive or negative numbers including whole and decimal

numbers

 The mantissa carries the rest of the significant digits of the number

Let us understand how many places we need to move the decimal point after the
single-digit number with the help of the below representation.

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Physics for 11 G

1. If the given number is multiples of 10 then the decimal point has to move to the
left, and the power of 10 will be positive.
Example: 6000 = 6 × 103 is in scientific notation.

2. If the given number is smaller than 1, then the decimal point has to move to the
right, so the power of 10 will be negative.
Example: 0.006 = 6 × 0.001 = 6 × 10-3 is in scientific notation.

Scientific Notation Examples

The examples of scientific notation are:

4,90000000 = 4.9×108
1,230000000 = 1.23×109
5,0500000 = 5.05 x 107
0.00000009,7 = 9.7 x 10-8
0.00002,12 = 2.12 x 10-5

Problems and Solutions

Question 1: Convert 0. ,00000046 into scientific notation.

Solution: Move the decimal point to the right of 0.00000046 up to 7 places.

The decimal point was moved 7 places to the right to form the number 4.6

Since the numbers are less than 10 and the decimal is moved to the right. Hence, we
use a negative exponent here.

⇒ 0.00000046 = 4.6 × 10-7

This is the scientific notation.

Question 2: Convert 3,01000000 in scientific notation. = 3,01 * 10

Solution: Move the decimal to the left 8 places so it is positioned to the right of the
leftmost non zero digits 3.01000000. Remove all the zeroes and multiply the number
by 10.

Now the number has become = 3.01.

Since the number is greater than 10 and the decimal is moved to left, therefore, we
use here a positive exponent.

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Physics for 11 G

Hence, 3.01 × 108 is the scientific notation of the number.

Question 3: Convert 1.36 × 107 from scientific notation to standard notation.

13 600 000

Solution: Given, 1.36 × 107 in scientific notation.

Exponent = 7

Since the exponent is positive we need to move the decimal place 7 places to the
right.

Therefore,

1.36 × 107 = 1.36 × 10000000 = 13 600 000.

II. IS units

Base Units

The SI is based on seven base units, which are the fundamental units of
measurement. These base units are:

 Meter (m): The unit of length.

 Kilogram (kg): The unit of mass.

 Second (s): The unit of time.

 Ampere (A): The unit of electric current.

 Kelvin (K): The unit of thermodynamic temperature.

 Mole (mol): The unit of amount of substance.

 Candela (cd): The unit of luminous intensity.

Derived Units

The SI also includes a number of derived units, which are combinations of the base
units. Some examples of derived units include:

 Newton (N): The unit of force.

 Joule (J): The unit of energy.

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 Watt (W): The unit of power.

 Pascal (Pa): The unit of pressure.

 Volt (V): The unit of electric potential difference.

Prefixes

The SI uses a system of prefixes to represent multiples and submultiples of the base
units. Some examples of prefixes include:

 Mega (M): One million times the base unit.

 Kilo (k): One thousand times the base unit.

 Centi (c): One-hundredth of the base unit.

 Milli (m): One-thousandth of the base unit.

 Micro (µ): One-millionth of the base unit.

Common SI Derived Units

Symbo
Quantity Unit l Derivation

Area Square meter m² length × width

length × width ×
Volume Cubic meter m³ height

Speed Meter per second m/s distance / time

Meter per second

Acceleration squared m/s² speed / time

Force Newton N mass × acceleration

Pressure Pascal Pa force / area

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Energy Joule J force × distance

Power Watt W energy / time

Frequency Hertz Hz 1 / time

Electric charge Coulomb C ampere × time

Electric potential Volt V power / current

Electric resistance Ohm Ω voltage / current

Magnetic flux Weber Wb volt × second

Magnetic field
strength Tesla T weber / square meter

Temperature Kelvin K (Celsius + 273.15)

Luminous intensity Candela cd (base unit)

Luminous flux Lumen lm candela × solid angle

Common SI Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol Factor

yotta Y 10²⁴ deci d 10⁻¹

zetta Z 10²¹ centi c 10⁻²

exa E 10¹⁸ milli m 10⁻³

peta P 10¹⁵ micro µ 10⁻⁶

tera T 10¹² nano n 10⁻⁹

giga G 10⁹ pico p 10⁻¹²

mega M 10⁶ femto f 10⁻¹⁵

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Physics for 11 G

kilo k 10³ atto a 10⁻¹⁸

hecto h 10² zepto z 10⁻²¹

deca da 10¹ yocto y 10⁻²⁴

III. Scales in our world

1) Length scale : A Measure of Size

Length scale refers to the range of sizes or dimensions that are relevant to a particular
system or phenomenon. It's a way to categorize objects or events based on their
relative size.

Examples of Length Scales

Common units of length include:

 Meter (m): The standard unit of length in the International System of Units (SI).

 Centimeter (cm): One-hundredth of a meter.

 Millimeter (mm): One-thousandth of a meter.

 Micrometer (μm): One-millionth of a meter.

 Nanometer (nm): One-billionth of a meter.

 Kilometer (km): One thousand meters.

2) Mass Scale: A Measure of Weight

Mass scale refers to the range of masses that are relevant to a particular system or
phenomenon. It's a way to categorize objects or events based on their weight or
amount of matter.

Units of Mass

Common units of mass include:

 Kilogram (kg): The standard unit of mass in the International System of Units
(SI).

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Physics for 11 G

 Gram (g): One-thousandth of a kilogram.

 Milligram (mg): One-millionth of a kilogram.

 Microgram (μg): One-billionth of a kilogram.

 Ton (t): One thousand kilograms.

3) Time scale

Time scale refers to the range of durations that are relevant to a particular system or
phenomenon. It's a way to categorize events or processes based on how long they
take.
Units of Time

Common units of time include:

 Second (s): The standard unit of time in the International System of Units (SI).

 Minute (min): 60 seconds.

 Hour (h): 60 minutes.

 Day (d): 24 hours.

 Week (wk): 7 days.

 Month (mo): Approximately 30.4 days.

 Year (yr): Approximately 365.25 days.

IV. General formula

2D Shapes

1. Rectangle:

 Area: A = length * width

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Physics for 11 G

2. Square:

 Area: A = side * side = side²

3. Triangle:

 Area: A = (1/2) * base * height

4. Circle:

 Area: A = π * radius²

 Circumference : C = 2 * π * radius

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Physics for 11 G

3D Shapes

1. Cube:

 Surface Area: SA = 6 * side²

 Volume: V = side³

2. Rectangular Prism:

 Surface Area: SA = 2 l w + 2 l h + 2 w h

 Volume: V = length * width * height

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Physics for 11 G

3. Sphere:

 Surface Area: SA = 4 π * radius²

 Volume: V = (4/3) * π * radius³

4. Cylinder:

 Surface Area: SA = 2 π * radius² + 2 π * radius * height

 Volume: V = π * radius² * height

5. Cone:

 Surface Area: SA = π * radius * (radius + slant height)

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Physics for 11 G

 Volume: V = (1/3) * π * radius² * height

6. Pyramid:

 Surface Area: SA = (1/2) * perimeter of base * slant height + area of base

 Volume: V = (1/3) * area of base * height

V. Vectors

Vectors are mathematical objects that have both magnitude (size) and direction.
They are essential tools in physics to describe quantities like force, velocity,
acceleration, momentum, and electric fields.

1) Understanding Vectors

 Magnitude: This is the size or length of the vector, often represented by a

numerical value.

 Direction: This indicates the orientation of the vector in space, usually

expressed as an angle or a unit vector.

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Physics for 11 G

2) Visual Representation

Vectors are often represented by arrows. The length of the arrow represents the
magnitude, and the direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the vector.

3) Types of Vectors

 Unit Vector: A vector with a magnitude of 1. It is used to indicate direction

without affecting the magnitude of other vectors.

 Position Vector: A vector that points from a reference point (usually the origin)
to a specific point in space.

 Displacement Vector: A vector that represents the change in position of an

object.

 Velocity Vector: A vector that represents the rate of change of position with
respect to time.

 Acceleration Vector: A vector that represents the rate of change of velocity

with respect to time.

 Force Vector: A vector that represents the push or pull on an object.

4) Vector Operations

 Vector Addition: To add two vectors, place the tail of one vector at the head of
the other. The resultant vector is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the
head of the second.

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 Vector Subtraction: To subtract one vector from another, reverse the direction
of the vector to be subtracted and then add it to the first vector.

 Scalar Multiplication: Multiplying a vector by a scalar (a number) changes its

magnitude but not its direction.

 Dot Product: The dot product of two vectors is a scalar quantity equal to the
product of their magnitudes multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them.
It is used to find the component of one vector along another.

 Cross Product: The cross product of two vectors is a vector quantity

perpendicular to both of the original vectors. Its magnitude is equal to the
product of their magnitudes multiplied by the sine of the angle between them. It
is used to find the torque or the area of a parallelogram.

PR.ING. Aymen Chebli A.U 2024/2025