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The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. 2019. SAS® Certified Specialist Prep Guide: Base Programming
Using SAS® 9.4. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
SAS® Certified Specialist Prep Guide: Base Programming Using SAS® 9.4
Copyright © 2019, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA
ISBN 978-1-64295-179-0 (Hard copy)
ISBN 978-1-64295-176-9 (Epub)
ISBN 978-1-64295-177-6 (Mobi)
ISBN 978-1-64295-178-3 (PDF)
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P1:certsppg
Contents
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
vii
Requirements
To complete examples in this book, you must have access to SAS windowing
environment, SAS Enterprise Guide, or SAS Studio.
On the Web
Bookstore www.sas.com/books
Certification www.sas.com/certify
Communities communities.sas.com
SAS Global Academic Program www.sas.com and click Learn. Then select
For Students and Educators.
Training www.sas.com/training
Syntax Conventions
• DROP= and KEEP= are separated by a vertical bar ( | ) to indicate that they are
mutually exclusive.
The example syntax that is shown in this book includes only what you need to know in
order to prepare for the certification exam. For complete syntax, see the appropriate SAS
reference guide.
x How to Prepare for the Exam
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xi
Overview
The SAS Certified Specialist Prep Guide: Base Programming Using SAS 9.4 is a test
preparation document that uses the following environments and products:
• SAS windowing environment
• SAS Enterprise Guide
• SAS Studio or SAS University Edition
Documentation Format
Contact [email protected] if you need this document in an alternative digital
format.
xii Accessibility Features of the Prep Guide
1
Part 1
Chapter 1
Setting Up Practice Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2
Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 3
Accessing Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 4
Creating SAS Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter 5
Identifying and Correcting SAS Language Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Chapter 6
Creating Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Chapter 7
Understanding DATA Step Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 8
BY-Group Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 9
Creating and Managing Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Chapter 10
Combining SAS Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 11
Processing Data with DO Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Chapter 12
SAS Formats and Informats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2
Chapter 13
SAS Date, Time, and Datetime Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Chapter 14
Using Functions to Manipulate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Chapter 15
Producing Descriptive Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Chapter 16
Creating Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
3
Chapter 1
Requirements
To complete examples in this book, you must have access to SAS Studio, SAS
Enterprise Guide, or the SAS windowing environment.
Instructions
1. Navigate to support.sas.com/content/dam/SAS/support/en/books/data/base-guide-
practice-data.zip, download and save the practice data ZIP file.
2. Unzip the file and save it to a location that is accessible to SAS.
3. Open the cre8data.sas program in the SAS environment of your choice.
• SAS Studio: In the Navigation pane, expand Files and Folders and then navigate
to the Cert folder within the practice-data folder.
• SAS Enterprise Guide: In the Servers list, expand Servers ð Local ð Files, and
then navigate to the Cert folder in the practice-data folder.
• SAS windowing environment: Click File ð Open Program, and then navigate
to the Cert folder in the practice-data folder.
4. In the Path macro variable, replace /folders/myfolders with the path to the
Cert folder and run the program.
%let path=/folders/myfolders/cert;
4 Chapter 1 • Setting Up Practice Data
Important: The location that you specify for the Path macro variable and the
location of your downloaded SAS programs should be the same location.
Otherwise, the cre8data.sas program cannot create the practice data.
Your practice data is now created and ready for you to use.
TIP When you end your SAS session, the Path macro variable in the
cre8data.sas program is reset. To avoid having to rerun cre8data.sas every
time, run the libname.sas program from the Cert folder to restore the libraries.
5
Chapter 2
Basic Concepts
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Basics of the SAS Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SAS Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Global Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DATA Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PROC Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SAS Program Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Processing SAS Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Log Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Results of Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
SAS Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Predefined SAS Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Defining Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
How SAS Files Are Stored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Storing Files Temporarily or Permanently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Referencing SAS Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Referencing Permanent SAS Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Referencing Temporary SAS Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Rules for SAS Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
VALIDVARNAME=System Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
VALIDMEMNAME=System Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
When to Use VALIDMEMNAME=System Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SAS Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Overview of Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Descriptor Portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SAS Variable Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Data Portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
SAS Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Extended Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6 Chapter 2 • Basic Concepts
Getting Started
In the SAS 9.4 Base Programming – Performance-Based exam, you are not tested on the
details of running SAS software in the various environments. However, you might find
such information useful when working with the practice data.
You can access a brief overview of the windows and menus in the SAS windowing
environment, SAS Enterprise Guide, and SAS Studio at http://video.sas.com/. From
Categories select How To Tutorials ð Programming. Select the video for your SAS
environment. Other tutorials are available from the SAS website.
SAS Statements
A SAS statement is a type of SAS language element that is used to perform a particular
operation in a SAS program or to provide information to a SAS program. SAS
statements are free-format. This means that they can begin and end anywhere on a line,
that one statement can continue over several lines, and that several statements can be on
the same line. Blank or special characters separate words in a SAS statement.
TIP You can specify SAS statements in uppercase or lowercase. In most situations,
text that is enclosed in quotation marks is case sensitive.
Here are two important rules for writing SAS programs:
• A SAS statement ends with a semicolon.
• A statement usually begins with a SAS keyword.
There are two types of SAS statements:
• statements that are used in DATA and PROC steps
• statements that are global in scope and can be used anywhere in a SAS program
Global Statements
Global statements are used anywhere in a SAS program and stay in effect until changed
or canceled, or until the SAS session ends. Here are some common global statements:
TITLE, LIBNAME, OPTIONS, and FOOTNOTE.
DATA Step
The DATA step creates or modifies data. Input for a DATA can include raw data or a
SAS data set. Output from a DATA step can include a SAS data set or a report. A SAS
data set is a data file that is formatted in a way that SAS can understand.
For example, you can use DATA steps to do the following:
• put your data into a SAS data set
• compute values
The Basics of the SAS Language 7
PROC Step
The PROC step analyzes data, produces output, or manages SAS files. The input for a
PROC (procedure) step is usually a SAS data set. Output from a PROC step can include
a report or an updated SAS data set.
For example, you can use PROC steps to do the following:
• create a report that lists the data
• analyze data
• create a summary report
• produce plots and charts
1 The TITLE statement is a global statement. Global statements are typically outside
steps and do not require a RUN statement.
2 The DATA step creates a new SAS data set named Work.JuneFee. The SET
statement reads in the data from Cert.AdmitJune. The new data set contains only
those observations whose value for Age is greater than 39.
3 If a RUN or QUIT statement is not used at the end of a step, SAS assumes that the
beginning of a new step implies the end of the previous step. If a RUN or QUIT
statement is not used at the end of the last step in a program, SAS Studio and SAS
Enterprise Guide automatically submit a RUN and QUIT statement after the
submitted code.
4 The PROC PRINT step prints a listing of the new SAS data set. A PROC step begins
with a PROC statement, which begins with the keyword PROC.
8 Chapter 2 • Basic Concepts
When a SAS program is submitted for execution, SAS first validates the syntax and then
compiles the statements. DATA and PROC statements signal the beginning of a new
step. The beginning of a new step also implies the end of the previous step. At a step
boundary, SAS executes any statement that has not been previously executed and ends
the step.
Example Code 2 Processing SAS Programs
data work.admit2; /* #1 */
set cert.admit;
where age>39;
proc print data=work.admit2; /* #2 */
run; /* #3 */
1 The DATA step creates a new SAS data set named Work.Admit2 by reading
Cert.Admit. The DATA statement is the beginning of the new step. The SET
statement is used to read data. The WHERE statement conditionally reads only the
observations where the value of the variable Age is greater than 39.
2 The PROC PRINT step prints the new SAS data set named Work.Admit2. The
PROC PRINT statement serves as a step boundary in this example because a RUN
statement was not used at the end of the DATA step. The PROC step also implies the
end of the DATA step.
3 The RUN statement ends the PROC step.
TIP The RUN statement is not required between steps in a SAS program. However, it
is a best practice to use a RUN statement because it can make the SAS program
easier to read and the SAS log easier to understand when debugging.
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The Basics of the SAS Language 9
Log Messages
The SAS log collects messages about the processing of SAS programs and about any
errors that occur. Each time a step is executed, SAS generates a log of the processing
activities and the results of the processing.
When SAS processes the sample program, it produces the log messages shown below.
Notice that you get separate sets of messages for each step in the program.
5 data work.admit2;
6 set cert.admit;
7 where age>39;
8 run;
NOTE: There were 10 observations read from the data set CERT.ADMIT.
WHERE age>39;
NOTE: The data set WORK.ADMIT2 has 10 observations and 9 variables.
NOTE: DATA statement used (Total process time):
real time 0.00 seconds
cpu time 0.00 seconds
NOTE: There were 10 observations read from the data set WORK.ADMIT2.
NOTE: PROCEDURE PRINT used (Total process time):
real time 0.35 seconds
cpu time 0.24 seconds
Results of Processing
When the program is processed, it creates a new SAS data set, Work.Admit2, containing
only those observations with age values greater than 39. The DATA step creates a new
data set and produces messages in the SAS log, but it does not create a report or other
output.
Other Procedures
SAS programs often invoke procedures that create output in the form of a report, as is
the case with the FREQ procedure:
proc freq data=sashelp.cars;
table origin*DriveTrain;
run;
Other SAS programs perform tasks such as sorting and managing data, which have no
visible results except for messages in the log. (All SAS programs produce log messages,
but some SAS programs produce only log messages.)
proc sort data=cert.admit;
by sex;
run;
SAS Libraries 11
SAS Libraries
Definition
A SAS library contains one or more files that are defined, recognized, and accessible by
SAS, and that are referenced and stored as a unit. One special type of file is called a
catalog. In SAS libraries, catalogs function much like subfolders for grouping other
members.
Defining Libraries
To define a library, you assign a library name to it and specify the location of the files,
such as a directory path.
You can also specify an engine, which is a set of internal instructions that SAS uses for
writing to and reading from files in a library.
12 Chapter 2 • Basic Concepts
You can define SAS libraries using programming statements. For information about how
to write LIBNAME statements to define SAS libraries, see Assigning Librefs on page
25.
TIP Depending on your operating environment and the SAS/ACCESS products that
you license, you can create libraries with various engines. Each engine enables you
to read a different file format, including file formats from other software vendors.
When you delete a SAS library, the pointer to the library is deleted, and SAS no longer
has access to the library. However, the contents of the library still exist in your operating
environment.
Temporary SAS libraries last only for the If you do not specify a library name when you
current SAS session. create a file, the file is stored in the temporary
SAS library, Work. If you specify the library
name Work, then the file is stored in the
temporary SAS library. When you end the
session, the temporary library and all of its
files are deleted.
Referencing SAS Files 13
Permanent SAS libraries are available to you To store files permanently in a SAS library,
during subsequent SAS sessions. specify a library name other than the default
library name Work.
In the example, when you specify the library
name Cert when you create a file, you are
specifying that the file is to be stored in a
permanent SAS library.
***
Éjfél után két óra volt, midőn Cynthia grófnő elhagyta a brenóczi
kastélyt. Az ismeretes rejtek-út egy széles közfal üregében vezetett
végig s kívül egy vékony márvány lap által volt álczázva, mely
szorosan odaillett a bástyák alját szegélyező többi márványkoczkák
közé, s ajtó gyanánt befelé nyilt.
A mint Krénfy figyelmesen másolta egyik iratot a másikról,
Cynthia felhasználta a perczet, s nesztelenül el tudott suhanni háta
mögül, úgy hogy midőn ez az utolsó szavakat irta, akkor ő már a
várkertben volt, hová a hosszú bástya vezetett, azon a szűk sötét
rejtek úton, melyen évek óta nem járt emberi nyom, most a
tekervényes angol kerten kellett végig futnia még, hogy az erdőt
elérje, melynek szélében kisérőjét elhagyá.
A nagy komondort, midőn ide jött, bayadér shawljával egy fához
megkötötte örvénél fogva, a mit az csendesen engedett magával
tenni. Annyi volt neki azt a vékony foulard kendőt elszakítani, mint
egy pókhálót. Cynthia attól tartott, hogy egész a házig találja őt
kisérni e jóakaratú pártfogója, s a házi ebek zajt ütnek miatta. Ott
találta, a hol hagyá. Az eb tudta, hogy csendesen kell neki lenni,
csak a farkát csóválta, mig Cynthia eloldá a fától.
Azután futott előre az eb, hátra-hátra tekintve s olyankor füleit
hegyezve és nyelvét kitolva, mintha mondaná, hogy már most
siessünk!
A vén csavargó ott várt az erdőszélen Cynthiára. A legszélső fákig
előre mert jönni.
Cynthia egyenesen oda futott hozzá.
– Nagyon köszönöm önnek, hogy megvárt. Igen nagy szükségem
van önre. Ennek a levélnek holnap reggel a a legelső posta-
állomáson kell lenni.
– Ott lesz.
– Ezen levéltől két ember élete függ, ha gyorsan nem jut kézhez,
meghal valaki és az leghamarább én leszek.
– Sietek vele, kisasszonyom.
– Ime vegye ön ezt jutalmul jó öreg, szólt Cynthia, lecsatolva
gyémántos karkötőjét s az öregnek nyújtva.
– Én? kiálta az, visszaijedve s eltávolító mozdulatot tett kérges
kezével. Nekem nem kell az; nekem semmi sem kell. Tudja:
megteszem én azt egy jó szóért, – semmi másért. Tegye el előlem
azt a ragyogó portékát. Valamit mondok. Mikor éjszaka egyedül jár
sötét erdőn keresztül, ne rakjon fel olyan ékszereket magára.
Oh Cynthia erre nem is gondolt. Hisz az rá nézve mind nem volt
értékes tárgy. Hanem a postára mindenesetre pénz kell. E végett oda
nyujtá a csavargónak zománczos portmonnaie-ját, melyben az
apróbb érczpénzt szokta tartani.
A csavargó kivett belőle egy huszast.
– Ennyi elég lesz a postára. A többit visszaadta.
– Oh nem lesz elég, monda a grófnő, a levél igen messze megy.
És azzal még néhány darab pénzt tukmált rá az öregre s kérte,
hogy már most siessen, maga pedig ellenkező irányban indult sebes
léptekkel a maróti útra.
A csavargó egy darab ideig gondolkozva állt, azután utána sietett
a delnőnek.
Cynthia észrevette, hogy követi s bevárta.
– Mi kell, öreg?
– Bocsásson meg, kisasszony. Nem engedhetem, hogy így
egyedül térjen vissza, elkisérem az erdőn keresztül. Tudja, nem
szeretném, ha valami baj érné. Még majd ezekre a szegény
emberekre hárulna a gyanú, a kiknek pénzét adta.
– Oh ez nem baj. Csak a levéllel siessen. Én nem félek, engem
megvéd az Isten.
Azzal sietve ment tova, úgy ellebbenve, mint valami holddal járó
tünemény.
A vén csavargó fejcsóválva dörmögte magában:
– Az Isten, az Isten! Milyen nagyon kell bízni annak az Istenben,
a ki egyedül védtelenül mer járni setét ismeretlen éjszakában, és a ki
egy levelet egy ismeretlen csavargóra mer bízni, a melytől emberek
élete, halála függ. Milyen különös az, milyen különös!…