UNIT 1

I. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct

answer to each of the following questions.
1.What is central to the study of lexicology? B.Word
2.What are morphemes that can occur alone as individual words? C.Free morphemes
3.How many morphemes are there in the word “Unhappiness”? C.3
4.What is the aim of semantics? D.To explain and describe meaning in natural
languages
5.What can be regarded as “applied lexicology”? B.Lexicography
6.Which shows the difference between lexicology and phonology? C.Sound
7.What is true about “Syntax”?A. Syntax is concerned with the way words are put
together to form sentences.
8.These following sentences are true, except: C.Word associations is limited.
9.Which is not a reason for changing the system of lexemes? D.Interaction with other
languages.
10. How can words be grouped into “families”? D.All are correct.
II.Matching
1. Lexicology D A. Different representations of the same morpheme
2. Morph C B. The study of morphemes and their arrangement in
forming words
3. Pragmatic meaning E C. Realization of a morpheme in a given utterance
4. Morphology B D. The study of lexis in a given language
5. Etymology I
E. Meaning of utterances in context
6. Morpheme H F. Formed from simple words by the addition of affixes or
some other kind of morphological modification
7. Lexicography J G. Can occur only with another morpheme
8. Allomorph A
H. The smallest meaningful unit which may constitute
words or parts of the words
9. Bound morpheme G
I. The study of history of words
10. Complex word F
J. A special technique, the writing and compiling
dictionaries

III/ FILL IN THE GAPS

1
1. Morphemes cannot be broken down into any further MEANINGFUL units.
2. Allomorphs are different REPRESENTATIONS of the same morpheme.
3. Morphemes are meaningful because we can establish a stable relationship between
each item and the NON-LINGUISTIC world of experience.
4. The construction of words, part of the words, and the distinction between different
types of words are all based on MORPHOLOGICAL analysis.
5. PHILOSOPHICAL SEMANTIC is concerned with the logical properties of
language, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
6. Knowledge of ETYMOLOGY may help some learners to understand and retain
new vocabulary items.
7. Lexical semantics is the meaning of words, meaning RELATIONS that are
internal to the vocabulary of a language.
8. Lexicography principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing
DICTIONARIES
9. Compounds provide a good example to show the relevance of PHONOLOGY in
lexicology.
10.According to lexical field theory, the vocabulary of a language is essentially a
dynamic and well-integrated system of LEXEMES structured by relationships
IV. Are the following statements True (T) or False (F)?
T 1. The notion of word class is useful because it allows us to make a general and
economic statement about the way the words of a language behave.
T 2. It is assumed that without exception all English words must belong to one or
more word classes.
F 3. “State, stated,stating”are grouped into a family on the basis of their
derivations.
F 4. English vocabulary is made up of a number of discrete lexical fields in which
each lexeme finds its appropriate place.
F 5. Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural language.
V. Answer the following questions.
1.What are morphemes? What are the differences between free morphemes
and bound morphemes?
- Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units which many costitute word or parts
of the words.
- Morphemes can not be broken down further the basic of...... meaning. and have
the relationship with the non linguistic world.
- Free morphemes can stand alone and occur as an individual word.
- Bound, morphemes can not stand alone as an English... word. It includes many
prefixes and suffixes can occur only with another morpheme.
2
2. What are single, compound and complex words? Give examples to
illustrate?
- simple word = free morphemes, morphologically unanalysable (wild animal...).
- complex = formed from simple words by the addition of affixes of some other
kind of morphological modification.( spoonful, childish, mentally..)
- compound = formed by combining two or more word (free morphemes) with or
without morphological modification (door-knob, cheese burger, floppy discs,...)
3. Why is etymological information useful?
It helps understand the origin and development of words, reveals how their
meaning have envolved, shows relationships between words aids in avoiding
misunderstandings and provides insight into the history of the language.

UNIT 2
I. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions.
1.What is the study of Etymology?
A.The history of words, their origins.
2.What methods are Etymologists apply to reconstruct information about
languages?
C.Comparative linguistics
3.How many methods do the Etymologists apply to study the origins of words? D.4
4.What is the aim of the study of semantic change? D.To make hypotheses about
changes in the meaning of particular words
5.What can be regarded as “derives from Old English” A.Comes from Old
English
6.What does the vocabulary of any languages consist of? Etymologically, the
vocabulary of any language consists of two groups - the native words and the
borrowed words?
C.The native words and the borrowed words
7.What is true about “Old English”? D.All are correct.
8.These following sentences are true, except: C.In the 14th century English
became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words weren’t
added.
9.Which did a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift)
start, towards the end of Middle English? A.Vowels being pronounced shorter
and shorter.

3
10. What is the main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern
English? B. Vocabulary

II. Match the words/phrases with their definitions

1. International Words J A. As soon as words from other languages were introduced into
English they lost their former grammatical categories and
inflexions and acquired new grammatical categories and
paradigms by analogy with other English words.

2. Etymological Doublets F B. They comprise changes in sound-form and stress.

Sounds that were alien to the English language were fitted into
its scheme of sounds.
3. Translation-Loans H C. It is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how
their form and meaning have changed over time.
4. Phonetic assimilation B D. Changes in the form and meaning of the word can be
traced with the aid of older texts, if such are available.
5. Grammatical E. By a systematic comparison of related languages, etymologists
assimilation A may often be able to detect which words derive from their
common ancestor language and which were instead later borrowed
from another language

6. Semantic assimilation F. One of a pair of (or several) words more or less similar in
I meaning and phonation, appearing in language as the result of
borrowing from the same source at different times.
7. Etymology C G. Etymologists must often make hypotheses about changes in the
meaning of particular words. Such hypotheses are tested against
the general knowledge of semantic shifts.

8. Philological research D H. The words and expressions formed from the material already
existing in the language but according to patterns taken from
another language, by way of literal word-for-word or root-for-root
translation

9. The comparative method I. When a word is taken into another language its semantic
E structure, as a rule, undergoes great changes.

4
 10. The study of semantic J. Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a
change G result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one
ultimate source.

III.Fill in the gaps

1.English DERIVES from Old English, a West Germanic variety, although its
current vocabulary includes words from many languages.
2.The history of the English language really started with the ARRIVAL of three
Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.
3.ETYMOLOGY is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their
form and meaning have changed over time.
4.Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the ORIGINS of words.
5.Making use of DIALECTOLOGICAL data: The form or meaning of the word
might show variations between dialects, which may yield clues about its earlier
history.
6.Etymologists must often make hypotheses about changes in the MEANING of
particular words.
7.In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many
French words added. This language is called MIDDLE English.
8.The main difference between Early Modern English and LATE Modern English
is vocabulary.
9. ETYMOLOGICALLY, the vocabulary of any language consists of two groups
- the native words and the borrowed words.
10.English has proven ACCOMODATING to words from many languages.
IV.These following statements are True (T) or False (F)?
T 1.English derives from Old English (sometimes referred to as AngloSaxon), a
West Germanic variety, although its current vocabulary includes words from many
languages.
F 2.The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain
developed into what we now call Old English. Old English sounded or looked like
English today.
F 3.In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many
French words added. This language is called Old English.
F 4. Although more than half of the words in English come from either the French
language or have a French cognate, most of the common words used in English are
of French origin.
T 5. When the Normans conquered England in 1066, they brought their Norman
language with them.
V. Answer question
1. What are types of borrowings? Give definition and example?
5
- International Words: Words of identical origin that occur in several languages
as a result oj simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source are
called international words.
Most names of sciences of Latin and Greek origin are international
e.g., philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, lexicology.
There are also numerous terms of art in this group:
e.g., music, theatre, drama, tragedy, comedy, artist.
Political terms frequently occur in the international words:
e.g., politics, policy, revolution, democracy, communism, progress
Scientific and technological terms:
e.g., atomic, antibiotic, radio, television,
- Etymological Doublets : One of a pair of (or several) words more or less similar
in meaning same source at different times.
Examples: Some of these pairs, like shirt and skirt, consist of a native word and
borrowed word.
shrew, n.(E) - screw, n.(Sc). Others are represented by two borrowings from the
same language twice, but in different periods: corpse (Norm. Fr) - corps (Par. Fr.),
travel (Norm. Fr) - travail (Par. Fr.), cavalry (Norm. Fr.) - chivalry (Par. Fr.), canal
(Lat.) - channel (Fr.), to catch (Norm. Fr.) - to chase (Par. Fr)
- Translation-Loans (calques): Translation loans are words and expressions
formed from the material already existing in the language but according to patterns
taken from another language, by way of literal word-for-word or root-for-root
translation.
For example: wonder child (from Germ. Wunderkind), first dancer (from Ital.
Prima-ballerina).
- Hybrids: A hybrid is a word whose different elements are of etymologically
different origin.
For example: Automobile - a wheeled passenger vehicle, from Greek autó~ (auto)
"self-" and Latin mobilis "moveable"
Biathlon - from the Latin bis and the Greek (athlos) meaning contest
Bigamy - from the Latin bis meaning "twice" and the Greek (gamos) meaning
wedlock.
Hexadecimal - from the Greek (hex) meaning "six" and the Latin decimus meaning
"tenth"

6
Homosexual - from the Greek (homos) meaning "same" and the Latin sexus
meaning "gender"
2. What are the hybrids of these words?
Automobile
-Auto (Greek autos, meaning "self")
- mobile (latin mobilis, meaning "movable”)
=> Greek+Latin hybrid
Biathlon
- Bi (Latin, meaning “two”)
- athlon (Greek: athlos, meaning. "contest")
=> Latin + Greek hybrid
Homosexual
- Homo (Greek: homos, meaning "some") => Greek + Latin hybrid
- sexual (Latin: sexus, meaning "sex")
Monoculture
- Mono (Greek: monos, meaning "one") => Greek+Latin hybrid
- culture (Latin: cultural, meaning “cultivation")
Neonate
- Neo (Greek: neos, meaning "new")
- nate (Latin: natus, meaning "born").
=> Greek + Latin hybrid

UNIT 3: WORD FORMATION

I. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D
1. In linguistics, …………. is the smallest meaning unit, the smallest component of a
word.
A. morpheme
2. …………..is the basic part of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total
loss of identity. B. Root
3. ………….. is a collective term referring to a bound morpheme that joined before, after,
or within a root or stem. C. Affix

7
4. Derived words have a root and a/an ……… C. Affix

5. Mother-in-law is a ……………. word. D. compound

6. Modernization and industrialization are ……………. words. B. derived

7. ASEAN, WTO, UN are ……………... words. C. contracted

8. …………. is that occurs inside of a root or stem. D. Infix
9. What is the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes?
A. Derivation
10. What is the formation of new words by contracting certain elements of existing words
or word groups? D. Shortening
11. ……………. the information of new words by changing the category of part of
speech of existing ones with their morphemic shape remaining unchanged. B.
Conversion
12. In the sentence “My company has experienced so may ups and downs in the past
years”,“ups and downs” are ………….. become nouns. B. adverbs
13. The word “Progressives” in the sentence “He is not a native here. Progressives do
not behave like that.” is a/an………….. A. nouns
14. If the noun is the name of a/an ……………, the verb indicates the action of putting
something
into it. C. container
15. If the noun is the name of a/an ………………, the verb indicates the action caused by
it.
A. natural phenomenon
16. Under/un/in/im/mis are …………….. C. Negative prefixe

8
17. Which of these words consists of a prefix of size? D. microcomputer

18. Which of these words consists of a prefix of location? B. international

19. In English, some verbs are added –ence or ance to form B. nouns

20. In English, we often ad –al, -ar, -ary to the end of words to form … A. adjectives

II. Match the words to their definitions

A B

1. Bound morphemes F a. is the formation of new words by combining two or

more existing words.
2. Derivational morphemes J b. is merging parts if existing words into one to form a
new word.
3. Composition A c. are ones whose meanings do not correspond to the
meanings of their components.
4. Neutral compounds G d. is the system of grammatical forms of a word.
5. Idiomatic compounds C e. is excluding certain part of the existing word.
6. Abbreviation I f. is a word element that cannot stand alone as a word,
including both prefixes and suffixes.
7. Blending B g. are those formed by combining two stems without using
any linking elements.
8. Paradigm D h. is a collective term referring to a bound morpheme that is
joined before, after, or within a root or stem.
9. Affix H i. is the process in which a word is formed from the initials
of a word group.
10. Clipping E j. is an affix that derives a new word or a new form of an
existing word.

1F 2J 3A 4G 5C 6I 7B 8D 9H 10E
III. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word:
1. Word formation is the process by which new words are formed by adding an Affix
2. A …Stem… is that part of the word to which grammatical affixes are added.
3. There are four major types of word formation namely: affixation, compounding, …
Conversion……. and contraction.
4. Prefixes a/for/in/mis and suffixes –er/-ster/-hood/--full are called…Native affixes…..
5. …Borrowed affixes…..include Latin affixes and Greek affixes.
6. Pseudoscientific and pseudonymous are examples of …Pejorative affixes

9
7. Automatic, electrical, dangerous, helpful and foxy are examples of …Adjective forming
8. Semantically, when a word is formed by…conversion……, its meaning may be slightly
different from which it was made.
9. Boyfriend, earthquake, fast-food are known as …compounds…………
10. Structurally, compounds can be divided into three types namely, neutral, morphological……
and syntactic.
11. Non-idiomatic…compounds are ones whose meaning can be seen as the sum of the
meanings of their components.
12. Lady-in-waiting, know-all, you-know-what are examples of …syntactic compounds
IV. Decide whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F) F
1. Every form to which affix can be added is a stem.
T 2. An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a root or stem to form a new word, or a variant
form of the same word.
F 3. A prefix is a group of letters that is placed after the root of a word.
T 4. A root word is a complete word that you can't break down any further.
T 5. A derived word is a word formed on a base or a stem word combined with a prefix or a suffix.
F 6. Conversion (zero derivation): It is the creation of a word from an existing word with some
change in form.
F 7. Syntactic compounds are those formed by combining two stems with the help of a linking
vowel or consonant.
T 8. Enlarge/widen/modernize are examples of verb-forming.
F 9. Triangle/decade/multiform are examples of prefixes of size.
T 10. Co-operate/counter-attack/ antisocial are examples of attitude.

V. Do as the following directions:

1. Give five examples for each type of the following prefixes:
Here are five examples for each type of prefix:
1. Negative Prefixes:
Example: unhappy, invisible, disagree, impossible, nonexistent
2. Prefixes of Location:
Example: preview, submarine, superior, international, export
3. Prefixes of Time and Order:
Example: precaution, postpone, antecedent, revisit, forecast
4. Prefixes of Size:
Example: microscope, macrocosm, megabyte, miniproject, maximal
5. Prefixes of Number:
Example: unicycle, bicycle, triangle, quadrant, multitude
6. Prefixes of Attitude:
Example: proactive, antagonistic, autonomous, ex-boyfriend, pseudonym

10
2. Give 10 examples of:
- Compound noun : Toothbrush, birthday, snowman, bookshelf, football, airplane, email,
playground, sunflower, waterfall.
- Compound Adjectives: High-pitched, well-known, old-fashioned, cold-hearted, short-
tempered, hard-working, blue-eyed, sun-dried, open-ended, good-looking
- Compound Verbs: Make up, give up, break down, run into, set up, turn on, pick up, carry
out, go on, call off

3. Give 5 examples for each type of words

1. Root Words: chair, tree, plant, man, act, help, love, build, bright…
2. Derived Words: investor, modernization, development, successfully, action, lovable..
3. Compound Words: toothpaste, sunlight, notebook, haircut, fireplace, playground,..
4. Contracted Words: i'm, don't, can't, we're, it's.

UNIT 4: WORD MEANINGS

I. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D
1. Which of the following best describes the definition of meaning? D. Meaning is solely
responsible for a word's ability to denote real objects.
2. On the first level, the semantic structure of a word is treated as a …………. of meanings. D.
System
3. Words having related meanings are called polysemantic words and the ………….is called
polysemy. A. Phenomenon
4. In understanding the word meaning, context is very important because: D. All are correct.
5. “Dark" which describes the absence or low level of light is an example of: C. Denotation
6. Most of the words in dictionaries have ………….. meanings B. More than one
7. Which is metonym in this sentence: “He took to the bottle after his wife's death” B. The bottle
8. ”Life is not a bed of roses” is an example of: A. Metaphor
9. Which can be referred from the concept “Words -> concepts -> things”? D. There is no
immediate relation between "word" and "referent, it is established only through the concept.
10. Which is the central meaning of “head”? C. The upper part of the human or animal body.
11. Which semantic component expresses the conceptual content of the word? B. Denotation
12. Which is referred to words having related meanings? C. Polysemantic words
13. The way of applying existing words to new objects, new notions belongs to: B. Historical or
extra-linguistic factors
14. The dinner cost us twenty pounds per head is an example of: D. Metonymy

11
15. What relation can be referred from this sentence: “How many glasses did you take at the
party?” D. Relation between a container and what is containe

II. Match the words to their definitions

A B
1. Polysemy F a. refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition“.
2. Connotation G b. the transference based on resemblance or similarity between two
things (phenomena, qualities, etc.).
3. Metaphor B c. the parts of a sentence, paragraph, discourse, etc., immediately
next to or surrounding a specified word or passage and determining
its exact meaning
4. Semantic d. can be less or more seen as a components of the word through
structure of the which a concept (metal phenomena) is communicated thus,
word. J providing the word with the ability of denoting real objects,
qualities, actions, abstract actions, …
5. Words -> things e. the transference based on understood association (contiguity) or
H relatedness.
6. Meaning D f. the existence of several connected meanings within a word as the
result of the development or changes of the original meaning.
7. Denotation A g. refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or
the emotional suggestions or all the implications related to that
word
8. Context C h. Words can name and refer to things.
9. Metonymy E i. There is no immediate relation between “word’ and “referent”.
10. Words -> j.the inner form of the word presents a structure
concepts -> things I

III. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word:

1.There are large numbers of words where itis not possible to see what thing the word refers to.
2. Some words do have the meanings that are relatively easy to conceptualized, but we certainly
visual images do not have neat visual images corresponding to every word we say.
3. The modern approach to semantics is based on the assumption that the inner form of the word
presents structure which is called the semantic structure of the word.
4. According to the linear explanation, words do possess a literal meaning, all other meanings are
derived merely derived and figurative.
12
 5. When it comes to polysemy and homonymy, context can serve as shields against
misunderstanding.
6. The process of development of a new meaning (or a change of meaning) is traditionally termed
transference
7. In metaphor, the two notions are implicitly related to suggest an identity between them.
8. Metonymy is a type of figurative language in which the name of one thing is replace with
replace another commonly associated with it. denotation occurencies
9. Experts have agreed that the meaning of words characterized by common occurencies are
correlated and, therefore, one of the words within such pair can be studied through the other.
10. Separating denotation from connotation is important because while one might assume that a
word's denotation is fully intended, whether a word's connotation are intended is much more
difficult to determine.

IV. Decide whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F)
1. Semantics is the study of meaning in language. T
2. Every word has a neat visual image corresponding to the word. F
3. Connotation is the leading or primary semantic component which shows the literal meaning of
the word. F
4. Adding prefixes, suffixes and other words to existing words belongs to linguistic factors of
developing new meanings. T
5. Metonymy is based on the similarity between two things. F
6. Connotative meaning of “snake” is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous
reptiles, having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate
regions”. F
7. Polysemy is the result of the development or changes of the original meaning. T
8. “He is a wet blanket” is an example of metaphor. T
9. There always has a definite way of deciding which the literal meaning is. F
10. When it comes to polysemy and homonymy, context can serve as shields against
misunderstanding. T

V. Answer these following questions:

1. What is denotation? What is connotation? Give one example ( a single word ) to illustrate.
Give differences between them.
1. Denotation:
The denotation of a word is its literal, dictionary definition—the explicit meaning without
emotional or cultural associations.

13
 2. Connotation:
The connotation of a word refers to the emotions, cultural associations, or secondary
meanings that the word evokes beyond its denotative meaning.

Example:
Word: Rose
 Denotation: A rose is a type of flower with petals, thorns, and a pleasant scent.
 Connotation: A rose often symbolizes love, romance, or beauty in cultural and emotional
contexts.

Differences:
Aspect Denotation Connotation
Definition Literal, objective meaning. Emotional, cultural, or subjective meaning.
Emphasis Focuses on facts and clarity. Focuses on feelings and associations.
Scope Fixed and universal. Variable, depending on culture or context.
Example "Snake" = a reptile. "Snake" = a deceitful person (negative).

2. What is metaphor? What is metonymy? Give examples. Give differences between them.

1. Metaphor:
A metaphor is a figure of speech where one thing is compared to another by stating that one
is the other. It is used to represent something abstract or intangible in terms of something
concrete, based on similarity.
o Example: "Time is a thief."
Here, time is compared to a thief, implying that time "steals" moments from life.

2. Metonymy:
A metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing is referred to by something closely
associated with it, rather than by its own name. The relationship is one of contiguity, not
similarity.
o Example: "The White House issued a statement."
Here, "The White House" refers to the President or their staff, based on their association
with the building.

14
Differences Between Metaphor and Metonymy
Aspect Metaphor Metonymy
Definition Describes something by comparing it Refers to something by using a
to something else based on similarity. term closely related to it.
Relationship Based on resemblance or analogy. Based on association or
proximity.
Usage Symbolic and often abstract. Literal and specific.
Example "He is a shining star." (Similarity: "He drank the whole bottle." (The
brightness, fame) bottle represents the liquid
inside.)

3. Identify the Metaphor or Metonymy:

1. The crown will not be pleased with this decision.
Metonymy
2. She’s the apple of my eye.
Metaphor
3. Have you lost your tongue, Jack?
Metonymy
4. Hollywood is known for making blockbuster movies.
Metonymy
5. His anger was a volcano about to erupt.
Metaphor
6. The White House issued a statement today.
Metonymy

UNIT 5: HYMONYMY
I. Choose the correct answer to complete the definitions or answer the following questions
1. Which of the following best describes the definition of homonymy? C. Homonyms are
words which are the same in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but
different in their meanings.
2. Traditionally, homonyms are classified into three types namely, homonyms proper, homophones
and………………………... B. Homographs
3. Homonyms proper are words that are ……………..in both pronunciation and spelling. C.
Identical
4. Homophones are words that are the same sound but of ………………….spelling.
15
D. Different
5. Homographs are words that are the same in ……………..but different in sound.
B. Spelling
6. Full lexical homonyms are words, which represent the same category of parts of speech and have
the same………………. C. Paradigm
7. …………………………are words which belong to the same category of parts of speech and they
have one identical form in their paradigms. B. Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms.
8. ………………………………….are words of different categories of parts of speech, which have
one identical form in their paradigms. A. Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms.
9. ………….are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their
original forms.C. Partial lexical homonyms.
10. ……………………..pertaining to the loss of affixes, simplification of conjunct consonants,
loss of syllables etc. affecting either one of the words or both of them lead to creation of
homonymy C. Phonetic changes
11. Words borrowed from different languages also contribute to……………. These borrowings
may also undergo phonetic changes. D. Homonymy
12. The general principle of differentiation has been the relatedness of the meanings. If the
meanings are related it is a case of………….………., if not, it is case of ………………………
A. Polysemy, Homonymy
13. Which is not a type of homonym? C. Split polysemy.
14. In some cases the ………………of the meaning may not be recognizable by the speakers. A.
Figurative extensions
15.According to A.I. Smirnitsky,how many types can homonyms be classified
into? B.2

II.Identify the sense relation between the underlined pair of words or expressions and classify
them if possible.

1a. The kids are going to watch b TV tonight. (a) small clock worn on the wrist
1b. What time is it? I have to set my watch a (b) look at
2a. Which page a is the homework on? (a) one sheet of paper
2b. Please page b the doctor if you need help. (b) look at
3a. Let’s play a soccer after school. (a) participate in a sport
3b. The author wrote a new play b (b) theater piece
(a) a tiny amount
4a. Ouch! The mosquito bit b me!

4b. I’ll have a little bit a of sugar in my tea. (b) past tense of bite
5a. My rabbits are in a pen_b outside. (a) a writing instrument which uses ink
5b. Please sign this form with a black pen . a (b) an enclosed area
16
III. Fill in the blanks using the right choice given in brackets.
1.Nobody can HEAR what I tell HERE (1.hear /2.here)
2. NONE desires in our village to become a NUN (2.nun / 1.none)
3. She brushed away her TEAR when she learnt her booking was confirmed in three TIER
4. SEE how the SEA is tumultuous ( 1.see/ 2.sea)
5.WHERE WERE you till now? (2.Were / 1.Where)
6. I have not READ the RED cover book till now. (2.red / 1.read)
7. The house MAID was MADE to work for many hours without rest. (1.maid / 2.made)
8. They MEET at the market where they buy MEAT (2.meat / 1.meet)
9. Last ........., she was ......... (2.weak / 1.week)
10. ......... people cannot show the ......... way to success. (1.idle / 2.ideal)
11. ........... and ........... are related subjects. (1.astrology / 2.astronomy)
12. She said, “I shall not ....... before I ....... (1.dye / 2.die)
13. She ........ on a ....... which was paved with flowers. (2.road / 1.rode)
14. The ……….of animals have never ………..such a melodious music. (2.heard /1.herd) 15.
A .......teacher is always…of the needs of the learners. (1.conscientious / 2.conscious) 16.
The ........ he took ........ him. (2.ails / 1.ale)
17. Japan, an ........ country, has a ....... population too. (2.industrious / 1.industrial)
18. There was a ....... on his dying face as he ....... his will. (2.signed / 1.shine)
19. ......... people, at times, have ......... fears. (1.imaginative / 2.imaginary)
IV. Choose the correct word.
1.Can I go to the party (too)?
2.This is my favorite (pair) of jeans.
3.I (sent) a letter to my aunt in Vietnam.
4.The children got (bored) during the lecture.
5.Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez like to work in (their) garden.
6.Alec is going to (wear) his work boots today.
7.Do you think it is going to (rain) this afternoon?
8.I saw a restaurant just off the (road) about a mile back.
9.David’s brother is in a (band) which plays Russian music.
10.Juana wants her socks because her (toes) are cold.
11.The teacher walked down the (aisle) between the rows of desks.
12.Hadil has a (pain) in her shoulder.
13.The school (principal) spoke to a group of parents.
14.The clerk wants to (sell) as many TVs as possible.
15.I don’t want to talk about the (past) anymore.
16.Nobody (knows) what you are thinking.
17.I have (four) dollars in my pocket.
18.I need to take a (break) from this exercise!
19.Humans have hands. Dogs have (paws).
20.(He’ll) be here in a few minutes.

17
V. Match the words to their definitions
1-d 2-e 3-a 4-b 5-c 6-k 7-i 8-f 9-g 10-h

A B
1. Homonyms d a.are words that are the same sound but of different
spelling.
2. Homonyms proper e b.are words that are the same in spelling but
different in sound.

3. Homophones a c. are words, which represent the same category of parts

of speech and have the same paradigm.

4.Homographs b d. are words which are the same in sound and spelling, or,
at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their
meanings.

5. Full lexical homonyms c e.are words that are identical in both

pronunciation and spelling.

6. Simple lexico-grammatical f. are words of the same category of parts of

partial homonyms k speech which are identical only in their original
forms
7. Complex lexico-grammatical g.Words borrowed from different languages also
partial homonyms i contribute to homonymy. These borrowings may
also undergo phonetic changes.
8. Partial lexical hymonyms f h. Homonyms come in a language because of the
convergent phonetic development of two or more
different lexical units. Most of the homonyms in a
language have their origin in this way.
9. Borrowing g i. Are words of different categories of parts of
speech, which have one identical form in their
paradigms
10. Phonetic changes h k. Are words which belong to same catetogory of
parts of speech and they have one identical form in
their paradigms

VI.Answer these following questions:

1.What is homonymy? What is polysemy? Give examples to illustrate. Give differences
between them.
Homonyms are words which are the same in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these
aspects, but different in their meanings.
Examples:
1. Bank
18
 o A financial institution (e.g., "I deposited money in the bank.")
o The side of a river (e.g., "He sat by the riverbank.")
2. Bat
o An animal (e.g., "Bats are nocturnal.")
o A piece of sports equipment (e.g., "He hit the ball with a bat.")

Polysemy occurs when a single word has multiple related meanings or senses, usually derived
from a common origin or concept.
Examples:
1. Run
o To move quickly on foot (e.g., "She runs every morning.")
o To operate (e.g., "This machine runs on electricity.")
o To flow (e.g., "The river runs through the valley.")
2. Head
o The upper part of the body (e.g., "He hit his head.")
o A leader (e.g., "She is the head of the department.")
o The front or top of something (e.g., "The head of the table.")

Differences Between Homonymy and Polysemy

Aspect Homonymy Polysemy
Definition Words with the same form but A single word with multiple related
unrelated meanings. meanings.
Relation Meanings are unrelated and Meanings are connected or derived
distinct. from a core sense.
Etymology Different origins for each meaning. Common origin or conceptual link
between meanings.
Examples Bat (animal vs. sports equipment) Run (move quickly vs. operate).
Type of Coincidental similarity in form. Systematic or logical c onnection in
Connection meanings.

2.What is homonyms? What is homophones? Give examples. Give differences between them.

Homonyms (chép giống câu 1 cả ví dụ)

Homophones words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.

Example:

 Sea (a large body of saltwater) vs. See (to observe).

 Right (correct) vs. Write (to form letters on a surface).

19
Differences Between Homonyms and Homophones

Aspect Homonyms Homophones

Spelling Can have the same or different spellings. Always have different spellings.

Pronunciation Can have the same or different Always pronounced the same.
pronunciations.

Meaning Have different meanings. Have different meanings.

Examples Bat (animal) vs. Bat (sports equipment). Sea (water body) vs. See (to
observe).

UNIT 6: SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS

I. Choose the correct option A, B, C or D
1. ……………… are words belong to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical
or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts. A. Synonyms
2. …………… synonyms are two different terms that are used to denote precisely the same thing;
there is no variation in the meaning between the two. B. Absolute
3. Identical - indistinguishable; drink - beverage; insect - bug are example of …………..synonyms.
B. Absolute
4. ………………..synonyms are words conveying the same notion but differing in shades of
meaning. C. Ideographic
5. Glance, look and glimpse are examples of ……………..synonyms. D. Ideographic
6. Examination – exam; laboratory – lab are examples of ……………..synonyms. A. Stylistic
7. ……………..synonyms are words that have similar meaning only under some specific
distribution conditions. C. Contextual
8. The verb look at is the synonymic ……………… in the group to stare, to glance, to peep.
D. dominant
9. To surprise - to astonish - to amaze - to astound; to satisfy - to please - to content - to gratify - to
delight - to exalt are examples of ……………………... A. connotation of degree of intensity
10. …………………indicates how strongly or how intensely an action takes place or is performed.
A. Connotation of degree of intensity
11. ………………..indicates how long an action takes place or is performed.
D. Connotation of duration
12. The group of synonyms to stare - to glare - to gaze - to glance - to peep - to peer may be said
to have a …………………… in their semantic structure. C. connotation of manner
13. In the group to tremble - to shiver - to shudder - to shake, the verb to shudder is frequently
associated with the emotion of fear, horror or disgust, and therefore can be said to have an
………………….. B. emotive connotation
20
14. The …………………… conveys the speaker's attitude towards the referent, labelling it
as good or bad.C. evaluation connotation
15. The verbs to like - to admire - to love - to adore - to worship are examples of the
…………………….. A. connotation of manner
16.We use the term……………… to indicate words of the same category of parts of speech
which have contrasting meanings, such as hot – cold, light – dark, to accept – to reject, up – down.
C. antonym
17. Young - elderly; hard - easy; happy - wistful; wise - foolish; fat – slim are examples of
synonyms of …………….. C. adverbs
18. Now - then, here - there, ever – never are examples of synonyms of …………….. C. adverbs
19. Find the antonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
In remote communities, it's important to replenish stocks before the winter sets in. B. empty
20. Find the antonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
He was so insubordinate that he lost his job within a week. C. obedient
21. Find the antonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
There is growing concern about the way man has destroyed the environment. A. ease
22. Find the antonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
Fruit and vegetables grew in abundance on the island. The islanders even exported the surplus.
B. small quantity
23. Find the synonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
A lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job. A. impediment
24. Find the synonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
In astronomy, a scale of magnitude from one to six denotes the brightness of a star. A. signifies
25. Find the synonym of the words in bold in the following sentence:
Don’t you ever mention that matter again. I will not hear anything of it. A. touch on

21
 II.Match the words to their definitions
1-I 2-G 3-J 4-A 5-H 6-C 7-F 8-B 9-E 10-D
A B
1. Absolute synonyms I a. is an appropriate expression used in the
place of a phrase or words that may be found
inappropriate or offensive. They are commonly
used in daily language and literature to replace
2. Connotation of attendant circumstances G language
b. denote that
one some may
and the findsubject
same displeasing.
as viewed
from different points of view (e.g. family and
social relations, space and time relations, etc)
3. Dialect J c. are words which are formed by derivation
from the same root.
4. Euphemism A d. a feeling or idea that is suggested by a
particular word although it need not be a part of
the word's meaning, or something suggested by
an object or situation
5. Antonyms H e. are those words which are completely
different in sound and form.
6. Derivational antonyms C f. mean the denial of one member means the
assertion of the other.
7. Complimentary antonyms F g. indicates the related context or environment
where an action is performed.
8. Relational antonyms B h. is a term that has the inverse meaning of that
other word.
9. Rootword antonyms E i. words that coincide in all their shades of
meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics.
10. Connotation D j. is a variety of English which is associated
with a particular region and/or social class.
III. Fill in the blank with a suitable word or phrase:
1. CONNOTATION issomething suggested or implied by a word or thing, rather
than being explicitly named or described.
2. Synonym is a word or phrase that has the same or nearly the same meaning as
another word or phrase in the same LANGUAGE
3. Synonyms can be any PART OF SPEED (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or
prepositions).
4. Some linguists claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all
contexts or social levels of language) because etymology, orthography, PHONIC
QUALITIES, ambiguous meanings, usage, etc. make them unique.
5. Among stylistic synonyms we can point to a special group of words which are
called EUPHEMISMS

22
6. The occurrence of absolute synonyms not only depends on the LEXICAL
MEANING but also on the DISTRIBUTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC of the
words.
7. Two lexical units can be ABSOLUTE SYNONYMS only if they are
interchangeable for one another in all contexts without the slightest change in their
meaning.
8.The synonyms pretty, handsome, beautiful are the ones which are more or less
INTERCHANGEABLE Yet, each of them describes a special type of human beauty.
9. Borrowings, shift of meaning, DIALECTICAL, word formation and euphemisms
are the main sources of synonyms.
10. Most antonyms are TENSE ADJECTIVE which is only natural because
qualitative characteristics are easily compared and contrasted.

IV. Decide whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F)
F 1. So that – in order that, however - nevertheless are examples of
synonyms of adverbs.
T 2. Synonyms are words which agree in expressing one or more characteristic ideas
in common.
F 3. If two words have identity in all their semantic features they are called stylistic
synonyms.
T 4. Denotation is the literal meaning of a word. It’s the definition you would find in
the dictionary.
T 5. Connotation refers to the emotions or ideas that you think of when you read or
hear a word.
F 6. The connotation of words: home, house, shelter refer to a place where people
live.
F 7. Connotation of manner indicates the related context or environment where
an action is performed.
T 8. Stylistic connotations are subject to further classification namely: colloquial,
slang, dialect, learned, poetic, terminological, archaic.
T 9. Antonyms can be distributed according to parts of speech.
T 10. Decisive –indecisive; code – decode; know – known are derivational antonyms.
V. Do as the following directions:
1. 5 Pairs of Synonyms (Nouns)
 Joy / Happiness
 Freedom / Liberty
 Enemy / Foe
 Home / Residence
 Error / Mistake
2. 5 Pairs of Synonyms (Verbs)
 Begin / Start
 Help / Assist
 Fix / Repair
23
  Choose / Select
 Say / Speak
3. 5 Pairs of Synonyms (Adjectives)
 Happy / Joyful
 Quick / Fast
 Bright / Radiant
 Small / Tiny
 Quiet / Silent
4. 5 Pairs of Synonyms (Adverbs)
 Quickly / Swiftly
 Quietly / Silently
 Happily / Joyfully
 Nearly / Almost
 Often / Frequently
5. 5 Pairs of Synonyms (Prepositions)
 About / Concerning
 Above / Over
 Beneath / Under
 Across / Through
 Before / Prior to
6. 5 Pairs of Synonyms (Conjunctions)
 And / Also
 But / However
 Because / Since
 Although / Though
 So / Therefore
7. 5 Pairs of Antonyms (Verbs)
 Build / Destroy
 Arrive / Depart
 Increase / Decrease
 Love / Hate
 Accept / Reject
8. 5 Pairs of Antonyms (Adjectives)
 Big / Small
 Happy / Sad
 Strong / Weak
 Bright / Dark
 Expensive / Cheap
9. 5 Pairs of Antonyms (Nouns)
 Victory / Defeat

24
  Friend / Enemy
 Wealth / Poverty
 Success / Failure
 War / Peace
10. 5 Pairs of Antonyms (Adverbs)
 Quickly / Slowly
 Loudly / Quietly
 Always / Never
 Nearly / Completely
 Often / Rarely
11. 5 Pairs of Antonyms (Prepositions)
 Above / Below
 In / Out
 Before / After
 On / Off
 Over / Under

UNIT 7: PHRASEOLOGY IDIOMS AND PROVERBS

I. Choose the correct answer to complete the definitions or answer the following
questions
1. Why do we use idioms and proverbs? D. All are correct.
2. The English language is no exception. There are so many….in English that
learners of English may always find it confusing to understand what the native
speakers of English say during their first contacts with them.B. idiomatic
expressions
3. ………………….. are characterized by a double sense: the current meanings of
constituent words build up certain picture, but the actual meaning of the whole unit
has little or nothing to do with that picture in itself creating an entirely new image.C.
Phraseological units or idioms
4. Phraseological units or idioms are……………., one cannot usually discover their
meanings by looking up the individual words in an ordinary dictionary.D.
metaphorical
5. Phraseological units or idioms cannot be changed or varied in the way
……………….are normally varied, whether in speech or writing. Idioms tend to
have other characteristics in common,although these do not apply generally to every
case. B. literal expressions
6. What is the actual meaning of “ Dutch auction”?C. The meaning of this
phraseological unit refers to any auction, where instead of rising, the prices fall.
7. What is the actual meaning of “ Red-letter day”?B. Something good or special
happens or is supposed to happen.

25
8. What is the actual meaning of “ Kettle of fish”?A. A state of affairs that is
confused, difficult, different from expected.
9. What is the actual meaning of “ Someone's salad days”?C. The years of life when
someone was young and lacking of experience.
10. It is noteworthy that in the formation of the ……………..of phraseological units
a cultural component plays a special and very important role. It marks phraseological
units as bearers of cultural information based on a unique experience of the nation.
A. Semantic structure
11. In modern linguistics there is considerable confusion about the terminology
associated with these word-groups. Most ………….scholars use the term
"phraseological unit" while western scholars use the term "idiom". D. Russian
12. A. V.Koonin (1972) defines phraseological unit as follows: "A phraseological
unit is a………………….characterized by a completely or partially transferred
meaning "A. Stable word-group
13. The definition clearly shows that the degree of semantic change in phraseological
units may vary,i.e. there are phrases with completely transferred meaning and there
are ones with………………….C. partially transferred meaning
14. The ………… is presented by phraseological units in which one of the
components preserves its current meaning and the other is used in a transferred
meaning. A. latter
15. A phraseological unit can be seen as a reproduced and idiomatic (non-motivated)
or ………built up according to the model of free word-groups B. partially
motivated unit
16. The meaning in phraseological units is created by mutual interaction of elements
and conveys a single concept. The actual meaning of a phraseological unit is
………………..and is opposed to the literal meaning of a word-combination from
which it is derived. A. figurative (transferred)
17. The meanings of phraseological units, in almost all cases, bear no traces of those
of the single words in them. Metaphorical meanings and certain kinds of invariables
are related to each other.D. Metaphorical meanings
18. What is the metaphorical meaning of “ I hate people who talk behind your
back”?A. To speak ill of someone without his or her presence
19. The …………….also represents distinctive feature characterizing phraseological
units and contrasting them to free word-goup.C. structural criterion
20. What is the meaning of “ The man gave up the ghost”?A. The man died

II. Read following proverbs. Give their equivalents or explain their meaning.

1. Honesty is the best policy

Meaning:
Being honest is the best way to behave, as honesty tends to bring about long-

26
 term positive results. Even if dishonesty may seem beneficial in the short run,
ultimately, honesty leads to better outcomes.
2. Don’t judge a book by its cover
Meaning:
You should not judge people or situations based solely on their appearance or
first impressions. To truly understand someone or something, you need to look
deeper beyond outward appearances.
3. An apple a day keeps the doctor away
Meaning:
Maintaining a healthy diet, particularly by eating fruits and vegetables, helps to
keep you in good health and reduces the likelihood of getting sick. This
proverb encourages people to eat well to avoid frequent doctor visits.
4. Better late than never
Meaning:
It is better to do something late than to never do it at all. Completing a task or
goal, even if delayed, is preferable to giving up or not attempting it.
5. Rome wasn’t built in a day
Meaning:
Important and valuable achievements take time and effort. You shouldn't be
discouraged if you don't see immediate results, as success often requires
patience and perseverance.
6. Easy come, easy go
Meaning:
Things that are acquired easily or without much effort tend to be lost just as
easily. This proverb implies that something gained quickly may not hold lasting
value or be appreciated.
7. Always put your best foot forward
Meaning:
You should always try to make a good impression by giving your best effort in
any situation. This proverb encourages people to present themselves in the best
possible way, especially in important moments.
8. A stitch in time saves nine
Meaning:
Taking care of a problem or task promptly will prevent it from becoming a
bigger issue later. Acting early can save you more effort or trouble down the
road.
9. Those in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones
Meaning:
People who are vulnerable to criticism or have their own faults should not
criticize others. This proverb advises against being hypocritical or judgmental
when you are not perfect yourself.
10. Absence makes the heart grow fonder
Meaning:
When someone or something is not around, your appreciation and affection for
them often increase. Distance or separation can make people realize how much
they care about each other.

Here are the English equivalents or explanations for the given Vietnamese
phrases and proverbs:
27
1. “Ăn quả nhớ kẻ trồng cây”
Meaning:
"Remember the one who planted the tree when you eat its fruit."
This means we should always be grateful for those who made sacrifices or
contributed to our success. It highlights the importance of showing gratitude.
2. “Cười ra nước mắt”
Meaning:
"Laughing to the point of tears."
This refers to a situation where laughter turns into tears, often implying a
bittersweet or ironic situation where joy and sadness are intertwined.
3. “Cái khó ló cái khôn”
Meaning:
"Necessity is the mother of invention."
This means that difficult situations often inspire creative solutions or ingenuity.
Challenges push people to come up with smart ideas.
4. “Ba chìm bảy nổi”
Meaning:
"Ups and downs in life."
This refers to someone who has faced many difficulties or uncertainties in life,
being tossed around by circumstances.
5. “Mẹ tròn con vuông”
Meaning:
"Both mother and child are healthy."
This phrase is used to express that a mother has had a successful childbirth and
both mother and baby are in good health.
6. “Một nắng hai sương”
Meaning:
"Hardship under the sun and dew."
This refers to enduring hard work and challenges, often related to laboring in
harsh conditions, especially in farming or outdoor work.
7. “Nem công chả phượng”
Meaning:
"Exquisite and luxurious food."
This phrase refers to delicacies and luxurious dishes, often served at special
occasions or royal feasts. It implies that the food is rare and of high quality.
8.  “Nhanh như chớp”
Meaning:
"As fast as lightning."
This phrase refers to something or someone moving or acting extremely
quickly, just like a flash of lightning.
9.  “Một nắng hai sương”
Meaning:
"Hardship under the sun and dew."
This refers to enduring hard work and challenges, especially in difficult
conditions, such as working tirelessly in the field under the sun and through the
night.
10.  “Xa mặt cách lòng”
Meaning:
"Out of sight, out of mind."
28
 This means that when people are physically separated or distant from each
other, their feelings or affection for each other may fade over time.

IV. ANSWER QUESTIONS

 Structurally, what is the difference between phraseological units and free word-
groups?
Phraseological units are structurally fixed expressions that cannot be changed or
rearranged without losing their meaning. In contrast, free word-groups are not fixed and
can be altered or restructured without affecting the overall meaning. The structure of
phraseological units is stable, while free word-groups are flexible and can follow typical
grammatical rules.

 Semantically, what is the difference between phraseological units and free word-
groups?
Semantically, phraseological units have a figurative or transferred meaning that cannot be
deduced from the meanings of the individual words within the unit. In contrast, free
word-groups maintain their literal meanings, and their meanings can be easily derived
from the meanings of the individual words.

 Semantically, what is the difference between proverbs and phraseological units?

Proverbs are complete sentences or expressions that convey a general truth, moral lesson,
or piece of advice. They are often used independently as statements or sayings.
Phraseological units, on the other hand, are typically part of a sentence and serve as fixed
expressions within a larger context, with meanings that are figurative or idiomatic

29