Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan – PAKS-1121 Session: Fall 2024

Class: BS COSC-2C
Lesson:-01
By Mr. Haseeb Hassan Shah

Table Of Content
• Historical Perspective
• Ideology
• Two Nation Theory
• Criticism

HISTORICAL MOVEMENT OF PAKISTAN(1857-1947

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Historical perspective refers to the understanding and interpretation of past events,

experiences, and cultural phenomena within their original context, taking into account the
social, political, economic, and cultural factors that influenced them.

It involves analyzing and evaluating historical data, sources, and narratives to reconstruct the
complexities of bygone eras, acknowledging the nuances and contingencies that shaped human
societies.

Political thinkers like Machiavelli, Sabine and Dunning believe that politics and history are
Intricately related and the study of politics always should have a historical perspective.

IDEOLOGY

An ideology is a comprehensive and coherent system of ideas, beliefs, and values that shape
an individual's or group's understanding of the world, politics, economy, society, and culture.

It provides a framework for interpreting and making sense of reality, guiding actions,
decisions, and policies.

Ideologies are complex systems of ideas, values, and beliefs that shape our understanding of
the world and guide our actions. They can be both empowering and limiting, depending on
their content and application.

Ideology comprises with the two Word “Idea means beliefs values and Logy means Science or
Understanding”.

Pakistan was emerged on the ideology called TWO NATION THEORY, Which Stated that
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN(Two Nation- Theory)

Pakistan was emerged on the ideology called TWO NATION THEORY, It is a concept that
emerged in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-19th century particularly in the context of
the Indian independence movement and the subsequent partition of India in 1947.

The theory posits that Hindus and Muslims in India are two distinct nations, with their own
separate identities, cultures, and interests.

The theory asserts that Hindus and Muslims have distinct cultural, religious, and historical
identities that cannot be reconciled within a single nation-state.

It suggests that the values, beliefs, and interests of Hindus and Muslims are inherently
incompatible, making it impossible for them to coexist within a single nation.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN(Two Nation-Theory)

The theory advocates for the creation of separate homelands for Hindus and Muslims, which
ultimately led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. Proponent of this ideology
were Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Vinayak
Damodar Savarkar.
CRITICISM

Critics argue that the theory oversimplifies the complex diversity of Indian society, ignoring the
many shared cultural and historical ties between Hindus and Muslims.

The theory has been criticized for promoting divisive and exclusionary politics, contributing to the
violence and displacement that accompanied partition. They neglects the identities and interests of
other communities, such as Sikhs, Christians, and Dalits, who were also affected by partition

The Two-Nation Theory remains a topic of debate and controversy, with some seeing it as a
necessary response to the complexities of Indian diversity and others viewing it as a flawed and
divisive concept.
HISTORICAL MOVEMENT OF PAKISTAN (1857-1947)
War Of Independence

A widespread uprising against British rule, marking the beginning of the independence movement.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British
East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.

Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612 and
earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes.

Its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India. The
victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar, when the East India Company army defeated
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

After his defeat, the emperor granted the company the right to the "collection of Revenue" in the provinces
of Bengal to the company. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and
Madras.

Later, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of
even more of India.

The Causes that’s lead Indian Rebellion 1857 comprised on Political, Economic, Social and Military factor.

Politically, The British East India Company's aggressively expansion and annexation of Indian kingdoms
and territories led to widespread resentment. It disregarded the authority and dignity of Indian rulers, leading
to a sense of humiliation and anger.
Socially, The British introduction of Western social and cultural practices threatened traditional Indian ways
of life. They expanded Western education and values led to a sense of cultural alienation among Indians.

Economically, The British exploited India's resources, leading to economic hardship and poverty for Indians.
They put restrictions on Indian trade and commerce led to economic stagnation.

Militarily, The Indian soldiers in the British army were dissatisfied with their treatment, pay, and conditions.
The British military policies, such as the General Service Enlistment Act, led to a sense of insecurity among
Indian soldiers.

These causes ultimately led to the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1857, which was a turning point in
Indian history.
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

After the War of independence people of Sub-Indian Continent faced many trouble in their lives,
specifically Muslim who were the ruler of the continent had faced many challenges now. To Counter
Such challenges and for the betterment in the future 3 School of thoughts were developed:

Aligarh Movement lead by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, comprised that Muslims must get Western Education
in order to compete in the World.

Dar-ul-uloom Deoband (1866), their belief that Muslim must switch their Sense of knowing and ideas
from Western to Islamic principle for the betterment of the Society.

Nadwat-ul-uloom(18992), this School of thought comprises both Western and Islamic Education in
sense to get advantage in the World.

Indian National Congress(1885)

Indian National Congress (INC) were established by British emperor LORD AO HUME. To bring
together Indians from different regions, castes, religions and provided political platform to work
towards a common goal of independence.

They wants to advocate for constitutional reforms and greater representation for Indians in the British
colonial government. And to promote economic development and address issues like poverty,
inequality, and exploitation.

One of the main purpose of INC to neglect the idea to oppose British colonial rule and demand
independence for India between the people. by unify diverse groups like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and
Christians to work towards a common goal. Further by providing a platform for debate, discussion, and
resolution of national issues.

Nearly, Muslims were realized that INC operated only for to protect the interest of the Hindus of India.
DURAND LINE(1893)

The Durand Line Agreement was a treaty signed on November 12, 1893, between Sir Mortimer
Durand, the Foreign Secretary of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan.
The agreement established the Durand Line, a border between British India (now Pakistan) and
Afghanistan.

The agreement defined the border between British India and Afghanistan, which spanned over 2,400
kilometers. It was made for territorial adjustments, with Afghanistan ceding some territories to
British India.

The agreement recognized British influence in Afghanistan's foreign affairs.it facilitated trade and
commerce between British India and Afghanistan.

The agreement aimed to secure the border region and prevent conflicts.

PARTITION OF BENGAL(1905)

The Partition of Bengal was a British colonial decision in 1905 to divide the Indian province of
Bengal into two separate provinces. It was dealt by Lord Curzon

Bengal Provinces, Comprising western Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, with a majority Hindu
population. Eastern Bengal and Assam comprises parts of Bengal, with a majority Muslim
population.

Reason of partition was considered Administrative convenience, that’s make easier to

administration. Further its appeased Muslim Sentiment and created a Muslim-majority province.
Some Researcher considered it as their Divide and Rule policy Which created division among the
Indians and weakens the national movement.

Partition of Bengal created Negative Impact for the British rule that’s led to massive protests,
boycotts movement. And also altered tension between Hindus and Muslims which continued to
 simmer. The partition was reunified and eventually reversed in 1911, but the impact on Indian
politics and society was lasting.

SHIMLA DEPUTITION(1906)

The Shimla Deputation was a significant event in Indian history that took place on October 1, 1906, in
Shimla, India.

A delegation of 35 Muslim leaders, led by Sir Aga Khan III, met with the British Viceroy of India, Lord
Minto, to present their demands for greater representation and rights for Muslims in India.

Key demands of the Shimla Deputation:

1. Separate electorates for Muslims

2. Representation in government proportionate to their population
3. Muslim-majority provinces
4. Protection of Muslim rights and interests

Lord Minto's accepted the demands of the agenda and it considered beneficial for the Muslims as its led to
the establishment of the Muslim League in 1906 and marked the beginning of separate Muslim politics in
India. It influenced British policy towards Muslims in India and Paved the way for the Pakistan
Movement
ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE(1906)

The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was a political party that played a significant role in the Indian
subcontinent's history, particularly during the British colonial era. Founded in 1906 in Dhaka, (now
Bangladesh), the party's primary objective was to protect and promote the rights of Muslims in India.

The AIML advocated for separate electorates for Muslims, greater representation in government, and other
political concessions. The party's most notable achievement was its role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947,
as it became the driving force behind the Pakistan Movement.

Some key leaders of the All-India Muslim League include:

1. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (also known as Quaid-e-Azam) joined in 1913.

2. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
3. Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka
4. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal
5. Liaquat Ali Khan

LUCKNOW PACT(1916)

The Lucknow Pact was a significant agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All-
India Muslim League, signed on November 29, 1916, in Lucknow, India. The pact aimed to unite
Hindus and Muslims in their struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Key provisions of the Lucknow Pact:

1. Joint political action: Congress and Muslim League agreed to work together for independence.
2. Separate electorates: Muslims would have separate electorates, ensuring their representation in
government.
3. Reserved seats: Muslims would have reserved seats in councils and legislative bodies.
4. Protection of minority rights: Both parties agreed to protect minority rights.
5. United stand against British: Both parties would present a united front against British colonial rule.

This pact was a crucial agreement that unite Hindus and Muslims in their struggle for the
independence.
Rowlatt Act(1919)

The Rowlatt Act was a British colonial law passed in 1919, which allowed for the arrest and
imprisonment of individuals without trial or evidence. The act was named after Sir Sidney Rowlatt,
the British judge who chaired the committee that drafted the law.

The act sparked widespread protests and outrage across India. Mahatma Gandhi strongly opposed
the act, leading to his first nationwide Satyagraha (non-violent resistance) movement.

The act contributed to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, where British troops killed
hundreds of unarmed protesters.

The Rowlatt Act galvanized the Indian independence movement, with many Indians demanding
complete independence from British rule.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT(1919-1924)

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a political campaign in India aimed at preserving the Ottoman
Caliphate, which was threatened by British colonial powers after World War I.

The Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I led to the decline of the Caliphate. British colonial powers
sought to dismantle the Ottoman Empire and gain control over the Middle East. Indian Muslims feared
the loss of the Caliphate would undermine Islamic authority and their own rights.

Key leaders of the Khilafat Movement:

1. Maulana Muhammad Ali
2. Maulana Shaukat Ali
3. Maulana Azad
4. Mahatma Gandhi (supported the movement)

The movement promoted unity among Muslims across the world. The Khilafat Movement merged with
the Indian independence movement, strengthening the fight against British colonial rule.This movement
led to the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), a nationwide civil disobedience campaign.

The movement declined after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924.

DIARCHY SYSTEM(1919)

Diarchy was a transitional system that attempted to balance British control with Indian
participation. In which half of personnel were Selected and half were Elected.

Key features of Diarchy:

1. Dual administration: Power was divided between the British Governor and Indian ministers.
2. Reserved subjects: British Governor controlled key areas like law and order, finance, and
foreign affairs.
3. Transferred subjects: Indian ministers handled education, health, and local self-government.
4. Limited powers: Indian ministers had limited powers and were subordinate to the British
Governor.
Diarchy allowed limited Indian participation in government, but real power remained with the
British. It created conflicts and tensions between British Governors and Indian ministers.

Indian nationalists opposed Diarchy, demanding full independence and self-rule and that lead
to Government of India Act 1935.

Diarchy ultimately failed to satisfy Indian demands for self-rule. it ultimately paved the way
for further nationalist movements.

NEHRU REPORT(1928)

The Nehru Report was a constitutional framework proposed in 1928 by a committee led by
Motilal Nehru, father of Jawaharlal Nehru. Key features of the Nehru Report:

1. Dominion status: India would become a dominion within the British Empire, with greater
autonomy.
2. Federal structure: A federal system with power divided between the center and provinces.
3. Parliamentary system: A parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature.
4. Universal adult franchise: Universal adult suffrage, with voting rights for all citizens.
5. Protection of minority rights: Safeguards for minority communities.
6. Separate electorates: Rejection of separate electorates for Muslims.

The Muslim League rejected the report due to the rejection of separate electorates. This report
widened the Hindu-Muslim divide, leading to further communal tensions. It’s contributed to
the growth of the nationalist movement, with demands for full independence.

The Nehru Report was an important milestone in India's constitutional development, but its
rejection by the Muslim League highlighted the challenges of building consensus among
different communities in India.
14th Points of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah(1929)

The 14 Points of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah were proposed in 1929 as a

constitutional reform plan for India. The points aimed to safeguard Muslim rights and interests
in a future Indian constitution.

Key points:

1. Federal structure: A federal system with residuary powers vested in provinces.

2. Muslim representation: Adequate representation for Muslims in the central legislature.
3. Separate electorates: Separate electorates for Muslims.
4. Weightage: Weightage for Muslim representation in provinces where they were in minority.
5. Provincial autonomy: Full autonomy for provinces.
6. Muslim-majority provinces: Muslim-majority provinces should have Muslim governors.
7. Protection of Muslim rights: Safeguards for Muslim rights and interests.
8. Redistribution of provinces: Redistribution of provinces to create Muslim-majority
provinces.
9. Separate constituent assembly: Separate constituent assembly for Muslims.
10. Joint electorates: Joint electorates for both Hindus and Muslims.
11. Reservation of seats: Reservation of seats for Muslims in central and provincial
legislatures.
12. Muslim representation in services: Adequate representation for Muslims in government
services.
13. Protection of Muslim culture: Safeguards for Muslim culture and language.
14. Treaty between Hindus and Muslims: A treaty between Hindus and Muslims to ensure
mutual rights and interests.

The 14 Points were an attempt to address Muslim concerns and demands, but they were
ultimately rejected by the Indian National Congress. However, they played a significant role in
shaping the Pakistan Movement and the eventual creation of Pakistan in 1947.
ALLAHBAD ADDRESS BY ALLAMA IQBAL(1930)

Allama Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 address to the Muslim League in Allahabad is considered a
landmark speech in Indian history. Iqbal, a renowned poet, philosopher, and politician,
presented his vision for a separate homeland for Muslims in India.

Key points from the address:

1. Separate nationhood: Iqbal argued that Muslims in India constitute a separate nation,
distinct from Hindus.
2. Islamic identity: He emphasized the importance of Islamic identity and the need for
Muslims to preserve their cultural and religious heritage.
3. Territorial adjustments: Iqbal suggested territorial adjustments to create a Muslim-majority
province in northwest India.
4. Self-determination: He advocated for self-determination and autonomy for Muslims in their
own affairs.
5. Critique of nationalism: Iqbal criticized Indian nationalism, arguing it was dominated by
Hindu interests.
6. Vision for Pakistan: Iqbal's speech laid the groundwork for the idea of Pakistan, which
would become a reality 17 years later.

Iqbal's address marked a turning point in the Muslim League's approach, shifting from seeking
minority rights to demanding a separate homeland. His ideas influenced Muhammad Ali
Jinnah and other Muslim leaders, contributing to the Pakistan Movement's momentum.
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES (1930,1931,1932)

The Round Table Conferences were a series of three conferences held in London between 1930 and 1932, aimed
at discussing constitutional reforms in India.

The conferences were attended by representatives of the British government, Indian nationalist leaders, and
prince of Indian states.

1. First Round Table Conference (1930): Failed to reach an agreement due to differences between Indian
nationalists and British government.
2. Second Round Table Conference (1931): Gandhi agreed to attend the conference in exchange for
concessions, including the release of political prisoners. Some agreements were reached, but key issues
remained unresolved. Jinnah also walked out in protest due to disagreements with the British government
and Indian nationalists.
3. Third Round Table Conference (1932): British government presented its own proposals, which were
rejected by Indian nationalists. Jinnah boycotted the conference, citing the British government's failure to
address Muslim concerns and demands.

The conference ended without significant agreements.

1936-1937 Elcevtions

The 1936-1937 elections in India were held under the Government of India Act 1935, which introduced provincial
autonomy and a federal structure. The elections were significant, as they marked the first time Indians elected their
own governments in the provinces.

Elections were held in 11 provinces. The Indian National Congress won a majority in 7 provinces, including the
crucial provinces of Bombay, Madras, and the United Provinces.

Where as The Muslim League, led by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, performed poorly, winning only 108
seats out of 482 Muslim seats.

the Unionist Party in Punjab and the Krishak Praja Party in Bengal, also won significant seats.

Congress formed governments in 7 provinces, with leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas
Chandra Bose becoming premiers.

The Muslim League's poor performance led to a decline in its influence and a re-evaluation of
its strategy. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah re-emerged as a key leader, advocating for
Muslim rights and eventually leading the Pakistan Movement.

The elections exacerbated communal tensions, as Congress and Muslim League governments
often clashed over issues like Muslim representation and rights. And due to increasing protest
and abrupt situation held in 1939 Congress resigned.
LAHORE RESOLUTION (1940)

The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was a landmark statement
adopted by the Muslim League on March 23, 1940.

Key points of the resolution:

1. Separate homeland: Demanded a separate homeland for Muslims in India, where they could
live according to their own customs and laws.
2. Independent states: Called for the creation of independent states in the northwestern and
eastern regions of India, where Muslims were in the majority.
3. Sovereignty: Asserted the sovereignty of the Muslim nation over these territories.
4. Protection of Muslim rights: Emphasized the need to protect the rights and interests of
Muslims in India.

The Lahore Resolution marked the formal beginning of the Pakistan Movement, with the
Muslim League demanding a separate homeland for Muslims. This resolution endorsed the
two-nation theory, which posited that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, deserving
separate states.

The British government did not immediately accept the resolution but eventually recognized
the demand for Pakistan in the 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan.

Notable leaders of this resolution were, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Chaudhry
Khaliquzzaman, Liaquat Ali Khan, Abdul Qayyum Khan, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan,
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan,Abdul Rab Nishtar, Jogendra Nath Mandal.Huseyn Shaheed
Suhrawardy.
QUIT INDIA & DIVIDE and QUITE INDIA MOVEMENT(1942)

The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a civil disobedience
movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress on August 8,
1942, demanding immediate independence for India from British rule.

Mass destruction, Widespread protests, demonstrations, and strikes were started across in
India. Non-violent resistance, including non-cooperation with British authorities.
Mahatma Gandhi led the movement, calling for "Do or Die" efforts to achieve independence.

The Divide and Quit India Movement refers to the British government's strategy to divide the
Indian nationalist movement and weaken its demand for independence.

This strategy involved, by fueling Hindu-Muslim tensions to create divisions within the
nationalist movement. The British government supported the Muslim League's demand for a
separate homeland, Pakistan, to counter the Indian National Congress's demand for a united
India.

SHIMLA CONFERENCE(1945)

The Shimla Conference was a meeting held in Shimla, India, from June 25 to July 14, 1945,
during World War II. The conference aimed to discuss India's political future and the
possibility of Indian independence.

Key participants:

1. Lord Wavell: The Viceroy of India, who convened the conference.

2. Mahatma Gandhi: Representing the Indian National Congress.
3. Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Representing the Muslim League.
4. Other leaders: Representatives from other Indian political parties and princely states.

The conference ended without a consensus on India's political future. Jinnah reiterated the
Muslim League's demand for a separate homeland, Pakistan. Where Gandhi opposed the idea
of Pakistan, advocating for a united India. Where as Lord Wavell proposed a temporary
government, but it was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.
3RD JUNE PLANE / INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT

The 3rd June Plan, which later convert into Indian Independence Act , was announced on June
3, 1947, by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India. The plan proposed the partition
of British India into two separate countries: India and Pakistan.

Key points of the plan:

1. Partition of India: Division of British India into India and Pakistan, with Pakistan
comprising Muslim-majority areas.
2. Separate dominions: Both India and Pakistan would be separate dominions within the
British Commonwealth.
3. Boundary Commission: Establishment of a Boundary Commission to demarcate the borders
between India and Pakistan.
4. Referendum in NWFP: A referendum would be held in the North-West Frontier Province
(NWFP) to decide whether it would join India or Pakistan.
5. Transfer of power: Power would be transferred to the new governments by June 1948.

The plan was accepted by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, leading
to the eventual creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947, and India on August 15, 1947.

The 3rd June Plan marked a significant milestone in Indian and Pakistani history, leading to
Partition of India on base of Successful achieving the ideology called Two Nation Theory