EXPERIMENT 3

1. Summary of Experiment -: In this experiment setup a range between two known points and draw
the offset from the boundary line to chain line
2. Objective of the Experiment-: Linear measurements by tape:

(a) Ranging and fixing of survey station along a straight line and across obstacles.
(b) Laying perpendicular offset along the survey line

3. Apparatus Used
a) Ranging Rod
b) Chain/tape
c) Wooden Peg
d) Offset Rod
e) Cross Staff
f) Arrow

4. Theory-:

Ranging: - To measure a survey line, a chain/tape has to be laid out on the ground between the stations.
If the line is short, the chain/tape could be put in alignment easily but if it is long or the end station is not
clearly visible, then intermediate points have to be established in line with endpoints to know the
directions of the line by ranging.

There are two types of ranging:

1. Direct ranging
2. Indirect ranging
Direct ranging
When intermediate ranging rods are fixed on a straight line by direct observation from end stations, the
process is known as direct ranging. Direct ranging is possible when the stations are inter-visible.
Ranging is done by eye judgment.

Indirect Ranging
Indirect Ranging is possible when the ends of a line are not inter-visible as in the case when a hill
ground or when the distance between the stations is so large that they are not clearly inter-visible.
Intermediate points are fixed by the process of reciprocal ranging as explained below.
Offset: - The lateral measurement taken from an object to the chain line is known as offset. Offset are
taken to locate objects with reference to the chain line. They may be of two kinds-

(a) Perpendicular offset and

(b) Oblique offset

Perpendicular offsets: - When the lateral measurement is taken perpendicular to the chain line, they are
known as perpendicular offset.
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5. Procedure
Direct Ranging
a) Set up two stations A and B of the chain line and established an intermediate point between A and
B at point P.
b) The surveyor stands 2m beyond the ranging rod while the assistant folds the ranging rod vertically
in the intermediate stations.
c) The ranging rod is held roughly in line by the thumb and forefinger.
d) The surveyor directs the assistant to move the rod to the left or right until the three ranging rods
appear to be in a straight line.
e) To avoid errors due to the ranging rods not being vertical, the lower end of the rod is cited for
alignment.
f) The ranging will be perfect when three ranging rods coincide and appear as a single rod. After
ascertaining those three rods are in a straight line, ask the person to fix up the rod.
Indirect Ranging
a) Let A and B be the ends of a survey line to be measured as a rising ground between them.
b) Two chain men with ranging rods take the positions M1 and N1 such that they are as nearly in line
with A and B as they could judge the chain men at M1 could N1 and B. And the chain men at N1
could see M1 and A.
c) First chain men at N1 direct M1 to M2 so that he comes in the line with A and N. Then the chain
man at M2 directs N1 to N2 such that he comes in line with B and M2.
d) The process is repeated so that they align each other successively directing each other until they are
both finally in line AB.

Perpendicular offset
It may be taken in the following ways:

(a) By setting a perpendicular by swinging a tape from the object to the chain line (shown in Fig. (a)).
The point of minimum reading on the tape will be the base of the perpendicular.
(b) By setting a right angle in the ration 3:4:5 (shown in Fig. (b)).
(c) By setting a right angle with the help of builders or Tri square (shown in Fig. (c)).
(d) By setting a right angle by cross-staff or optical square.
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 Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c)

6. Observation
Length Readings
AB
BC
CD

7. Result
(a) By Tape and ranging the total distance is found to be
(b) Details of offset in image form.

Viva Question and Answer

1. Two stations are not intervisible due to intervening high ground. How will you range the line?
Ans. The ranging is to be done by the reciprocal method or indirect method.

2. How many ranging rods are required to range a line?

Ans. At least three ranging rods are required for direct ranging and at least four for indirect ranging.

3. What is the length of one link in a 20m chain?

Ans. The 20m chain is divided into 100 links. So, one link is 0.2m. i.e.; 20cm. long.

4. What is the principle of chain surveying?

Ans. The Principle of chain surveying is triangulation.

5. What do you mean by triangulation?

Ans. The method of dividing an area into a number of triangles is known as triangulation.

6. What is the baseline of the survey?

Ans. The baseline is the backbone of the survey. The framework of the survey is prepared on this line.

7. What should be the maximum length of the offset?

Ans. The maximum length of the offset should be within the length of the tape used. Generally, it
should not be more than 15m.

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8. How is a station marked on the ground?
Ans. The station is marked on the ground by a wooden peg and with a cross on the station point.

9. How will you set up a perpendicular with the help of only a chain and tape?
Ans. By forming a triangle in the ratio 3:4:5 using the chain and tape.

10. What do you mean by the term ideal triangle?

Ans. An equilateral triangle is said to be ideal.

11. In a chaining operation, who is the leader and who is the follower?
Ans. The chained man at the forward end of the chain who drags the chain is known as the leader and
the one at the rear end of the chain is known as the follower.

12. Some Important question list:

a. What is surveying?
b. What is Leveling?
c. Objective and Uses of Surveying?
d. Methods of Surveying?
e. Explain
 Topographic Map
 Cadastral Map
 Engineering Map
 Military Map
 Contour Map
 Geological Map
 Archeological Map
f. General Principle of Surveying?
g. What is chaining?
h. Instruments used in Chain Surveying?
i. How many links are in the 30m Metric Chain? Length of each link?
j. Reciprocal Ranging?
k. What are Corrections?

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