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Notes On Exergy

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Notes On Exergy

Uploaded by

itsalex111990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exergy

• Exergy: a property that determines the useful work


potential of a given amount of energy at some
specified state.
• Also known as availability or available energy.
• The work potential of the energy contained in a system
at a specified state is the maximum useful work that
can be obtained from the system.
• Work output is maximized when the process between two specified
states is executed in a reversible manner.
• The system must be in the dead state at the end of the process to
maximize the work output.
• A system that is in equilibrium with its environment is said to be at the
dead state.
• At the dead state, the useful work potential (exergy) of a system is
zero.
• Exergy is a property of the system–environment combination and not
of the system alone.
• Altering the environment is another way of increasing exergy, but not
easy
• The atmosphere contains a tremendous amount of energy, but no
exergy.
• Unavailable energy is the portion of energy that cannot be converted to
work by even a reversible heat engine.
Decrease in available energy when heat is
transferred through a finite temperature difference

• Q1=T1Δs
• Q2=T0Δs
• W=AE=X=(T1-T0) Δs
• Q1=T1Δs=T’1Δs’
• Since T1˃T’1, Δs’ ˃ Δs
• Q2=T0Δs
• Q’2=T0Δs’
• Q’2 ˃ Q2
• W’=Q1-Q’2=T’1Δs’-T0Δs’
=(T’1-T0)Δs’
• W= Q1-Q2=(T1-T0)Δs
• W ˃W’
• Exergy lost due to irreversible heat transfer through a finite temperature
difference between the source and the working fluid during the heat addition
process is given by,
• W-W’= Q’2-Q2=T0(Δs’-Δs)
• Exergy destroyed in the process is thus the product of the lowest feasible
temperature i.e. the dead state and the additional entropy change in the
system while receiving heat irreversibly, compared to the case of reversible
heat transfer from the same source.
• The greater is the temperature difference (T1-T’1) the greater is the heat
rejection Q’2 and greater will be the exergy lost, or the unavailable part of
the energy.
• Exery is said to be destroyed each time it flows through a finite temperature
difference.
Exergy of a finite body at temperature T
Quality of Energy
Maximum work in a reversible process
Useful work
• The work done by work-producing
devices is not always entirely in a
usable form.
• For example, when a gas in a piston–
cylinder device expands, part of the
work done by the gas is used to push
the atmospheric air out of the way of
the piston (Fig.).
• This work, which cannot be
recovered and utilized for any useful
purpose, is equal to the atmospheric
pressure P0 times the volume change
of the system,

The difference between the actual work W and the surroundings work
Wsurr is called the useful work Wu:
• When a system is expanding and doing
work, part of the work done is used to
overcome the atmospheric pressure, and
thus Wsurr represents a loss.
• When a system is compressed, however, the
atmospheric pressure helps the compression
process, and thus Wsurr represents a gain.
• Note that the work done by or against the
atmospheric pressure has significance only
for systems whose volume changes during
the process (i.e., systems that involve
moving boundary work).
• It has no significance for cyclic devices and
systems whose boundaries remain fixed
during a process such as rigid tanks and
steady-flow devices (turbines, compressors,
nozzles, heat exchangers, etc.)
Exergy from a closed system
Exergy of a steady flow system
Gouy-Stodola theorem
SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY

It is obvious from this example that the first-


law efficiency alone is not a realistic measure
of performance of engineering devices. To
overcome this deficiency, we define a second-
law efficiency ηII as the ratio of the actual
thermal efficiency to the maximum possible
(reversible) thermal efficiency under the same
conditions.
Availability
• The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum
useful work that can be obtained in a process in which the
system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings or attains
the dead state.

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