Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning

College of Human Ecology
University of the Philippines Los Banos
College, Laguna

SUPERVISED FIELD EXPERIENCE

HUME 198

Field Practicum Output of : Bacani, Anne Jellie V.

Esquivel, Arge Louise Joy
Naredo, Guillian Oliver B.
Rico, Diannemar B.
For the degree of : Bachelor of Science in Human Ecology
Major in : Human Settlements Planning
Title : Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of
Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

Approved by: Date

Prof. Efraim D. Roxas, EnP.

Practicum Supervisor

Prof. Cheamson Garret Boongaling

Practicum Supervisor

Prof. Sharon Feliza Macagba, EnP.

Practicum Supervisor

Prof. Ricardo M. Sandalo

Practicum Coordinator

Prof. Efraim D. Roxas, EnP.

Department Chair, DCERP

Dr. Raden G. Piadozo

Dean, CHE

Recorded: Date

Dr. Marison R. Dy
College Secretary, CHE

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

Supervised Field Experience in Human Settlements Planning

University of the Philippines Los Baños
College of Human Ecology
Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning

In partnership with

Municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, Southern Tagalog Region

CLIMATE AND DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT OF MANSALAY, ORIENTAL MINDORO

TECHNICAL REPORT

Bacani, Anne Jellie V.

Esquivel, Arge Louise Joy
Naredo, Guillian Oliver B.
Rico, Diannemar B.

December 2016

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Choosing the practicum option to end our undergraduate journey as

Human Settlement Planning (HSP) Majors, we were completely clueless of how it
would be- especially that we were immersed in a distant site and we were really
out of our comfort zone. But it was definitely a wonderful experience, which we
are very thankful for to the ones who, if not for them, this study would not be
possible.

A million thanks to Engr. Alrey Maning, the Municipal Planning and

Development Coordinator of the Local Government Unit of Mansalay, Oriental
Mindoro for the guidance, accommodation, taking good care of us while on the
site, and making sure that the whole conduct of the study would be convenient.
Sincere gratitude to Kuya Ege, Kuya Nino, Kuya Melvin, Kuya Chong, and Tito
Bebot for accompanying us to the 17 barangays we went to and for all the
practical support while in Mansalay. We offer special thanks, too, to the DILG
Coordinator of Mansalay, Ms. Maria Eloisa for not tiring out in helping us
coordinate with the Barangay Captains. To Nanay Marlet and Tatay Nolie, Ate
Rachelle, Tita Smile, and Maria Elizabeth (Nene/Bebe), thank you for keeping us
emotionally healthy by providing "family" during our one-month stay in the
municipality.

For the technical guidance and assistance, we would like to thank Ma'am
Elizabeth Bandojo, Ma'am Sharon Macagba, Sir Garret Boonggaling, Sir Efraim
Roxas, Sir Ricardo Sandalo. Your intellectual insights and influence to us really
inspired us to continue to love our career path as HSP Majors, and see its value
for aiming the ideal UP graduate goal - to serve the people.

To Friends, the TV show that helped us bounce back up the spring of stress
while conducting the study, and to our friends, who encouraged us not to quit,
who threw us despedida and welcome events before and after the on-site
study, and who continued believing in us, thank you very much. To our family

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

and relatives who are really our biggest inspiration to graduate, we love you so
much and all these efforts, plus our graduation, are for you.

Above all, we thank the Almighty God for supreme protection, capability to
endure hard times, good health, and wisdom. All the success would not be
possible if not because of Him.

- Team Mansalay

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) in coordination with
the Municipal Planning and Development Office of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro
partnered with the Department of Environmental Resource Planning to formulate
a Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) for the said municipality. The
integration of CDRA into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan is crucial in
formulating climate and disaster risk-sensitive plans and zoning ordinances
(HLURB Supplemental Guide Book, 2015). Using CDRA,exposure, vulnerabilities,
and risks of the five exposure units(population, urban use areas, natural
resources, lifeline utilities, and critical point facilities) were analyzed and provided
with policy recommendations that address the municipality’s needs in terms of
climate and disaster adaptation and mitigation.

The Municipality of Mansalay is a second class municipality in Oriental

Mindoro with a population of 54,533 as of 2015 (Philippine Statistics Authority).
The HLURB Supplemental Guidebook (2015) provided the procedure for conduct
of the CDRA. The researchers conducted a five-step process involving: 1)
collecting hazard and climate change information; 2) scoping of potential
impacts: 3) exposure database development; 4) climate and disaster risk
assessment, and; 5) identifying decision areas and corresponding policy
interventions. Steps 1 and 2 were accomplished prior to site deployment and
were validated through FGDs upon arrival on site. Step 2, along with attribute
data gathering, was accomplished with the aid of the Municipal Planning and
Development Office on site. After the analysis of the susceptibility of the five
exposure units, likelihood of occurrence score was assigned and the severity of
consequence were identified together with officials from the 17 barangays of
the municipality; resulting to the level of risk per exposure unit. The resulting risk
from the scoring led to the identification of decision areas which will serve as
priority areas in policy recommendations.

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The Municipality of Mansalay Oriental Mindoro is susceptible to climate

change and the hazards it brings about such as Flooding, Landslide, Tsunami,
storm surge, and drought. Data gathered from the climate projections of
PAGASA (2011) indicate increase in temperature for all seasons; increase in
rainfall during the wet months in 2020 and a significant increase during the
Amihan season in 2050.On the other hand, climate projections also indicate a
significant decrease during the summer months of 2020 and 2050. There will be a
significant increase in terms of number of days exceeding 35 degrees Celsius;
decrease in the number of days with rainfall less than 2.5mm; and an increase in
number of days with rainfall greater than 150mm. The climate projections
indicated that there will be more extreme weather events as years 2020 and
2050 approach.

The municipality is highly exposed to Landslide having 94% of its total land
area exposed to the hazard, although its occurrence is observed to be very
seldom. Flooding on the other hand is observed in coastal barangays and areas
near river systems, although majority of barangays reports Flooding in times of
typhoons and heavy rains. In terms of Tsunami, seven barangays are exposed to
its inundation area.

Barangay Waygan has the highest risk in terms of Landslide. Barangay

Panaytayan, on the other hand, has the highest exposure to Landslide due to its
high elevation and steep slopes. Furthermore, Barangay Wasig was identified to
have the highest risk in terms of Flood. Barangay Sta. Brigida and Wasig were
observed to be high at risk when it comes to Tsunami.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................................................... iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... v
Acronym ....................................................................................................................... viii
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................................... 1
B. Rationale ................................................................................................................ 2
C. Locale of the Study............................................................................................... 3
D. Objectives of the Study...................................................................................... 10
E. Scope and Limitations......................................................................................... 11
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................................. 12
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 21
Operational Framework.......................................................................................... 22
Tools and Techniques ............................................................................................. 34

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 32

A. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment .............................................. 32
B. Disaster Risk Assessment .............................................................................. 51
History of Previous Disasters ............................................................................. 51
Hazard Susceptibility......................................................................................... 55
Exposure and Risk to Hazards ......................................................................... 61
i. Population................................................................................................... 62
ii. Urban Use Areas......................................................................................... 78
iii. Natural Resource-based Production Areas............................................ 95
iv. Lifeline Utilities........................................................................................... 116
v. Critical Point Facilities.............................................................................. 144
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 161
CONCLUSION …...……………………………………………………………….…….…... 169
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. 170
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 173
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ 178
A. Risk Tables........................................................................................................... 179
B. Organizational Structure................................................................................... 232
C. Gantt Chart ……………………………………………………………………….... 233
D. Budget Allocation ............................................................................................ 234
E. Photo Documentation ..................................................................................... 236

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. List of Land use category and area covered ………………………………....6

Table 2. Indicative likelihood of occurrence score matrix …………………………. 26
Table 3. Severity of consequence score matrix ………………………………………. 26
Table 4. Risk score matrix …………………………………………………………………...29
Table 5. Climate change projections for the municipality of Mansalay ………… 32
Table 6. Summary of projected changes in climate variables and the
Potentially affected exposure units in Mansalay ..................................................... 34
Table 7. Summary of climate change impacts in the five exposure units ………. 36
Table 8. Summary of previous disasters in the municipality of Mansalay ….……. 52
Table 9. Hazard susceptibility inventory matrix.......................................................... 53
Table 10. Summary of Flood risk database of population ...................................... 70
Table 11. Summary of Landslide risk database of population ................................ 72
Table 12. Summary of Tsunami risk database for population ................................. 74
Table 13. Summary issues matrix for population ....................................................... 77
Table 14. Summary of Flood risk database for urban use areas............................. 88
Table 15. Summary of Landslide risk database for urban use areas ...................... 90
Table 16. Summary of Tsunami risk database for urban use areas ........................ 92
Table 17. Summary matrix for urban use areas ........................................................ 94
Table 18. Comparative agricultural crop areas and production ………...………. 99
Table 19. Natural resource-based production area Flood risk database ........... 107
Table 20. Natural resource-based production areas Landslide risk database ...109
Table 21. Natural resource-based production areas Tsunami risk database...... 111
Table 22. Natural resource-based production areas drought risk database …. 113
Table 23. Decision areas and policy intervention for natural resource-based
production areas ....................................................................................... 115
Table 24. Summary of Flood risk database for lifeline utilities................................ 132
Table 25. Summary of Landslide risk database for lifeline utilities ……….............. 135
Table 26. Summary of Tsunami risk database for lifeline........................................ 138

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Table 27. Summary issues matrix for lifeline utilities ................................................. 140
Table 28. Summary of Flood risk database for critical point facilities .................. 152
Table 29. Summary of Landslide risk database for critical point facilities ............154
Table 30. Summary of Tsunami risk database for critical point facilities ...............156
Table 31. Summary matrix for critical point facilities ............................................. 158
Table 38. List of existing evacuation centers and its capacity ............................ 159

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ........................................... 5

Figure 2. Land use map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ........................................... 7
Figure 3. Elevation map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ........................................... 8
Figure 4. Slope map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ................................................. 9
Figure 5. Operational framework for the climate and disaster risk assessment of
Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ....................................................................... 22
Figure 6. Impact chain diagram for the forest areas .............................................. 42
Figure 7. Impact chain diagram for the agricultural areas .................................... 45
Figure 8. Impact chain diagram for the coastal areas ........................................... 47
Figure 9. Impact chain diagram for the urban areas .............................................. 50
Figure 10. Flood susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ...................... 58
Figure 11. Landslide susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ............... 59
Figure 12. Tsunami susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro .................. 60
Figure 13. Tsunami susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro .................. 61
Figure 14. Flood exposure map for population ........................................................ 65
Figure 15. Landslideexposure map for population ................................................. 66
Figure 16. Tsunami exposure map for population .................................................... 67
Figure 17. Flood risk map for population ................................................................... 69
Figure 18. Landsliderisk map for population ............................................................ 71
Figure 19. Tsunamirisk map for population ............................................................... 73
Figure 20. Flood exposure map for urban use areas ............................................... 82
Figure 21. Landslideexposure map for urban use areas ........................................ 83
Figure 22. Tsunami exposure map for urban use areas ........................................... 82
Figure 23. Flood risk map for urban use areas .......................................................... 87
Figure 24. Landsliderisk map for urban use areas ................................................... 89
Figure 25. Tsunamirisk map for urban use areas ...................................................... 91
Figure 26. Flood exposure map for natural resource-based areas ...................... 100
Figure 27. Landslideexposure map for natural resource-based areas ............... 101
Figure 28. Tsunami exposure map for natural resource-based areas ................. 102
Figure 29. Drought exposure map for natural resource-based areas ………...… 103

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Figure 30. Flood risk map for natural resource-based areas ................................. 106
Figure 31. Landsliderisk map for natural resource-based areas .......................... 108
Figure 32. Tsunamirisk map for natural resource-based areas ............................ 110
Figure 33. Droughtrisk map for natural resource-based areas ........................... 112
Figure 34. Flood exposure map for lifeline utilities (roads and bridges) ............... 120
Figure 35. Flood exposure map for lifeline utilities (power and water networks).121
Figure 36. Landslideexposure map for lifeline utilities (roads and bridges) ....... 122
Figure 37. Landslideexposure map for lifeline utilities
(power and water networks) …………………………………………...…..123
Figure 38. Tsunamiexposure map for lifeline utilities (roads and bridges) ......... 124
Figure 39. Tsunamiexposure map for lifeline utilities
(power and water networks) …………………………………………...…..125
Figure 40. Flood risk map for lifeline utilities (roads and bridges) ......................... 130
Figure 41. Flood risk map for lifeline utilities
(power and water networks) …………………………………………...…..131
Figure 42. Landslide risk map for lifeline utilities (roads and bridges) ................... 133
Figure 43. Landslide risk map for lifeline utilities
(power and water networks) …………………………………………...…..134
Figure 44. Tsunami risk map for lifeline utilities (roads and bridges) ..................... 136
Figure 45. Tsunami risk map for lifeline utilities
(power and water networks) …………………………………………...…..137
Figure 46. Flood exposure map for critical point facilities ..................................... 146
Figure 47. Landslideexposure map for critical point facilities .............................. 147
Figure 48. Tsunami exposure map for critical point facilities ................................. 148
Figure 49. Flood risk map for critical point facilities................................................. 151
Figure 50. Landsliderisk map for critical point facilities.......................................... 153
Figure 51. Tsunamirisk map for critical point facilities............................................ 155
Figure 52. Integrated Flood risk map ....................................................................... 164
Figure 53. Integrated Landslide risk map ................................................................ 166
Figure 54. Integrated Tsunami risk map ................................................................... 169

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List of Appendix Tables

Appendix Table 1. Population risk table for Flood.................................................. 179

Appendix Table 2. Population risk table for Landslide ........................................... 179
Appendix Table 3. Population risk table for Tsunami ............................................. 180
Appendix Table 4. Urban risk table for Flood .......................................................... 180
Appendix Table 5. Urban risk table for Landslide.................................................... 181
Appendix Table 6. Urban risk table for Tsunami ..................................................... 183
Appendix Table 7. Natural resources risk table for Flood....................................... 183
Appendix Table 8. Natural resources risk table for Landslide................................ 185
Appendix Table 9. Natural resource risk table for Tsunami ................................... 187
Appendix Table 10. Natural resources risk table for drought ............................... 188
Appendix Table 11. Lifeline Utilities risk table for Flood .......................................... 189
Appendix Table 12. Lifeline Utilities risk table for Landslide.................................... 197
Appendix Table 13. Lifeline Utilities risk table for Tsunami...................................... 217
Appendix Table 14. Critical point facilities risk table for Flood ............................. 222
Appendix Table 15. Critical point facilities risk table for Landslide....................... 223
Appendix Table 16. Critical point facilities risk table for Tsunami ........................ 230
Appendix Table 17. Gantt chart for the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of
Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro.......................................................................... 234
Appendix Table 18. Budget Allocation for Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of
Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro ..................................................................... 236

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List of Appendix Figures

Appendix Figure 1. Organizational structure of the practicum team for the

climate and disaster risk assessment in Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro....... 233
Appendix Figure 2. While on the ferry going to Calapan………………………….. 236
Appendix Figure 3. Lunch after the TPP Proposal before Sir Ef and
Sir Riki wentback to Los Banos ……………………………………………......... 236
Appendix Figure 4. On our way to the CDRA Orientation with the Barangay
Captains …..………………………………………………………………………... 237
Appendix Figure 5. CDRA Orientation at a Beach Resort ………………………… 237
Appendix Figure 6. During our first FGD at Brgy. Wasig ………………………….… 238
Appendix Figure 7. FGD with Brgy. B. del Mundo Officials at a restaurant ……. 238
Appendix Figure 8. FGD with Brgy. Bonbon Officials ……………………………….. 239
Appendix Figure 9. After FGD with Brgy. Sta. Brigida Officials ……………………. 239
Appendix Figure 10. On our way back home from the FGD with Brgy.
Panaytayan Officials …………………………………………………………..… 240
Appendix Figure 11. When we had a chance to talk to a Mangyan in Brgy.
Manaul ……………………………………………………………………………… 240
Appendix Figure 12. During our last FGD when the Scoring of Severity of
Consequence was facilitated …………………………………………………. 241
Appendix Figure 13. During the visit of our Practicum Supervisors ………….…… 241
Appendix Figure 14. Dinner after the On-site Presentation ……………………….. 242
Appendix Figure 15. Before going to Buktot Beach for our Recreation Day ….. 243

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ACRONYMS

ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center

CBMS Community Based Monitoring System
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCVA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
CDP Comprehensive Development Plan
CDRA Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
COA Commission on Audit
DILG Department of Interior and Local Government
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DRA Disaster Risk Assessment
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GIS Geographic Information System
HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
KII Key Informant Interview
LGU Local Government Unit
MDG Millennium Development Goals
NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Council
NDRRMP National Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Plan
NEDA National Economic and Development
Authority
OCD Office of Civil Defense
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
PFZ Philippine Fault Zone
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
SEP Socio-Economic Profile
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction

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INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Philippines ranks third among the most hazard-prone countries (HLURB,

2015). Having been situated along the typhoon belt in the Pacific, the Philippines
is bound to be visited by an average of twenty typhoons a year. Moreover, it
also lies in the “Pacific Ring of Fire” which makes it vulnerable to frequent
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (ADRC, 2008). Given the susceptibility of the
country to these hazards, there is a need to formulate strategies that will address
these threats.

The Philippine government has created national policies that will

mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
management in the country. One of the policies is the Republic Act No. 9729 or
the Climate Change Act of 2009, which is established in response to the global
phenomenon of climate change. It aids decision-makers in formulating sound
strategies and policies that are anchored in prevention and reduction the
adverse effects of climate change. In 2011, it is amended by Republic Act No.
10174 which established the People’s Survival Fund (PSF) which finances
adaptation programs and projects of local governments. The Climate Change
Act of 2009 works alongside with the Republic Act No. 10121, otherwise known as
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The said law
laid the foundations for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council (NDRRMC) which is integrated into local, provincial, and
regional levels. This council designed the National Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP) which focuses on four thematic areas, namely: (1)
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster
Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery (NDRRM Plan 2011-2028).

Recognizing the need for climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster
risk reduction (DRR) led to the approval of Resolution No. 915 of 2014 which
incorporates CCA and DRR in the enhanced Comprehensive Land Use Plans
(HLURB, 2014). Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board also released

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supplemental guidelines on mainstreaming climate and disaster risks so that

exposure and vulnerability of population, infrastructure, economic activities and
the environment to natural hazards and climate change can be minimized or
even prevented (HLURB, 2014). Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board also
released supplemental guidelines on mainstreaming climate and disaster risks so
that exposure and vulnerability of population, infrastructure, economic activities
and the environment to natural hazards and climate change can be minimized
or even prevented (HLURB, 2014). These guidelines are beneficial considering
that the archipelagic characteristic of the country makes it susceptible to hydro-
meteorological and geophysical hazards. Mines and Geosciences Bureau (2011)
had listed provinces which are flood and landslide prone. According to the
source, Oriental Mindoro is among the ten provinces in the country which is
prone to flooding in 2011. The conduct of Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment in
the locality of Mindoro is necessary to minimize and prevent the destruction of its
urban ecosystem and the loss of the biodiversity of the island. The conduct
of...The conduct of Climate andDisaster Risk Assessment in the locality of Mindoro
is necessary to minimize and prevent the destruction of its urban ecosystem and
the loss of the biodiversity of the Island.

The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board and the municipality of
Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro have partnered with the Department of Community
and Environmental Resource Planning for the formulation of a Climate and
Disaster Risk Assessment for the said municipality.

B. Rationale

The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)

defined disaster risk as “the potential disaster losses, in lives, health status,
livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or
a society over some specified future time period” (2009). On the other hand,
disaster is the combination of three variables such as exposure, hazard, and
vulnerability (UNISDR, 2009). Thus, an event is disastrous when a hazard impacts a
vulnerable community.

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The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (n.d.)
classified natural disasters into five: geophysical (earthquakes, Landslides,
Tsunamis, and, volcanic activities); hydrological (avalanches, and, Floods);
climatological (extreme temperatures, droughts, and, wildfires); meteorological
(cyclones, storms or wave surges); or biological (disease epidemics, and
plagues). Because of its geographical location, the Philippines experiences most
of these natural disasters, annually. The changing climate experienced
worldwide may impact the frequency and severity of these hazards.

Comprehensive land use plans which have incorporated Climate and

Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) would be equipped with necessary information
about vulnerability to disasters and hazard of a community (Supplemental
Guidelines on Mainstreaming Climate Change and Disaster Risks in the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 2014). The key findings of CDRA would allow the
decision-makers to formulate appropriate strategies in adapting climate change
impacts and disaster‐risk reduction management system. Furthermore, the
accomplishment of the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay,
Oriental Mindoro will help them satisfy the second requirement in accessing the
People’s Survival Fund (PSF) which is the presentation of proof of exposure to
potential climate change risks in relation to projected mean temperature, rainfall
change, and extreme weather events (PSF Handbook, n.d.).

C. Locale of the Study

Mindoro is an island located between Luzon and Palawan, specifically

situated in the south of Batangas Province, northeast of Palawan, and northwest
of Visayas. The Island is framed by Mindoro Strait in the west and Tablas Strait in
the east. The central portion of the island is dominated by High Rolling Mountains
mainly Mt. Baco and Mt. Halcon which rises at approximately 2,500 m (Collins et
al., 1991). These mountains cause dry seasons during November to April. The
southwest monsoon, on the other hand, causes the wet season during the
months of May to October. Mindoro has three types of vegetation which house
faunas that are unique to the island. One of which is the tamaraw (Bubalus

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mindorensis) also known as dwarf water buffalo, which rests in dense forest cover
and grazes in grasslands (World Wildlife Fund, n.d.).

Mindoro is included in Region IV-B (MIMAROPA) by the sanction of

Executive Order No. 103. In effect of Republic Act No. 505, the island of Mindoro
is divided into two parts: Occidental Mindoro in the west and Oriental Mindoro in
the east. Oriental Mindoro has a relatively smaller land area of 436,470 ha and a
significantly larger population of 844,059 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015).
Oriental Mindoro is composed of 1 city and 14 municipalities.

Mansalay, a second class municipality in Oriental Mindoro, is the study site

for the conduct of Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA). Mansalay lies
45km away from Batangas and 130km away from Manila. The site has a total
land area of 51,345 ha as of 2015, which is divided into 17 barangays and a
population of 54,533 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015). However, this year 2016
the total land area of the municipality has increased to 55,545 heactares
including the disputed area with Bulalacao (Cadastral Survey CADD 1299-D). The
Municipality is bounded by the municipality of Roxas in the northeast, Tablas
Strait from the east, Bulalacao in the south, and Calintaan and San Jose
Occidental Mindoro in the west. The municipality is famous for Mangyan
handicrafts, and Buktot beach located in Barangay Cabalwa and Manaul.

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Figure 1. Location Map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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There are five major land uses in Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro (See Table_),
78.32% (40,214.54 ha) of which is comprised of the forest area while 15.08%
(7,743.28) are grasslands and brushlands. The agricultural land cover has a total
area of 4,688.15 ha (9.13%) while the residential area covers a total of 1,605.05
ha (3.13%) of the total land area of the municipality. The rest are the commercial
and mangrove area which has a total area of 1.10 ha (0.002%) and 67 ha
(0.13%) respectively.

Based on the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), the
elevation of the municipality ranges from 0 to 1,344 meters above sea level
(Figure_). From the elevation map, it has been observed that majority of the
highly elevated areas are located in Barangay Panaytayan which ranges from
100 to >1000 meters above sea level. Given that Panaytayan has the areas with
high elevation, it can be consisdered as more susceptible to Landslide while the
the rest of the barangays especially Roma, Sta. Maria, Sta. Brigida, Villa Celestial,
Wasig and B. del Mundo are considered low lying areas.

Table 1. List of Land Use Category and Area Covered

Land Use Category Area (ha) Percentage (%)

Agricultural
4,688.15 9.13
Commercial
1.10 0.002
Mangrove
67 0.13
Grassland and Brushland
7,743.28 15.08
Residential
1,605.05 3.13
Forest
40,214.54 78.32
Total 54319.12 100.00

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Figure 2. Land Use Map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

Figure 3. Elevation Map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

Figure 4. Slope Map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

D. Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to conduct a Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment in the
Municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro. The specific objectives of the study
were to:

a) Identify the nature and characteristics of the hazards that the municipality
is exposed to;
b) Analyze the elements and areas at risks to these hazards and its potential
impacts;
c) Generate an exposure map of each of the five exposure units
(population, urban use, natural resources, lifeline utilities and critical point
facilities);
d) Conduct risk estimation by evaluating the likelihood of occurrence and
severity of the consequence disasters;
e) Evaluate the adaptive capacities of the municipality to manage/reduce
the risk; and
f) Determine the decision areas and formulate the disaster risk assessment
issues matrix

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E. Scope and Limitations

The study focused on the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) of
the municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro. The duration of the study is
limited only to six weeks, which have included the preparation, data collection,
consolidation, and the presentation of CDRA. Resources and manpower were
limited based on availability. The team, who conducted the study, is composed
of four (4) members (see the Appendix for the organizational structure).

The CDRA for Mansalay was based solely on the information and data
gathered by the practicum team from different institutions and agencies.
However, some data are limited and outdated. Data include maps gathered
from MGB, HLURB and MPDO. Secondary data were obtained from the local
government unit of the municipality like the socio-economic profile from the
MPDO. Lastly, primary data were gathered through ground truthing, key
informant interviews and focus group discussions with the participation of
barangay communities and the technical working group. Climate change
projections were taken from PAGASA.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Due to the massive extraction of resources around the world, humans have
been compromising the state of the environment resulting to disasters. When the
amount of heat in the atmosphere absorbed by the Earth from the sun increases,
the consequence would be the greenhouse effect, which is brought about by
the burning of fossil fuels to extract oil resources, modification of land use and
practices, and other human activities. These emit massive amounts of
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen
dioxide (N2O) which in turn will increase the heat trapped in the atmosphere. The
resulting phenomena is climate change (UNFCCC, 2007). As mentioned by
Ghoneem (2015), climate change was defined by the UNFCCC as the
phenomena where the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere is affected by
human activities, directly or indirectly. It does not necessarily mean that climate
change is only the variation in the mean climate condition but also it exhibits the
change in the intensity and frequency of climactic factors and disasters like
drought, Floods, storms, strong winds, etc.

According to Walmsley (2010), the occurrence of climate change and its

effect on the environment has been increasing over time. It is expected to have
an impact to the sustainability of our planet in the future because of its massive
contribution in varying the ecological, social and economic state of the
environment. It has certain effects on the environment which includes (1) global
warming where there is the increase in the average global temperature; (2) the
cloud cover and precipitation over the land display noticeable changes; ice
caps and glaciers melt and there will be a decrease in the snow cover; and (3)
increase in the temperature and acidity of the ocean resulting from the high
amounts of heat and carbon dioxide absorbed by the seawater (UNFCCC,
2007).

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Climate Change Assessment

The UNFCCC (2007) acknowledge the need for reliable data and
information to assess the impacts and vulnerabilities of climate change. Some
examples of these data are: climate data, such as temperature, rainfall, and
frequency of extreme weather events; it also involves non-climatic data or the
conditions of an area for different sectors, such as water resources, agriculture,
food security, human health, terrestrial ecosystem, biodiversity, and coastal
zones. Such information are needed to fully assess the scope of climate change.
Rt Hon. Baroness Anelay of St. Johns said in her ministerial foreword for King’s, et.
al. “Climate Change Risk Assessment” the risk of climate change requires a
holistic approach. And in order to understand its full extent, three things should
be taken into account: first, the policies and plans of different a country, which
jointly affects the global emissions; second, understand the science of how our
climate change, and finally; consider the effects of climate change regarding its
effects on the complex systems of the global economy and international
security.

King et al. considered three areas in assessing climate change, these are:
the future pathway of global emissions; the direct risk that could arise from the
climate’s response from those emissions; and the risk that occur when climate
change interacts with complex human systems. The current trends of global
emissions are continuously increasing. This will continue for the next few decades
and will stabilize or decrease eventually. The direct effect of a high emission
pathway will increase risks and may eventually turn inconvenient events into
intolerable events over time. Lastly, the climate change poses risk to complex
human systems; as it could affect food production, unrest and conflict, export
restrictions, and price spikes in global market.

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA) used a similar technique in assessing the impacts of
climate change here in the Philippines. DOST-PAGASA (2011) used climate
projections from baseline data to predict future climate change scenarios for

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2020 and 2050. The projections are based on the response of the climate system
to the future emissions of greenhouse gasses and aerosols. The projections are
then simulated using climate models. The results describe possible changes in
climate variables based on baseline climatic conditions.

Climate Change Impact

The Philippines' is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to

its physiographic and geophysical characteristics. Approximately 82.5% of the
total population of the county is at risk to tropical cyclones, Flooding, and storm
surge. The 2003 official statistics shows that 14.9 million homes are vulnerable to
the impacts of climate change due to the lack of stability of materials used and
housing designs that are non-engineered. Such structures are unlikely to
withstand the impacts of strong typhoons and storm surges (UN-HABITAT).

The impacts of climate change can be assessed thru the analysis of climate
variables in an area. These include temperature, seasonal rainfall, sea level rise,
and climate extremes.

1. Temperature

One of the main characteristic of climate change is increase in

temperature or global warming (UNFCCC, 2007). Humans can only tolerate
a certain degree of heat stress. The current state of safe working
temperature is already being exceeded frequently in short periods of time
in hot countries. The occurrence of these heat waves causes fatalities. In
the future, high temperatures may reach up to a level of fatal heat stress
even for people working in the shade. Crops are also affected by high
temperatures. Same as humans, crops have limited tolerance towards heat
stress; if a certain threshold is exceeded crop yield can be drastically
reduced. This is one reason why the increasing temperatures post a large
threat to global food security (King et. al.).

DOST-PAGASA projected that the seasonal temperature of the

Philippines will get warmer, even warmer in the relatively warm summer

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months. The mean temperature rise of the Philippines will increase from
0.9˚C to 1.1˚C by 2020 and 1.8 °C to 2.2 °C in 2050. This event will directly
and indirectly put the people at risk. Increase in temperature will expose
workers to heat stress and will increase the occurrence of heat stroke and
other heat related ailments. It may also have an adverse affect on food
production mainly because of crop tolerance to heat.

2. Seasonal Rainfall

Prolonged rainfall and/or snowmelt cause river Floods. River Flood is the
most serious and widespread weather hazard. Munich Re natural hazards
catalogue (as cited by King et. al.), calculated that between 1980 to 2014
river Floods account for 41% loss out of all event, 27% fatalities and 32%
loses. Rainfall for most of Asia turns up to be higher than predicted;
particularly during the monsoon months. Such events lead to Flood risk and
decrease crop yield, which poses threat in food security (UNFCCC, 2007).

Increase in rainfall could trigger adverse effects to human health. Aside

from pulmonary and cardiovascular illnesses, it could be a factor in the
spread of vector-borne and water-based diseases; leading to higher
incidence of morbidity and mortality.

3. Sea Level Rise

Sea level rise increases the risk in islands that are threatened by tropical
cyclones. The event will increase in severity and could possibly increase the
frequency of cyclones which will put to risk the lives and livelihood of those
living in coastal zones. The sea level rose by 0.17 meters at the start of the
20th century, and is expected to rise between 0.18 and 0.59 meters by
2100. UNEP in 2007 (as cited by UNFCCC) said that the melting of
Greenland icecaps is increasing. This event causes influx of freshwater to
the ocean and will potentially affect global patterns of ocean circulation
(UNFCCC, 2007). Sea level rise poses great threat to the numerous coastal

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resources in the country. The rise of sea level also threatens low-lying islands
which may face Flooding in the future (DOST-PAGASA).

4. Climate Extremes

Cruz et. al. (as cited by UNFCCC,2007) observed that the increase the
intensity and/or frequency of many extreme weather events (e.g. heat
waves, tropical cyclones, prolonged dry spells, intense rainfall, snow
avalanches, thunder storms, and severe dust storms) are evident in Asia
(UNFCCC, 2007). The global food production for the most important crops
(i.e. maize, soybeans, wheat, and rice) is produced in small number of
major producing countries. The impact of extreme weather events in these
countries poses great threat to the food security and would cause a big
impact on global food production (King et. al.). In the Philippines, the
occurrence of extreme events such as Floods and drought negatively
affects the production of grain and other agricultural products especially in
the absence of interventions (DOST-PAGASA).

Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a set of practices in the reduction of disaster

risks. These are systematic guidelines to have an efficient management and
analysis in the causes of disasters. Given the guidelines, it is expected that
disaster risk reduction will contribute to decrease an area’s exposure to hazards,
reduce the vulnerability of its people and properties, improve land use, efficient
conservation of the environment and provision of action to increase its
preparedness with the occurrence of disasters (USAID, 2011). On the whole,
according to UNISDR, DRR aims to decrease the consequences brought about
by natural hazards like earthquakes, Floods, droughts and cyclones.

According to records of Commission on Audit (COA), in 1941, Executive

Order No. 335 establishing the National Emergency Commission encouraged
control and coordination of civilian participation to meet serious crises. In 1954,
the National Civil Defense Administration (NCDA) was established through

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Republic Act (RA) 1190. In 1968, the NCDA was designated as the national
coordinator to oversee and implement EO 159. In 1970, the Disaster and
Calamities Plan was prepared by an Inter-Departmental Planning Group on
Disasters and Calamities. Then in 1972, the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) was
established. It was in 1978 that Presidential Decree No. 1566, s. 1978
(Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Control, Capability and Establishing the
National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness paved the way for the
creation of National Disaster Coordinating Council.

Recognizing the need for a more proactive approach in disaster

management, RA No. 10121 of 2010 was passed and paved the way for the
creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC) which formulated the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP). The plan covers four thematic areas, namely: (1)
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster
Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.

In doing DRRM, four main information of a site are to be assessed: (1)

Exposure, (2) Vulnerability, (3) Risk, and (4) Adaptive Capacity.

1. Exposure. According to Cardona et.al (2012), this is the “inventory of

elements in area in which hazard events may occur.” These elements
are defined by UNISDR (2009) as people, properties, systems, or other
elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential
losses. Exposure is determined by the geographical location of the
people as well as the events that threaten to take away their lives
(Jacobs et.al, 2015).

2. Vulnerability. This was defined by UNISDR (2009) as the “characteristics

and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.” According to
Cardona et.al (2012), this is the propensity of exposed elements such as
human beings, their livelihoods, and assets to suffer adverse effects when

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impacted by hazard events; simply, this is the potential of loss (Jacobs

et.al, 2015).

3. Risk.According to UNISDR (2009), this is the combination of probability of

disaster occurrence and its potential losses. Although sometimes
interchanged with hazard, hazard is accepted as a factor of risk
(Cardona et. Al., 2012).

4. Adaptive Capacity. From the words Adaptation which was defined by

Jacobs (2015), as “taking action to manage the impacts of climate
change so that current goals can continue to be met, or working out
which goals we are prepared to trade off against each other as climate
change alters opportunities and imposes constraints” and Capacity as
the "positive features of people’s characteristics that may reduce the risk
posed by a certain hazard" (Cardona et.al, 2012), Adaptive Capacity
was defined as capacity of adapting to hazards by factors mostly
individuals, communities and organizations managing natural resources.
(Jacobs et al, 2015).

Susceptibility of Philippines to Disasters

The Philippines is highly exposed to typhoons and other natural disasters

given its geographical location. In fact, when the World Risk Index evaluated
and assessed the exposure of 171 countries to natural hazards, as well as their
susceptibility, coping capacity, and adaptive capacity, Philippines ranked as
third country with the highest disaster risk (27.98) next to Vanuatu and Tonga
(Welle, T. & Birkmann, J., 2015). Having been situated along the typhoon belt in
the Pacific, the country is bound to be visited by an average of twenty typhoons
a year (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, 2015). Moreover, the country is
also located in the “Pacific Ring of Fire” (Asian Disaster Reduction Council, 2008).
A major tectonic feature called the Philippine fault zone (PFZ) transects the
archipelagic country from northwestern Luzon to southeastern Mindanao with a
length of 1,200 km (Orallo, 2011). According to the same source, the country

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experiences an average of 20 earthquakes per day and around 100-150

earthquakes felt per year.

Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment

The Philippines has started from a disaster response approach wherein

government interventions only happen during or immediately after a disaster
(Orallo, 2011; Commission on Audit, n.d.). With the expansion of scientific
knowledge on prediction and modeling of natural hazards, the global reactive
approach to disasters shifted to proactive or developmental approach. Such
paradigm shift paved the way to community-based disaster preparedness, early
warning systems, promotion of indigenous knowledge, and land use planning,
which emphasize the need to modify vulnerabilities instead of hazards (Orallo,
2011).

In line with the paradigm shift is the initiative of the Department of Internal
and Local Governance (DILG) to mandate the release the Guidelines on
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Subnational Development and Land
Use/Physical Planning through National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA) for the improvement of regional and provincial planning analysis. The
CLUP and the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) serve as entry points for
CCA and DRR integration. Initially, the guidelines focused on mainstreaming DRR
to CLUPs, CDPs, and other local development plans. Later on, CCA was
incorporated into the DRR mainstreaming framework (International Climate
Change Adaptation Information Programme and Springer-Verlag, 2013).

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) defined Climate and
Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) as the process of studying risks and vulnerabilities
of exposed elements. It seeks to establish risk and vulnerable areas by analyzing
the underlying factors on hazard, exposure, vulnerability/sensitivity, and adaptive
capacities (2014). The CDRA facilitates the identification of priority decision areas
and allow the identification of various disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation measures in the form of land use policy interventions to address
current and prevent future risks and vulnerabilities. It involves six -step process: (1)

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involves organizing climate change and hazard information; (2) scoping of

potential spatial or areal, and sectoral impacts; (3) developing an exposure
database; (4) conducting a climate change vulnerability assessment; (5)
conducting a disaster risk assessment; and (6) summarizing findings.

Previous studies on Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment in the Philippines

Being in a country of which is frequently battered by a number of natural

hazards all-year-round, the Filipinos had developed adaptive strategies for their
survival. The following are some of the notable LGU practices in the country.

A compendium of climate change measures and practices was published

by Department of Environment and Natural Resources in 2011 to address the
lack of information on “technological adaptation and sustainable development
options for addressing the impacts of climate change.” One of the best
practices was the DRR/CCA mainstreaming practice of Albay into its local
development planning processes for integrated physical framework. When
Typhoon Reming buried the barangays surrounding Mt. Mayon, former Governor
Jose Ma. Clemente Salceda saw the need for climate change adaptation and
climate-sensitive development processes in his local governance. The
Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Albay adopted SPA Resolution 2007-04 “which
enjoined all government agencies and private entities to cooperate in climate
change adaptation measures for the sake of present and future generations of
Albayanos.” It made Albay a model for risk assessment, innovation, testing of
programs and activities in CCA and DRR, and the demonstration of a paradigm
shift: “MDGs as the road map to human development and climate adaptation
as the means (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2011).”

Another experience that testifies of the importance of CDRA in LGU’s

happened in 1994 when a Tsunami devastated Mindoro after a 7.1 magnitude
earthquake. Fortunately, the losses were minimized under prompt and efficient
actions of the local government; and, National Disaster Coordinating Council
and other national agencies (Orallo, 2011).

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Aside from LGU strategies, it is also important to recognize indigenous

knowledge when it comes to disaster risk reduction and management. UN
Secretary-General Bank Ki-moon recognizes that indigenous knowledge is an
“important source of wisdom for sustainability.” The indigenous people are
critical sources of this knowledge. It is due to their “long-time intimate relationship
with the environment that they have acquired a wealth of experiences and
practices” (Mercer et al., 2009; Molina & Neef, 2016) on coping up to the
detrimental impacts of disasters.

In Rapu Rapu, Albay, the use of a bodyong (conch shell) is an indigenous

knowledge that serves as an early-warning system for villagers about an
incoming bad weather. Another indigenous knowledge in the area is the sighting
of a tagak (heron) perching on the back of a kalabaw (water buffalo). When
these birds are observed gathering in the paddy fields and flying low, it signifies
that the rainy season is approaching (Hiwasaki et al., 2014).

Lastly, in the Flood-prone areas of Dagupan City, an indigenous knowledge

is combined with modern scientific knowledge and equipment for the disaster
risk reduction and management strategy in the city. They have revived the use
of kanungkong—a bamboo instrument, traditionally used to call community
members to assemble at the village hall for meetings, alert people or call
children home—as their medium for a Flood early warning system along with staff
gauges as Flood markers in strategic locations in the villages of the city (Victoria,
2008).

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METHODOLOGY

Operational Framework

Based from the guidelines provided by the HLURB (2015), the process in the
assessment of climate and disaster risk of the municipality would include five
main steps: (1) collection of hazard and climate change information, (2) scoping
of potential impacts, (3) development of exposure database, (4) climate and
disaster risk assessment, and (5) identification of the decision areas and the
corresponding policy intervention. The diagram for the operational framework is
shown in Figure 5.

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cv

Figure 5. Operational Framework for the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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The following steps included:

Step 1. Collect and organize climate change and hazard information. In this
step, the team gathered the climate change information needed and
characterized the hazards that may affect the locality.

A. Climate Change Information. Information on hazards and climate were

collected prior to the conduct of CDRA. The source of climate change
information was the same book that can be used by local government
units, Climate Change in the Philippines, which was published by
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAG-ASA) in February 2011. The book contained climate
projections for 2020 and 2050 under the high, medium, and low emission
scenarios relative to the baseline (1971-2000) climate. The data
obtained were: (a) projected changes in seasonal and annual mean
temperatures; (b) projected changes in minimum and maximum
temperatures; (c) projected changes in seasonal rainfall; and (d)
projected frequency of extreme events.

B. Hazard Information. Information on hazards based on the history of past

disasters were gathered from various national and local level agencies.
Data and hazard maps were collected from the MGB and MPDO. These
data were used to develop the hazard susceptibility matrix.

Step 2. Scope the potential impacts of hazards and climate change. In this step,
key areas or sectors that may be affected by climate change and natural
hazards were identified. In addition, direct and indirect impacts on various
development sectors were identified. The initial scoping of potential hazards
affecting the locality, including the associated impacts of climate change
based on the outputs from Step 1, were summarized and interpreted. Impact
chain diagrams were developed to show the relationship of the identified
projected climate trends in the area specifically the major ecosystems like
agriculture, urban, forest and coastal.

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Once the data on climate change and hazard information were collected
and organized, these set of data went through analysis used in the next set of
steps in assessing the climate and disaster risk of the municipality.

Step 3. Develop the exposure database. This step involved gathering of baseline
maps and attribute data onexposure, vulnerability/sensitivity and adaptive
capacity as basis for the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA) and
Disaster Risk Assessment (DRA) of the exposed elements. The area/element-
based information that had been gathered were used for geo-referencing and
were reflected on a map. The data were obtained through primary field data
gathering and available secondary data such as the Community-Based
Monitoring System (CBMS), Census of Population and Housing of the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA), and Socio-Economic Profile. Exposure units were limited
to:

 Population Exposure– spatial location (derived from existing residential

area map) and number of potentially-affected persons based on
demographic characteristics

 Urban use area Exposure – built environment currently utilized for

residential, commercial, industrial, tourism, sanitary waste management
facilities, cemeteries, and other land uses unique to the locality expressed
in terms of area, type of use, and replacement/ construction cost

 Natural resource based production areas – areas used for agriculture and
forest-related production expresses in terms of type of resource or by area
in terms of ha and replacement cost; included current production
practices, access to infrastructure and climate/hazard information,
presence or use of risk transfer instruments and access to extension
services

 Critical Point Facilities – facilities that provided key socio-economic

support services such as schools, hospitals/rural health units, local
government buildings, roads, bridges, air/seaports, communication

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towers, and power-related and water-related facilities (can be obtained

from building/structural inventories

 Lifeline Utilities – covered transportation, water distribution, drainage and

power distribution networks, municipal assets that ensure delivery of lifeline
services expressed in the linear kilometers exposed, the construction cost
or replacement-values.

Step 4. Disaster Risk Assessment. In this step, risk areas were identified by
analyzing hazard, exposure and vulnerability. This included a review of technical
characteristics of hazards such as location, intensity, frequency and probability,
analysis of exposure and vulnerability including the physical, social, health,
economic and environmental dimensions; and the effectiveness coping
capacities in relation to likely risk scenarios were interpreted. This step was
divided into five sub-steps.

a. Determine exposure areas. Impact area maps indicating location and

extent of potentially affected area for a particular climate stimulus and
exposure database encompassing number of affected persons and
replacement costs were overlaid using GIS software.

b. Evaluate adaptive capacity. In this sub-step, information on the capacity

of Mansalay to accommodate the impacts of climate change were
evaluated. This includes the legal and regulatory frameworks under
which the system operates, or the capability of government to finance
necessary expansion works, and current situation of a system.

c. Estimate the likelihood of occurrence. Record of occurrences of a

hazard and event descriptors such as amount of rainfall, wind speed,
pressure in the case of weather-related events or magnitude, intensity
and depth in the case of earthquakes in a specific location were
obtained. Historical accounts of previous disasters and hazards were
taken from the socio-economic profile of the municipality. In addition,
information on the history and likelihood of occurrence of disasters were

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taken also from the conduct of FGDs and KIIs. The indicative likelihood of
occurrence is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Indicative likelihood of occurrence matrix

Measure of likelihood Return Period in Years Likelihood Score

Frequent Every 1-3 years 6

Moderate Every >3-10 years 5
Occasional Every >10-30 years 4
Improbable Every >30-100 years 3
Rare event Every >100-200 years 2
Very rare event Every >200 years 1
Source: Supplemental Guidelines on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and
Climate Change Adaptation in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, HLURB, 2015.

d. Estimate the Severity of Consequence. From the expected magnitude of

the hazard, extent of exposure, and the vulnerabilities of the exposed
elements, and the combination of which served as the basis for
determining the severity of consequence determined qualitatively using
the suggested severity of consequence score matrix shown in Table 3.

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Table 3. Severity of consequence score matrix

Description

Natural
Severity of
Category Resource
Consequence Urban Use Critical Point Lifeline
Population based
Areas Facilities Utilities
Production
Areas

Very 4 More >40% of >40% of Damage Disruption

High than 20% non- exposed s may of
of residential production lead to service by
the structures areas/mea the lasting one
populati are ns of disruption week or
on are severely livelihood of more (for
affected damaged such as services Municipaliti
and in or >20% of fishponds, which es) and
need of residential crops, may last one day for
immedia structures poultry and one Highly
te are livestock week or Urbanized
assistanc severely and other more Areas
e damaged agricultural/
forest
products
are severely
damaged;

High 2 >10% to >20% to 20% to Damage Disruption

20% of 40% of <40% of s may of
affected non- exposed lead to service by
populati residential production the approximat
on in structures areas/mea disruption ely three
need of are ns of of service days for
immedia severely livelihood lasting for municipaliti
te damaged such as one day es and less
assistanc or >5 to fishponds, to less than six
e 10% of crops, than hour
residential poultry and three disruption
structures livestock days for highly
are and other urbanized
severely agricultural/ areas
damaged forest
products
are severely

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

damaged;

Moder 2 >5%-10% >10 to 20% >20 to <40% Damage Disruption

ate of of non- of s may of
affected residential exposed lead to service by
populati structures production the approximat
on in are areas/mea disruption ely three
need of severely ns of of service days for
immedia damaged livelihood lasting for municipaliti
te or >5 to such as one day es and less
assistanc 10% of fishponds, to less than six
e residential crops, than hour
structures poultry and three disruption
are livestock days for highly
severely and other urbanized
damaged agricultural/ areas
forest
products
are severely
damaged;

Low 1 <5% of <10% of <10% and Damage Disruption

the non- below of s may of service
affected residential exposed lead to by
populati structures production the approximat
on in are areas/mea disruption ely one
need of severely ns of of service day for
immedia damaged livelihood lasting municipaliti
te or <5% of such as less than es and less
assistanc residential fishponds, one day than six
e structures crops, hours
are poultry and disruption
severely livestock for highly
damaged and other urbanized
agricultural/ areas
forest
products
are severely
damaged

Source: Supplemental Guidelines on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate

Change Adaptation in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, HLURB, 2015.

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e. Estimate Risk. While using the Risk Score Matrix shown in Table, this step

involved the finding of the intensity of risks formed by the product of the
scores from the likelihood of the hazard and the severity of the
consequence. The scores gave way to three classification of area: High
Risk, Moderate Risk, and Low Risk. Risk score was computed by multiplying
the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of consequence score, such
as:

Risk = Likelihood of Occurrence x Severity of Occurrence

Table 4. Risk Score Matrix

Severity of Consequence Score

Indicative Likelihood of
Likelihood of Occurrence Very High High Moderate Low
Occurrence Score
4 3 2 1

Frequent (1-3
6 24 18 12 6
Years)

Moderate (4-10
5 20 15 10 5
Years)

Occasional
Slight Chance 4 16 12 8 4
(11-30 Years)

Improbable
3 12 9 6 3
(31-100 Years)

Rare (101-200
2 8 6 4 2
Years)

Very rare (>200

Years) 1 4 3 2 1

Source: Supplemental Guidelines on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate

Change Adaptation in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, HLURB, 2015.

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Step 5. Identification of Decision Areas and Policy Interventions. In this step, all
the identified decision areas were determined based on combined level of risks
and vulnerabilities.

Specifically, from the developed risk maps, decision areas were identified,
as well as the interventions of policies which may be (1) Risk
avoidance/elimination, (2) Risk Mitigation (which is subcategorized into Risk
Prevention, Risk or Loss Reduction through Mitigation, Risk or Loss Reduction
through Preparedness, Segregation of Exposure by Duplication or Redundancy,
and Segregation of Exposure by Separation), (3) Risk Sharing or Risk Transfer, and
(4) Risk Retention or Acceptance.

Tools and Techniques to be Used

During the whole duration of the conduct of CDRA, primary and secondary
data were used. Different thematic maps were sourced from the municipality
and other government agencies. The guide for the whole process was the
official guidebook of CLUP Preparation produced by HLURB, CLUP Guidebook: A
Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Preparation. Volume 2: Sectoral Analysis and
Tools for Situational Analysis (2014) and CLUP Guidebook: Supplemental
Guidelines on Mainstreaming Climate Change and Disaster Risks in the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2014).

In the data gathering and analysis, the following techniques were used by
the practicum team:

1. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for the digitizing of the
impact areas and to determine their exposure to potential hazards.
Existing base maps and hazard maps of the municipality were overlaid
using GIS to determine the potential hazards and risks the different areas
of impact of the municipality are exposed to. The outputs were the
exposure maps and risk maps of the different impact areas. The overlaid
maps showed which areas would be possibly affected by hazards and
how will they be affected by different hazards.

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2. Data Gathering
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interviews (KII)
workshops with the local stakeholders, different departments of the
municipality and representatives from each of the barangay were
conducted to gather primary data. The collected information and data
were organized for use in scoping and identifying the potential impact of
hazards, assessing the likelihood of occurrence, estimating severity of
consequence, risk estimation and adaptive capacity analysis.
Secondary data were gathered through review of related literature and
municipal profiles and plans. The projected change in climate variables
and scientific basis for the impact chain diagrams were sourced from
various studies and publications. Data requirements on climate change
and hazard information like climate variables/stimuli and
geometeorological data were from municipal data and plans as well as
the information about the susceptibility of the barangays to hazards and
records on previous disasters.

Participatory DRA Workshop to validate identified and assessed risks and

to get objective scores on the likelihood of occurrence and severity of
consequences was conducted.

3. Ground Truthing and Field Validation was performed for authentication

of the previously obtained results. In all cases, the practicum team
conduct field visits for ground truthing/validation of the generated
exposure maps and the vulnerability and adaptive capacities of the
barangays. In addition, key informant interviews (KII) were also
conducted among barangay heads to supplement and validate the
exposure database.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

The climate projections for Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, as seen in Table 5
was based from the projected changes of different climate variable for 2020
and 2050 from PAG-ASA (2011) using the observed historical baseline from 1971
to 2000 of every province in the country. The climate projection information
includes temperature, rainfall and frequency of extreme events.

Table 5. Climate projections for the municipality of Mansalay

Change in 2020 Change in 2050

Climate Observed Baseline
Variables (2006-2035) (2036-2065)
Seasons
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON

Seasonal
temperature 26.4 28.3 27.6 27.3 0.8 1 1.1 0.9 1.1 2 2.2 1.9
increases (oC)

Seasonal
rainfall 260.3 269.3 894.3 791.2 -3.2 -15.1 0.5 6.2 21.6 -11.5 5.3 2.9
change (%)

No. of days
with Temp 80 360 1,389
>35oC

No. of days
(rainfall < 7604 -547 -702
2.5mm)

No. of days
with Extreme
3 8 19
Rainfall
>150mm

*DJF-December, January, February; MAM-March, April, May; JJA-June, July, August; SON-
September, October, November (Source: PAGASA, 2011).

Mansalay will experience an increase in temperature for all seasons by 2020

and 2050. The highest increase in temperature will occur during the Habagat
months (JJA) of 2020 and 2050. The municipality will have an increase in rainfall in

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the wet months (SON) by 2020 and a significant increase during the Amihan
season (DJF) in 2050. On the other hand, there will also be a significant decrease
in rainfall during the summer months (MAM) by 2020 and 2050.
In the frequency of extreme events based on the climate projections, the
number of hot days (>35oC), it is expected to have an increase for the year 2020
and a significant increase in temperature by 2050. On the other hand, the
number of dry days will have a slight decrease by 2020 and 2050. The number of
days with extreme rainfall is expected to increase for both 2020 and 2050. Table
5 shows the summary of the projected changes in climate variables and the
potential exposure unit that may experience the changes it might cause.

The changes in the climate variables might cause a significant increase in

the likelihood of occurrence and severity of impacts of the hazards to the
municipality. The consequences of these changes may lead to the increase in
the level of risk the municipality is exposed to. The different exposure units in the
municipality, which includes population, urban use areas, resource-based
production areas, lifeline utilities and critical point facilities can be affected by
these changes and might result to certain consequences. Table 6 shows the
summary of the projected changes while Table 7 shows the potential impacts of
these changes.

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Table 6. Summary of projected changes in climate variables and the potentially affected exposure units in the
municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

Observed Specific Change General Changes

Climate Information about Affected
Baseline Expected and Expected in Climate
Variable Patterns of Change Exposure Unit
(1971-2000) Reference Period Variables

26.4oC during 27.2oC by 2020 and Increasing temperature Slightly more warm
DJF 27.5oC by 2050 during for all seasons is during for all
28.3oC during DJF expected in 2020 and seasons
MAM 29.3oC by 2020 and 2050
27.6oC during 30.3oC by 2050 during
JJA MAM
Temperature
27.3oC during 28.7oC by 2020 and
SON 29.8oC by 2050 during
JJA
28.2oC by 2020 and All
29.2oC by 2050 during
SON

260.3oC during 257.1 by 2020 and Decreasing rainfall Increase in rainfall

DJF 281.9 by during DJF for 2020 but during the the
269.3oC during 2050 during DJF increasing rainfall in 2050 Habagat in 2020
Rainfall MAM 254.2 by 2020 and Decreasing rainfall and 2050
894.3oC during 257.8 by 2050 during during MAM for 2020 Decrease in rainfall
JJA MAM and 2050 during the summer
791.2oC during 894.8 by 2020 and Increasing rainfall during season in 2020 and

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SON 899.6 by 2050 during JJA for 2020 and 2050 2050
JJA Increasing rainfall during
797.4 by 2020 and SON for 2020 and 2050
794.1 by 2050 during
SON

Significant increase
Increasing number of in the
Number of 440 days by 2020
80 days hot days number of hot days
Hot Days 1469 days by 2050
exceeding 35oC in 2020 especially in
2050

There will be a
Decrease number of dry
Number of 7057 days by 2020 slight increase in
7604 days days less
Dry Days 6902 days by 2050 rainfall in 2020 and
than 2.5mm of rain
2050

There will be more

Increasing number of
Extreme extreme
11 days by 2020 days with
Daily Rainfall 3 days daily rainfall events
22 days by 2050 extreme rainfall greater
Events in 2020
than 150mm
and 2050

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Table 7. Summary of climate change impacts in the five exposure units

Possible Effects to Exposure Units

General Information Natural-
Climate Changes in about
Resources
Variable Climate Patterns Critical Point
Population Urban Use Areas based Lifeline Utilities
Variables of Change Facilities
Production
Areas

Increase in Slightly more - Prevalence - Low economic - Depletion - Higher energy - Increase in
temperature warm of heat- productivity of forest and demand
for all seasons during MAM related stress - Insufficient resources water demand for health
is expected in and JJA - Rapid water due to - Damage to facilities
2020 and seasons spread of supply for forest fires road structures
2050 contagious commercial, - Disease due to melt of
diseases due domestic and prevalence asphalt which
to heat industrial uses on livestock will cause delay
- Low - Increase in - Low crop in transport of
Temperature income and energy demand production goods and
food supply due to services
in the drought
agricultural and pest
sector D5due infestation
to drought - Low fish
- Shortage in yield due
water supply to fish kill
for
household

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consumption

Decreasing Increase in - Prevalence - Rain-induced - Flooding - Power outage - Delay in

rainfall during rainfall of water- Landslides and might and provision
DJF for 2020 during the borne Flooding might cause disruption in of health and
but the diseases cause damage reduce in water supply social
increasing Habagat in caused by and/or loss of crop yield, - Inaccessible services due
rainfall in 2050 2020 and Flooding properties fish roads and to Flooding
Decreasing 2050 - Low - Delay in catch and bridges due to - Damaged
rainfall during Decrease in income and economic livestock Flooding infrastructures
MAM for 2020 rainfall productivity activities and and - Disrupted in critical
and 2050 during the for the delivery of poultry communications point areas
Rainfall
Increasing summer farmers and services production due to damage - Higher
rainfall during season in fishermen - Depletion in internet and demand for
JJA for 2020 2020 and due to of forest mobile network evacuation
and 2050 2050 frequent resources lines centers and
Increasing rains and and health
rainfall during Flooding productivity facilities
SON for 2020 due to
and 2050 Landslide
and flash
Floods

Increasing Significant - Prevalence - Low economic - Depletion - Higher energy - Increase in

number of increase in of heat- productivity of forest and demand
Number of hot days the related stress - Insufficient resources water demand for health
hot days exceeding number of - Rapid water due to - Damage to facilities
35C hot days in spread of supply for forest fires road structures
2020 contagious commercial, - Disease due to melt of

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especially in diseases due domestic and prevalence asphalt which

2050 to heat industrial uses on livestock will cause delay
- Low - Increase in - Low crop in transport of
income and energy demand production goods and
food supply due to services
in the drought
agricultural and pest
sector E5due infestation
to drought - Low fish
- Shortage in yield due
water supply to fish kill
for
household
consumption

Decreasing There will be - Prevalence - Rain-induced - Flooding - Power outage - Delay in

number of a slight of water- Landslides and might and provision
dry days less increase in borne Flooding might cause disruption in of health and
than 2.5mm rainfall in diseases cause damage reduce in water supply social
of rain 2020 and caused by and/or loss of crop yield, - Inaccessible services due
Number of 2050 Flooding properties fish roads and to Flooding
dry days - Low - Delay in catch and bridges due to - Damaged
income and economic livestock Flooding infrastructures
productivity activities and and - Disrupted in critical
for the delivery of poultry communications point areas
farmers and services production due to damage - Higher
fishermen - Depletion in internet and demand for
due to of forest mobile network evacuation

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frequent resources lines centers and

rains and and health
Flooding productivity facilities
due to
Landslide
and flash
Floods

Increasing There will be - Prevalence - Rain-induced - Flooding - Power outage - Delay in

number of more of water- Landslides and might and provision
days with extreme borne Flooding might cause disruption in of health and
extreme daily rainfall diseases cause damage reduce in water supply social
rainfall events in caused by and/or loss of crop yield, - Inaccessible services due
greater than 2020 and Flooding properties fish roads and to Flooding
150mm 2050 - Low - Delay in catch and bridges due to - Damaged
income and economic livestock Flooding infrastructures
productivity activities and and - Disrupted in critical
Extreme
for the delivery of poultry communications point areas
daily rainfall
farmers and services production due to damage - Higher
events
fishermen - Depletion in internet and demand for
due to of forest mobile network evacuation
frequent resources lines centers and
rains and and health
Flooding productivity facilities
due to
Landslide
and flash
Floods

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The following diagrams are the climate impact chains which logically show
the significant impacts of the projected changes in climate like increase of
temperature, rainfall and excessive rainfall events, decrease in rainfall and the
number of hot and dry days in four major ecosystems: forest area, agriculture,
urban areas and coastal areas.

A. Forest

As seen in Figure 4, three main climate variable changes are observed and
expected to cause negative impacts, as supported by the projections of PAG-
ASA for the Province of Oriental Mindoro. Increase in temperature and decrease
in rainfall cause dry season that may cause forest fires and fast and easy pest
infestation that may negatively affect the growth of the trees. Forest fires were
reported in most of the Barangays visited, although they have a supported
assumption that these fires started with carelessly left fired cigarette butts. Either
case, fire wouldn’t have grown bigger if not because of high temperature in the
forest. Sadly, in these fires, even the fruit trees that contribute to food production
were affected, just like in the case of Barangay Don Pedro and Manaul.
Moreover, Barangay Bonbon reported leaf falls and smaller size of fruits in their
Lansones Plantation because of increase in temperature. These mentioned
effects may easily deplete the forest resources leading to low forest productivity.
One vivid example is in Barangay Manaul where the stakeholders said that the
native birds called Lawin decreased dramatically because of decreased
number of trees. Supply of water may also be in vain because of forest
degradation that results to the fact that streams can hardly support the
communities relying on it. This phenomenon specifically affects Barangay
Panaytayan which scopes large forest areas.

Lastly, occurrence of typhoons, which is an example of extreme event, may

also lead to pest infestation and decrease of forest productivity. All these three
main climate variable changes lead to reduced aesthetic value of the forest,
low economic productivity, and affected livelihood of locals.

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Figure 6. Impact chain diagram for the forest areas

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B. Agriculture

Figure 5 shows that in the Agricultural Sector, three climate variable

changes are to cause interconnected impacts, based from the projections
obtained from the climate change projections. As seen, Increase in temperature
results to increased disease prevalence on livestock. Most barangays reported
cases of heat-stroke, diarrhea, and fast pest-infestation in pigs, chickens and
cows that lead to massive livestock death. Also, increase in temperature causes
lower productivity of farmers, who definitely cannot work long hours in the field.
Cases of increase in rainfall lead to occurrences of Flood that lead to low crop
yield. Furthermore, it can destroy fishponds, just like in the case of Manaul, which
had two fishponds destroyed in a Flood event. However, according to the
interviewed stakeholders, increase in rainfall becomes a rare event.

Finally, drought, an example of extreme event, that just occurred in the

municipality in straight-three years directs to inefficient irrigations and decreased
soil moisture in rain-fed agricultural fields that lead to low crop yield. For instance,
farmers in Panaytayan and in the most elevated areas in Balugo and Waygan
did not even have a chance to plant rice because of drought. The case,
according to the Barangay Captain of Panaytayan, is that in highlands,
pumping ground water for agricultural uses is first, not sustainable, and second,
not efficient. Aside from rice, corn, banana, some vegetables, banana, coconut
and other crops are also greatly affected by drought. To illustrate, a Barangay
stated that their onion crops do not grow properly with yellowish shoots caused
by El Nino. Also, some barangay stated that their banana and coconut trees
bear a significantly reduced size of fruits because of drought. Fast spread of
pests is also observed during this drought event. Moreover, after this extreme
event, when the rain came, the soil was not able to absorb the rainwater
immediately because of the cracks made by the drought. According to
stakeholders, it took about a week for the water to moist the soil needed for the
planting of rice after this three-year dry season. Eventually all these three lead to
low agricultural productivity, then to low income and low food production, and
finally to poor food security. Also, the stakeholders mentioned that lately,

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

because of the damage caused primarily by the drought, they tend to be

engaged to more liabilities such as paying debts they acquired because of the
hope of earning money from cropping, which happened to cause otherwise.

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IMPACT CHAIN DIAGRAM (Agriculture)

Drought
Increase in (Extreme event)
Temperature Increase in
Rainfall

Flood
Pest infestation

Increased disease
Massive Inefficient
prevalence on irrigations
livestock livestock
death

Unreliable
Decreased soil
irrigation
moisture
Heat-related
stress on
farmers
Low crop Decrease in
yield labor hours

Low agricultural
productivity

Low income Low food production

Poor food security

Figure 7. Impact chain diagram for the agricultural areas

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Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro 2016

C. Coastal

For the coastal system, increase in temperature and storm surge as an

example of extreme event, are the climate variable changes, as defined during
the extraction of the climate change projections. Figure 6 shows that because of
increase in temperature, there can be excessive algal bloom that leads to
threatened biodiversity. Fish kill that results to lesser fish catch becomes a
problem in coastal barangays. Also, stakeholders reported that catching fish
becomes harder with the increasing temperature due to migration of fish to
colder areas in the ocean. Thus, the incomeof the fishermen is compromised.
Also, coastal barangays affirmed that sea level rise is very observable in
Mansalay, which is also an effect of increase in temperature.

On the other hand, storm surge, causes damages to fish pens and
disturbances to corals that in the end, also leads to threatened biodiversity.
Destruction to corals is a very vivid observation of the .locals in Barangay Wasig.

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Figure 8. Impact chain diagram for the coastal areas

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D. Urban

Urban System, which is composed of interconnected elements, such as

residential and other human-built structures, is potentially threatened by three
climate variable changes as seen in Figure 7. Increase in rainfall leads to
contaminated water quality that carries water-borne diseases. Typhoid outbreak
has been part of the history of some Barangays. In the case of Manaul, diarrhea,
typhoid, and dengue outbreaks were reported due to increased amount of
rainfall. In addition, this also leads to Flooding that damages properties or even
lives in rarest cases. Furthermore, some services being delivered by the Barangay
officials are delayed because of Flooding. Inconvenience for some residents
who live in Flood-susceptible areas is also noted because of the need for
evacuation during times of increased rainfall, especially during occurrences of
typhoons. Also, increase in rainfall results to soil erosion that in effect interrupts
the economic activities because of soil erosion that was observed in some
barangays located in areas with high slope, such as Panaytayan that reported
many cases of injuries due to travels disrupted by soil erosion. Moreover, damage
to infrastructures such as roads, bridges, schools, dikes, and houses was reported
in some barangays because of heavy rainfall.

Storm surge as an example of extreme event, on the other hand, causes

damage to properties near the shore, such as houses and tourism facilities. This
phenomenon has been observed, but did not cause severe effects, in
Barangays Manaul, Wasig, Don Pedro, and Budburan, and reasoned out by the
Barangay Officials as a result of strong typhoons.

Lastly, increase in temperature results to heat-related health issues to

humans. Most barangays have reported higher cases of heat strokes. Some
heat-induced outbreaks were also reported, such as sore eyes and measles that
occurred lately in Budburan, and in-not-so-intense level in some Barangays. High
Blood Pressure is also triggered for some who have it. These impacts all result to
increased morbidity, mortality in isolated cases, and increased demand for
hospitals and evacuation sites. Not only to humans does the increase in

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temperature takes effect but also to house pets, especially dogs that die due to
high temperature, as reported by some Barangays. Also, since irregular hot
weather demands for higher energy consumption, frequent occurrences of
brownout in the municipality become a worsening problem. Furthermore, since
humans demand more water because of increase in temperature, which is
compromised during dry seasons, increased rate of pumping ground water
happens. Because of this, saltwater intrusion becomes a problem in some
barangays, since the empty space left underground because of excessive
pumping is easily filled by the saltwater. Aside from salt intrusion, contaminated
water and sinkhole which is reported in Barangay Waygan, are also becoming
results of excessive pumping.

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IMPACT CHAIN DIAGRAM (Urban)

Increase in Increase in
Rainfall Storm surges Temperature
(Extreme event)

Surface Soil
run-off saturation Heat-induced
stress

Contaminat Flooding Salt

ed water intrusion
quality

Soil
erosion Injuries

Water-
borne Displaced
diseases Travel Damage to communitie
disruptions infrastructure s
s

Power
outage Increase in
Delayed demand for
economic critical point
activity
facilities
(hospitals,
Income
evacuation
Job loss sites, etc.)
loss
Increased
mortality and
morbidity

Figure 9. Impact chain diagram for the urban areas

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B. Disaster Risk Assessment

History of Previous Disasters

The municipality had had series of disasters which resulted to various

damages and casualties. The records of previous disasters that affected
Mansalay were gathered from the MDRRM office, socio-economic profile and
during the conduct of focus group discussions and key informant interviews.

As seen in Table 8, Typhoon Yolanda was considered one of the strongest

typhoon that hit Mansalay. The typhoon brought a total of around seven million
worth of damaged properties in all 17 barangays. The Flooding that Yolanda
caused has affected almost 4,000 families and such damages affected their
livelihood and source of income such as the farmlands, fish ponds and livestock.
In addition, it was also reported that Typhoon Unding (November, 2004) has
caused severe Flooding in all of the barangays and a storm surge was observed
during the height of the rescue mission of the barangay officials by the shore of
Barangays Budburan, Waygan, Manaul and Don Pedro. Furthermore, cases of
liquefaction were also observed in several barangays like Waygan where a part
of the barangay hall grounds seems hollow and in Manaul where the residents
noticed cracks in the walls of the elementary school due to the liquefaction.
However, there were no official data of the damages recorded.

As of the present, the residents observed the occurrence of drought which

started last 2013. It has been noted that the farmers were not able to plant rice in
their lands for almost three years because of the drought throughout Mansalay.
Cases of wildfires in the forest areas of Barangays Cabalwa, Teresita and Balugo
were also observed from the previous years. Both were due to the noticeable
increase in temperature and number of hot days in the municipality.

Table 9 shows the hazards each Barangay has already experienced.

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Table 8. Summary of Previous Disasters in the municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF CASUALTIES DAMAGE TO PROPERTIES
AFFECTED HOUSES
HAZARD EVENTS
AFFECTED BARANGAYS Agriculture ;
AND DESCRIPTION
Dead Injured Missing Persons Families Totally Partially Infra Fisheries; Institution Total
Livestock
Typhoon Sening
All barangays - - - - - - - - - - -
and Yoling, 1970

Typhoon Asiang
and Yonig; Severe
All barangays - - - - - - - - - - -
tropical storm
Edeng, 1988
Mindoro
Panaytayan - - - - - - - - - - -
earthquake, 1994
Typhoon Unding,
All barangays - - - - - - - - - - -
November 2004
Agriculture
3,504,265
Typhoon Yolanda, Fisheries
All barangays 1 0 0 15,415 3,978 5 35 150,000 3,300,000 6,906,265
8 November 2012 310,000
Livestock
2,000
Typhoon Maring,
Sta. Brigida 0 0 0 30 7 - - 2,050,000 48,000 - 2,098,000
19-20 August 2013
Typhoon Ruby,
All barangays 0 0 0 13,392 3,057 - - - - -
December 2014
B. Del Mundo, Cabalwa, Don
Pedro, Budburan, Manaul,
TYPHOON NONA, Poblacion, Panaytayan, Sta.
0 0 0 3,542 864 - - - - - -
12 December 2015 Brigida, Sta. Maria, Sta.
Teresita, Wasig, Waygan, Villa
Celestial
Drought (2013 to
All barangays - - - - - - - - - - -
present)
Source: MDRRMO

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Table 9. Hazard susceptibility inventory matrix

SEA RAIN-
STORM
BARANGAY FLOOD LEVEL
SURGE
INDUCED TSUNAMI DROUGHT
RISE LANDSLIDE
1 B. DEL MUNDO      
  
2 BALUGO   
  
3 BONBON   
4 BUDBURAN      
5 CABALWA      
6 DON PEDRO      
  
7 MALIWANAG   
8 MANAUL      
  
9 PANAYTAYAN   
10 POBLACION      
  
11 ROMA   
    
12 STA. BRIGIDA 
  
13 STA. MARIA   
  
14 STA. TERESITA   
  
15 VILLA CELESTIAL   
16 WASIG      
  
17 WAYGAN   
Source: Socio-Economic Profile of Mansalay, 2016

Mansalay is exposed to various hydro-meteorological and geologic

hazards due to its geographical location and characteristic. The most frequent
hazards occurring in the municipality are rain-induced Landslide and Flooding.

The hazard susceptibility matrix of each of the 17 barangays summarizes

the hazards where Mansalay is exposed to. From table 9, all barangays are
susceptible to Flooding. The municipality is located beside the Tablas Strait and
all the barangays have different bodies of water near them which particularly
are the rivers and its tributaries. When the rivers overflow, the water will sip to the
lower areas and will result to Flood damaging the crops and properties. Aside
from Flooding, nine barangays are determined to be susceptible to rain-induced
Landslide. Most of the barangays are situated in high elevation areas with
different soil types that might contribute to the occurrence of Landslides and
erosion.

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It was also recorded that eight barangays are susceptible to sea level rise
although there are no official data that can be used in the analysis of this study.
However, there also eight coastal barangays which are susceptible to storm
surges.

Given that Mansalay lies within the Mindoro fault line based from the study
of PHIVOLCS, it is susceptible to ground shaking which might result to the
occurrence of Tsunami or large waves originated from the sea. Although it has
not yet occurred, it is possible that seven coastal barangays are susceptible to
Tsunami including B. del Mundo, Budburan, Cabalwa, Don Pedro, Manaul, Sta.
Brigida and Wasig.

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Hazard Susceptibility

From the information and data gathered, the municipality of Mansalay,

Oriental Mindoro is susceptible to four natural hazards which are Flooding,
Landslide, Tsunami and storm surge. However, as mentioned above, there are no
official data and records on storm surge of the municipality to be used in this
study.

1. Flood Susceptibility

Figure 8 shows the susceptibility of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro to

Flood. The overall land area of the municipality which has a high
susceptibility to Flooding is 1,235.55 ha (which accounts to 2.06% of the total
land area). It is expected to reach a Flood depth of higher than or equal to
one (1) meter and a likelihood of occurrence that ranges from 10 to 30
years. On the other hand, 1,235.55 ha (2.41%) have moderate susceptibility
while 566.66 ha (1.10%) have low susceptibility with an expected Flood
depth of less than one (1) meter which have a likelihood of occurrence
that ranges from 100 to 200 years.

Areas which are susceptible to Flood are usually those along the
coastline and major river systems. Several rivers and creeks traverse the
municipality, namely: Barok, Wasig, Panulong, Tignuan, Amaga, Hawili,
Cagancan, Wawan, Malan-og, Cagulong, and Capelye Rivers; and,
Mahabang Sapa, Hinundungan, Waygan, and Sinariri Creeks. Barok and
Wasig Rivers—the largest rivers in Mansalay—converge at the northeastern
side of the municipality and usually overflow whenever typhoon strikes or
when heavy rain occurs, ultimately bringing Flood to the barangays they
traverse (Barangays Bonbon, Roma, Sta. Brigida, Sta. Maria, Villa Celestial
and Wasig).

The usual effects of this hydro-meteorological hazard include

damages to roads, facilities, and infrastructures; water intrusion to buildings;
disruption to daily activities; and damages to the livelihood of the locals.

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The only recorded casualty caused by Flooding was during the onslaught
of Typhoon Yolanda in 2012. It also costed a total loss in the municipality of
PhP 6.9 million. The said typhoon is also among the strongest disasters in the
last five years experienced in the municipality.

2. Landslide Susceptibility

The municipality of Mansalay has a total land area of 22,252.80 ha

(43%) which are highly susceptible to Landslide based from the Landslide
susceptibility map shown in Figure 8. In addition, it has also been observed
that the parts of the municipality with moderate and low susceptibility to
Landslide have a total land area of 19,682.21 ha (38%) and 6,621.77 ha
(13%) respectively. The barangays which are identified to be highly
susceptible to Landslide are Waygan, Don Pedro, Cabalwa, Manaul,
Budburan and especially Panaytayan wherein 21,711.34 ha (54%) of its of its
land total land area are highly susceptible to Landslide. Usually, the
barangays which are identified to be exposed to Landslide have its forest
areas resided by communities of indigenous people, the Mangyan tribe.
These locals are usually the upland farmers which depend on the forest
resources as their main source of income.

According to the locals, the Landslides that occurred in the

municipality are usually rain-induced which resulted to several damaged
properties and infrastructures. One of the recorded cases happened in
barangay Teresita, Sitio Tignuan where a part of the land near the river has
eroded affecting several families within its vicinity.

3. Tsunami Susceptibility

Based on the Tsunami susceptibility map (Figure 9), the municipality of

Mansalay has a total land area of 1,890.42 ha (3.68%) exposed to Tsunami.
The barangays which are susceptible to the occurrence of Tsunami are Villa
Celestial, Sta. Brigida, Wasig, B. del Mundo, Poblacion, Teresita and Don

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Pedro. Seven of which are identified as coastal barangays except Villa

Celestial.

Furthermore, according to PHIVOLCS, the municipality of Mansalay lies

in an active fault called the Mindoro fault line. It has been recorded that
several earthquake aftershocks have been observed from the previous
years. Given that a Tsunami is a series of ocean waves brought by ground
shaking underwater, movement of tectonic plates and earthquakes, such
cases would define the municipality to be of highly susceptible to the
possible occurrence of Tsunami.

4. Drought Susceptibility

The warm phase of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomenon

brings drought; it occurs every two (2) to nine (9) years which usually starts
around December to February and lasts until the first half of the following
year (PAGASA, n.d.). In a report by Tejada et al. (2014), El Niño now has a
two- to three-year interval, which was previously five. The same source
compiled historical records of ENSO from PAGASA and claimed that during
the last half century (1960-2010), there have been 15 weak to strong El Niño
episodes which caused adverse socio-economic impacts in the country.
The recent episode in the country started in 2015 and ended in mid-2016
(PAGASA, 2016). In the recent El Niño phenomenon, thirty-two provinces
were reported to be affected, including Oriental Mindoro.

As seen in Figure __, the entire municipality of Mansalay is exposed to

drought. Among the most affected exposure units are natural resource-
based production areas (agriculture and fisheries) and lifeline utilities
(domestic water supply and power sector).

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Figure 10. Flood susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Figure 11. Landslide susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Figure 12. Tsunami susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Figure 13. Drought susceptibility map of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro

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Exposure and Sensitivity to Hazards

i. Population

A. Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity

The identified vulnerabilities for the population are as follows: 2.74% of

the population is living in areas with no legal claim; 2.14% are living in
makeshift houses, using light materials; 71.1% of the population lives below
poverty threshold; there is an 82.89% literacy rate, and 0.04% malnutrition rate.
There is also 105 to 100 dependency ratio for both young and old fraction of
the population. This indicates that the dependent age outnumbers the
working age group (15-64 years old).

In terms of the adaptive capacity of the population, only 7.24% of the

population are members of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s).
Assistance to Individuals in Crisis Situation (AICS) is at hand for senior citizens,
solo parents, and poor families and PWDs. AICS have 3,795 beneficiaries that
are granted with financial, livelihood, medical, burial, seminar transportation
and, hospitalization aid. There is also LGU scholarship in the municipality which
assists 189 students in the municipality. For the IP’s, there is an Indigenous
People Delineation Program. Lastly, a Poverty Alleviation Program exists in the
Municipality which provides aid to those living below the poverty threshold. In
terms of the government’s capacity to generate job a One Town, One
Product program is present in the municipality. This program aims to develop
entrepreneur skills, alongside generating employment and skills development.

There are three socialized housing projects in the municipality. Two of

which are publicly funded and one of which is privately owned. Two batches
of government funded Core Housing projects exists in Barangay Poblacion;
housing sixteen families in total. The other housing project is the Gawad
Kalinga in Barangay Cabalwa, housing seventeen families in total.

In terms of access to information, four cellular sites are erected in the

municipality. The cellular sites are property of different telecommunication

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companies, namely: Globe Telecommunication, Sun Telecommunication, and

Smart Telecommunication. The four telecommunication companies provide
nationwide and international calls, text, and internet service. All barangays
are also provided with 2 two way radios which serve as a means of
communication in times of disasters; especially when cellular signal is down.
Most barangays have megaphones which serve as early warning system
during disasters. The megaphones are efficient in terms of delivering
announcements and giving out instructions to the people.

B. Exposure

Flood

A total 2,855.22 ha of the municipality is exposed to Flooding. Majority

of the exposed areas are located in coastal areas or near rivers and
streams. Out of the 10,193 households in the municipality, 1,258 (12.35%)
households are exposed to Flooding. Approximately 5,032 people in total
are exposed to Flooding. Of the 12.35%, approximately 1,620 individuals
are in low exposure; 1,980 are in moderate exposure; and 1,432 are in high
exposure. Sta. Brigida is the most exposed barangay, 97% of its population
are exposed to Flooding, in terms of individuals: 780 individuals are
exposed to low Flooding; 712 to moderate Flooding; and 168 to high
Flooding.

Landslide

All barangays in the municipality are exposed to Landslide, except for

Sta. Brigida. A total of 8,815 households (86%) are exposed to Landslide.
Approximately 68% (35,260 individuals) of the population are exposed to
Landslide. In terms of the level of exposure of individuals, 39.48% are
exposed to low, 20.6% are exposed to moderate, and 8.38% are highly
exposed to Landslide. Among the 17 barangays, Panaytayan has the
highest exposed number of individuals. All households are exposed to

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Landslide. Approximately 701 people are exposed to low; 4,347 to

moderate; and 3,688 individuals are exposed to high Landslide.

Tsunami

Barangays B. del Mundo, Don Pedro, Poblacion, Sta. Brigida, Teresita,

Villa Celestial, and Wasig are the only barangays exposed to the Tsunami
inundation area. These barangays are mostly coastal and/or barangays in
low elevation. Barangay B. del Mundo has the highest exposed population.
82% of the population or approximately 5,340 individuals will be in B. del
Mundo affected in case of a Tsunami. On the other hand, Barangay Sta.
Brigida has 99% of its total land area covered by the Tsunami inundation
area, which will affect 94% of its population in case of a Tsunami.

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Figure 14. Flood exposure map for population

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Figure 15. Landslide exposure map for population

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Figure 16. Tsunami exposure map for population

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C. Risk

Flood

In terms of Flood risk, approximately 360 individuals (0.7%) are at high

risk. These individuals are in barangays Villa Celestial and Wasig. On the
other hand, around 1,572 (3.05%) people are at moderate risk of Flooding;
residing particularly at barangays Budburan, Don Pedro, Sta. Brigida, Sta.
Maria, Villa Celestial and Wasig. Lastly, low risk areas have approximately
3,112 individuals (6,04%) who are residing in barangays B. del Mundo,
Balugo, Bonbon, Maliwanag, Manaul, Panaytayan, Roma, Sta. Brigida, Sta.
Maria, Teresita, Wasig, and Waygan. Risk Summary Matrix is shown in Table
10.

Landslide

There are no high Landslide risks for population in the municipality.

However, moderate risk areas will affect an estimated 1,216 individuals
(2.35% ) residing at Barangay Waygan. Low Landslide risk will affect 34,084
individuals (65.92%) residing at barangays B. del Mundo, Balugo, Bonbon,
Budburan, Cabalwa, Don Pedro, Maliwanag, Manaul, Panaytayan,
Poblacion, Roma, Sta. Maria, Teresita, Villa Celestial, and Wasig. Risk
Summary Matrix is shown in Table 11.

Tsunami

There are approximately 10,864 individuals (21.01%) which are in

moderate Tsunami risk. These moderate risk areas are in the coastal
barangays of B. del Mundo, Don Pedro, Poblacion, Sta. Brigida, Teresita,
and Wasig. Meanwhile, Barangay Villa Celestial is at low Tsunami risk with
approximately 1,012 people (1.96%) which will be affected in the area. Risk
Summary Matrix is shown in Table 12.

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Figure 17. Flood risk map for population

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Table 10. Summary of Flood risk database for population

Exposure Sensitivity/ Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Perc
ent
Estim
age
ated
of
Popul Expos house
HH
ation ed Perce holds
Perce livin
Estimat Densit Affe Popul ntage with Perc Existing Govern
ntage g in Presenc Presenc
Risk Flood Munic Numb ed y per cte ation Expos of Litera incom ent Financial ment
of hou e of e of
Category Depth ipality er of Residen Hecta d (Expo ed Youn cy e Mal Assistanc Capacit Access to
Inform seh Socializ early
Popul House tial re of Hou sed Perce g and Rate below nutri e in the y to Information
al olds ed warning
ation hold Area Resid seh HHxA ntage old (HH) pover tion municipal generat
Settler livin Housing system
(Ha) ential olds ve. depe ty * ity e Jobs
s g in
Area HH ndent thresh
mak
(Popul size) old
eshi
ation/
ft
Area)
hou
ses
One
7.24% of
Town,
the There are
One There
High ≥ 1m 90 360 0.70% populatio four Cell Majority
Product are 3
n are 4P's Sites in the of
Progra Socializ
members; area which barang
m aims ed
Poverty provides ays
to Housing
Alleviatio cellular have
develo Projects
n service to megap
Moderat p , two of
< 1m 393 1572 3.05% Program; Globe, Sun hones
e entrepr which
27.40 2.14 Indigeno cellular & that
51,505 10,193 3204.16 16.07 104.69 82.89 77.10 0.04 eneursh are
% % us Smart serves
ip, govern
People’s subscribers as early
develo ment
Delineati ; Mansalay warning
p skills owned
on Cable system
and and
Program, Television, in case
generat one
Assistanc Inc. of
Low < 1m 778 3112 6.04% e privatel
e to provides disaster
income y
Individual network s;
and owned
s in Crisis Cable TV;
employ
Situation
ment;

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Figure 18. Landslide risk map for population

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Table 11. Summary of Landslide risk database for population

Exposure Sensitivity/ Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Perc
ent
Estim
age
ated
of
Popul Expos house
HH
ation ed Perce holds Prese
Perce livin
Estimat Densit Affe Popul ntage with Perc Existing Govern nce
ntage g in
Risk Flood Munic Numb ed y per cte ation Expos of Litera incom ent Financial ment Presence of
of hou Access to
Category Depth ipality er of Residen Hecta d (Expo ed Youn cy e Mal Assistance Capacit of early
Inform seh Informati
Popul House tial re of Hou sed Perce g and Rate below nutri in the y to Socialize warni
al olds on
ation hold Area Resid seh HHxA ntage old (HH) pover tion municipalit generat d Housing ng
Settler livin
(Ha) ential olds ve. depe ty * y e Jobs syste
s g in
Area HH ndent thresh m
mak
(Popul size) old
eshi
ation/
ft
Area)
hou
ses
There are
One
four Cell Majori
Town,
Sites in ty of
7.24% of One
the area baran
the Product
which gays
Moderat population Progra There are
< 1m 304 1,216 2.35% provides have
e are 4P's m aims 3
cellular mega
members; to Socialized
service to phon
Poverty develo Housing
Globe, es
Alleviation p Projects,
Sun that
Program; entrepr two of
27.40 2.14 cellular & serves
51,505 10,193 3204.16 16.07 104.69 82.89 77.10 0.04 Indigenous eneursh which are
% % Smart as
People’s ip, governm
subscriber early
Delineation develo ent
s warni
Program, p skills owned
; ng
Assistance and and one
Mansalay syste
to generat privately
8,52 65.92 Cable m in
Low < 1m 34,084 Individuals e owned
1 % Television, case
in Crisis income
Inc. of
Situation and
provides disast
employ
network ers;
ment;
Cable TV;

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Figure 19. Tsunami risk map for population

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Table 12. Summary of Tsunami risk database for population

Exposure Sensitivity/ Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Perc
ent
Estim
age
ated
of
Popul Expos house
HH
ation ed Perce holds
Perce livin
Estimat Densit Affe Popul ntage with Perc Existing Govern
ntage g in
Risk Flood Munic Numb ed y per cte ation Expos of Litera incom ent Financial ment Presence
of hou Access to
Category Depth ipality er of Residen Hecta d (Expo ed Youn cy e Mal Assistance Capacit of
Inform seh Informati
Popul House tial re of Hou sed Perce g and Rate below nutri in the y to Socialize
al olds on
ation hold Area Resid seh HHxA ntage old (HH) pover tion municipalit generat d Housing
Settler livin
(Ha) ential olds ve. depe ty * y e Jobs
s g in
Area HH ndent thresh
mak
(Popul size) old
eshi
ation/
ft
Area)
hou
ses
There are
One
four Cell
Town,
Sites in
7.24% of One
the area
the Product
which
Moderat 2,71 21.01 population Progra There are
< 1m 10,864 provides
e 6 % are 4P's m aims 3
cellular
members; to Socialized
service to
Poverty develo Housing
Globe,
Alleviation p Projects,
Sun
Program; entrepr two of
27.40 2.14 cellular &
51,505 10,193 3204.16 16.07 104.69 82.89 77.10 0.04 Indigenous eneursh which are
% % Smart
People’s ip, governm
subscriber
Delineation develo ent
s
Program, p skills owned
;
Assistance and and one
Mansalay
to generat privately
Cable
Low < 1m 253 1,012 1.96% Individuals e owned
Television,
in Crisis income
Inc.
Situation and
provides
employ
network
ment;
Cable TV;

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D. Policy Interventions

The risk estimates derived from the final focused group discussion served
as basis for the policy interventions to be recommended to the Municipality of
Mansalay.

A case study conducted by International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

in 2009 said that poverty is a key factor for determining the vulnerability and
sensitivity to hazards. The household income level indicates the coping
capability and adaptive capacity of the people. Prevalence of poverty
increases the negative effects of disasters on households, leading to increase
in the severity of poverty itself; and also increasing the number of people
suffering from it. In Mansalay, 87% of the people are living below the poverty
threshold. Majority of barangays had livelihood programs, which unfortunately
were not able to push through. The primary reason is the lack of funding
resulting to loss of interest of the citizens to the program itself. The lack of
livelihood programs in addition to the prolonged drought period resulted to
rampant charcoal making in the municipality. Most barangays acknowledge
the presence of charcoal making in their area. Sadly even the IP’s of the
municipality are admittedly engaged in the said activities.

Improving and providing additional funds for livelihood program could

help alleviate the poverty situation in the municipality. Any existing livelihood
programs may be further enhanced with trainings and seminars, aside from
additional funding. Some suggested livelihood programs from barangay
focused group discussion are livestock raising, gardening, cassava
production, bamboo products, and banana chips making. However, due to
the prevalence of drought in the municipality, it would be more ideal to invest
in livelihood programs that are not related or dependent on agriculture. Some
examples of such livelihood programs are: rag making, soap making, candle
making, stuffed toy making, and basic cosmetology.

The indigenous people could further enrich their heritage through

cultural presentations and handicraft making. According to the household

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data obtained from the municipality, 11% of the total households have
members of the labor force that are unemployed. The local government
could also consider partnerships with private companies to generate
additional employment for the people alongside with income generation for
the municipality. A possible project for a Public Private Partnership (PPP) is the
development of the Mansalay Airport. The development of the airport/runway
will increase the flow of tourist into the municipality, thus producing more
income. There are ongoing PPP’s related to development and maintenance
of airports in the country; some examples of which are the operation and
maintenance of the Laguindingan Airport in Misamis Oriental; another is the
development of the New Bohol (Panglao) Airport; and operation and
maintenance of Puerto Princessa Airport.

Engaging the citizens in livelihood programs and generating jobs for the
people will decrease the prevalence of charcoal making in the municipality,
alongside with development and financial security for the people.

In terms of awareness and involvement of the people to DRRM, most

barangays are in favour of having seminars or lectures, and distributing flyers
to the people regarding climate change and its effects in general. Awareness
to the existing climate situation will inform and increase conservation practices
and at the same time, reduce people’s harmful practices towards nature.
Barangays also need to encourage volunteers who will participate in BDRRM
efforts. Trainings or capacity development for volunteers in life-saving skills
such as: first aid, search and rescue, and the use of life saving equipments.
Each barangay also needs early warning systems such as sirens. The usual
mode message dissemination in times of disaster is through house-to-house
announcements and the use of megaphones. In the absence of sirens, other
alternative alarm systems could apply; church bells for instance could serve as
an alternative signal. Table 13 shows the Summary Issues Matrix for
population.

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Table 13. Summary issues matrix for population

Hazard Decision Areas Policy Interventions

 Budburan  Improve Livelihood Programs and conduct additional

 Don Pedro training and seminars
 Sta. Brigida  Provide Early Warning Systems for each barangay i.e.
 Sta. Maria
Flood
sirens
 Villa Celestial  Encourage volunteers and provide them with
 Wasig capacity building training on life-saving skills
 Panaytayan  Establish relocation areas for identified high risk
 Waygan
Landslide
members of the population
 Conduct seminars lecture and disseminate
information education materials regarding climate

 B. del Mundo
and disaster risk
 Construct
 Don Pedro
additional evacuation centers for all

 Poblacion
barangays
 Retrofit houses in high exposure to Landslide
 Sta. Brigida
Tsunami
 Provide Early Warning Systems for each barangay i.e.
 Teresita
 Wasig
sirens
 Construct sea wall or develop a mangrove forest in
coastal areas

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ii. Urban Use Areas

A. Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity

The urban areas were grouped in terms of function, specifically:

residential, commercial, recreational, tourism, dumpsite, and cemetery. In
terms of the vulnerability of residential areas, the proportion of buildings with
light to salvageable materials in the municipality is generally very low (>2-5%).
The housing condition in terms of structural integrity (condemned/dilapidated)
is generally residual for the municipality (0-2%). In commercial areas, the
proportion of buildings with light to salvageable materials and the proportions
of commercial buildings in dilapidated conditions are residual (0-2%). This
indicates that majority of commercial establishments are relatively sturdy. In
terms of structure design, there were no observed data regarding hazard
resistance. Although based on key informant interview, there are no known
hazard resistant buildings in the municipality.

Regarding the adaptive capacity of the municipality, majority of the

barangays stated in focused group discussion that citizens are willing to
relocate given the conditions that: the government will provide the site and
dwelling unit; and that citizens will be provided with alternative livelihood, in
case they are displaced from their source of living. A budget is also allocated
for the purchase of relocation site in the municipality. The purchased site is
allocated specifically for informal settlers in the municipality. Some of the
barangays also agreed upon the idea of retrofitting; although officials
admittedly recognize the fact that majority of exposed residential do not
have financial capability to retrofit. In terms of insurance, there are no
infrastructures or properties that have such insurance in the municipality.

In terms of risk mitigation, there are existing Flood control measures in the
municipality in the form of river dikes located at: Sinugdan creek, Arado
creek, Puyuhan creek, Pookan creek, Panulong river, Bait river. The
municipality have also allotted funds for hazard mitigation mostly to Flood
control measures, to enumerate: desilting/dredging of riverbanks;

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construction/rehabilitation of seawalls, drainage, sewerage, and Flood control

facilities; repair and maintenance of irrigation, canals, laterals, waterways,
aqueducts, river walls, highway, roads and bridges. Other hazard mitigation
isin the forms of clean-up drives; information, education and communication
materials regarding DRRM; and community based DRRM training. There are
also material recovery facilities (MRF) present in barangays Teresita,
Poblacion, and B. del Mundo. There are on-going plans regarding
construction of MRFs in all barangays. When it comes to resources aloted to
for disaster preparedness and mitigation, the local government resources are
limited to the 5% annual budget of each barangay where 70% of which is for
disaster preparedness and mitigation programs while the remaining 30% is for
disaster quick response. Barangays can also access additional fund from the
municipality for disaster mitigation and adaptation purposes.

B. Exposure

Flood

Majority of urban use areas exposed to Flood are those near the coastal
areas, rivers, and streams. A total land area of 129.77 ha (8.04%) of residential
land is exposed to Flooding, 43. 75 ha (2.71%) are exposed to high Flooding,
44.91 ha (2.78%) to moderate Flooding, and 41.1 ha (2.55%) to low Flooding.
Barangay Wasig has the largest exposed residential area with 55.28 ha; 15.66
ha of which is in low exposure, 17. 91 ha are in moderate exposure and 21.71
in high exposure. In commercial areas there are .621 ha of properties
exposed to Flooding. Of the overall exposed commercial areas, no
infrastructure is exposed to high Flooding, although 5.8% (0.1984 ha) is in
moderate Flooding; and 12.8% (0.4262 ha) is in low exposure to Flooding. The
Sta. Brigida Cockpit Arena, the only recreational urban use area in the
municipality, is in low exposure to Flood. The recreational area has a total land
area of 0.1412 ha. In terms of the tourism areas, total of 0.1412 ha are exposed
to Flooding, 0.0172 of which is in low exposure and 0.124 is in moderate

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exposure. All of the exposed tourist areas are beach resorts loacated in
barangay B. del Mundo.

Landslide

The exposure of residential areas to Landslide is significantly higher than

exposure to Flood. A total of 1470.392 ha (91.13%) of the total residential areas
are exposed to Landslide. There are 402.07 ha (24.92%) of residential area that
are located in high Landslide exposure; 605.89 ha (37.55%) in moderate
Landslide exposure; lastly, 462.41 ha (28.66%) are in low Landslide exposure.
Barangay Panaytayan has the highest exposed residential area in terms of
Landslide. Almost a 100% of its residential areas are exposed to the three levels
of Landslide exposures; 385.15 ha are in high exposure, 466.11 ha are in
moderate and 146.81 ha are in low. When it comes to commercial areas, a
total of 0.066 ha are exposed to moderate Landslide exposure; and 0.9948 ha
of commercial area are exposed to low Landslide risk. In terms of tourism area,
a total of 3.87 (98.11%) ha are exposed to Landslide. In terms of level of
exposure, there are 0.3955 ha (10.03%) in low Landslide exposure; and 3.4737
ha (88.08%) in moderate exposure. The dumpsite (0.3442 ha) and cemetery
(3.658 ha) are totally exposed to Landslide, although in low exposure only.

Tsunami

There is a total of 192.35 ha of residential land covered by the Tsunami

inundation area. Barangay Wasig has the highest exposed residential area
with 71.5 ha; followed by B. del Mundo with 67.80 ha exposed; Villa Celestial
has 16.95 ha exposed; Sta. Brigida has a total of 13.96 ha exposed; followed
by Poblacion having with 13.81 ha; next is Teresita with 6.53 ha; and lastly Don
Pedro with a total of 1.8 ha exposed. Regarding commercial areas, 1.71 ha of
commercial properties are exposed to Tsunami. Majority of the commercial
areas exposed are in B. del Mundo and Poblacion. In terms of tourism areas
there is a total of 0.55 ha exposed to Tsunami these are beach resorts located
at barangays B. del Mundo and Poblacion.

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Figure 20. Flood exposure map for urban use areas

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Figure 21. Landslide exposure map for urban use areas

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Figure 22. Tsunami exposure map for urban use areas

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C. Risk

Flood

In terms of Flood risk of residential areas, a total of 25.84 ha (1.60%) of

land were classified as high risk. The estimated cost of high risk areas is
around 2.7 billion pesos. These high risk residential areas are found in
Barangays Manaul, Sta. Maria, Villa Celestial, and Wasig. Meanwhile,
moderate risk areas have a total land area of 26.23 ha costing around 2.8
billion pesos. Barangays with moderate Flood risk are as follows: Budburan,
Don Pedro, Manaul, Sta. Brigida, Sta. Maria, and Villa Celestial. Lastly, low
risk residential areas have a total land area of 77.7 ha which costs about 8.2
billion pesos. The costs per hectare amounting to 10,514 pesos per square
meters, is based on the Philippine Statistics Authority’s Approved Building
Permits for the Second Quarter (2016). In commercial areas, 0.396 ha are
identified as low risk; amounting to an estimated 10.4 million pesos worth of
annual income. Moderate risk areas for Flood is equivalent 0.1064 ha;
affecting an estimated annual income of 2.6 million pesos. Tourism areas
identified as low risk, have a total land area of 0.1412 ha and generates
about Php 800,000 every year. For recreational facility, Sta. Brigida Cockpit
Arena with a total land area of 0.1082 ha is identified as low risk. The Arena
generates around Php 900,000 per year.

Landslide

Regarding Landslide risk of residential areas, none were scored at high

risk for Landslide. However, 28.11 ha of residential land are identified at
moderate risk of Landslide, amounting to an estimated 3 billion pesos. Low
risk residential areas, on the other hand, are identified to have 1442.28 ha of
land, amounting to approximately 151 billion pesos. For commercial areas,
a total of 2.21 ha is at low risk of Landslide. An estimated annual income of
48.9 million pesos is to be affected for low Landslide risk commercial areas.
The dumpsite and cemetery both scored low risk; with a total land area of
0.3442 ha for the former and 3.658 ha for the later.

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Tsunami

For Tsunami risk, a total of 71.5 ha of residential area were identified as

high risk; amounting to an estimated Php 7.5 Billion. Moderate risk residential
areas cover up 103.9 ha; and have an estimated amount of 11 billion
pesos. Low Tsunami risk residential areas have a total of 16.95 ha; and costs
approximately 1.8 billion pesos. In terms of commercial areas, identified
high risk areas have a total land area of 0.1323 ha, and produces
approximately 2.6 million pesos annually. Meanwhile, identified moderate
risk commercial areas encompasses a total land area of 1.35 ha and will
potentially affect 55 million worth of annual income. Low risk commercial
areas for Tsunami have a land area of 0.2294 ha, and have an estimated
annual income of 700,000 pesos. Lastly, tourism areas were identified as
moderate risk, having a total land area of 0.5507 and costing about 1.5
million pesos worth of income every year.

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Figure 23. Flood risk map for urban use areas

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Table 14. Summary of Flood risk database for urban use areas
Exposure Vulnerability/Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity
Percent
Government
Percent age of Capacity Government
Structure not regulations on
Total age of Infrastru and resources for
Category of Risk employing Insurance hazard
Area Area Percenta Affected Value Makeshi ctures willingness to climate change
Facility Category hazard Coverag mitigation,
(ha) (ha) ge (%) (Php) ft Made relocate adaptation and
resistant e zoning and
Infrastru of and/or disaster
building design structural design
ctures Concret retrofit management
standards
e

Low 77.70 4.82 8,169,430,570

Residential
1,613.53 Moderate 26.23 1.63 2,758,085,050 2.14% 97.80%
Material
Majority Recovery
The local
High 25.84 1.60 2,716,397,040 prefer to Facilities are
government
relocate present in
resources are
rather than urban
only limited to
retrofit their All barangays of
Low 0.40 11.89 10,419,600 All structures the 5% annual
properties. structure the
in the urban budget of each
Commercial 3.33 - - Relocation s are not municipality,
use areas do barangay where
however covered there is an on-
not have 70% of which is
Moderate 0.11 3.19 2,604,900 must be by going plan
hazard for disaster
provided property regarding the
resistant preparedness
with insuranc construction of
design and mitigation
governmen e MRFs in all
programs while
Tourism Area 3.94 Low 0.14 3.58 800,000 - - t assistance barangays;
the remaining
for their Zoning
30% is for disaster
source of ordinance/CLU
quick response.
livelihood. P on all
barangays
Recreational
0.11 Low 0.11 100.00 989,280 - 100%
(Cockpit)

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Figure 24. Landslide risk map for urban use areas

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Table 15. Summary of Landslide risk database for urban use areas

Exposure Vulnerability/Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

Government
Government
Structure not regulations on
Total Percentage Percentage resources for
Category of Risk employing Capacity and hazard
Area of of climate
Area Percenta Affected Value hazard willingness to Insurance mitigation,
Facility Category Makeshift Infrastructur change
(ha) (ha) ge (%) (Php) resistant relocate Coverage zoning and
Infrastructur es Made of adaptation
building and/or retrofit structural
es Concrete and disaster
design design
management
standards
1,442 151,641,603,0
Low 89.30 The local
.28 78
Residential 1,613.53 2.14% 97.80% government
Moderate 28.11 1.74 2,955,117,410 Material resources
Recovery are only
Majority
Facilities are limited to
prefer to
Commercial 3.33 Low 1.06 31.85 21,876,900 - - present in the 5%
relocate
urban annual
rather than
All barangays of budget of
retrofit their
structures in All the each
properties.
Low 0.40 10.03 800,000 - - the urban structures municipality, barangay
Relocation
use areas are not there is an where 70%
Tourism Area 3.94 however
do not covered on-going of which is
must be
have by plan for disaster
Moderate 3.75 88.08 400,00 - - provided
hazard property regarding the preparedne
with
resistant insurance construction ss and
government
design of MRFs in all mitigation
Dumpsite 0.34 Low 0.34 100.00 - - - assistance
barangays; programs
for their
Zoning while the
source of
ordinance/C remaining
livelihood.
LUP on all 30% is for
Cemetery 3.66 Low 3.66 100.00 - - - barangays disaster
quick
response.

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Figure 25. Tsunami risk map for urban use areas

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Table 16. Summary of Tsunami risk database for urban use areas

Exposure Vulnerability/Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

Government
Government
Structure not regulations on
Percentage Percentage resources for
Total employing Capacity and hazard
Risk of of climate
Category of Area Area Percent Affected Value hazard willingness to Insurance mitigation,
Category Makeshift Infrastructur change
Facility (ha) (ha) age (%) (Php) resistant relocate Coverage zoning and
Infrastructur es Made of adaptation
building and/or retrofit structural
es Concrete and disaster
design design
management
standards
The local
Low 16.95 1.05 1,782,280,710 government
Residential Material resources
1,613.53 10,924,287,82 2.14% 97.80% Recovery are only
Moderate 103.90 6.44 Majority
2 Facilities are limited to
prefer to
present in the 5%
relocate
High 71.50 4.43 7,517,741,308 urban annual
rather than
All barangays of budget of
retrofit their
Low 0.23 6.89 700,000 structures in All the each
properties.
the urban structures municipality, barangay
Relocation
Commercial 3.33 Moderate 1.35 40.46 55,204,467 - - use areas are not there is an where 70%
however
do not covered on-going of which is
must be
have by plan for disaster
High 0.13 3.97 2,604,900 provided
hazard property regarding the preparedne
with
resistant insurance construction ss and
government
design of MRFs in all mitigation
assistance
barangays; programs
for their
Zoning while the
source of
Tourism Area 3.94 Moderate 0.55 13.96 1,500,00 - - ordinance/C remaining
livelihood.
LUP on all 30% is for
barangays disaster
quick
response.

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D. Policy Interventions

A general policy intervention that will apply for all components of urban
use areas is the strict implementation of zoning. The strict implementation of
zoning will reduce damage of upcoming disasters. Identified high exposure
areas should be delegated as no build zones.

Retrofitting is recommended for high to moderately exposed areas that

already have established infrastructures. For Flood prone areas, the elevation
of posts and columns/ elevation of foundation walls/ or elevation of fill of
infrastructures can be done to reduce or avoid the damage caused by
Flooding (FEMA, 2013). In case retrofitting is not applicable or will have minimal
effect, permanent relocation is an option for those willing to do so. According
to the Annual Investment Plan of Mansalay, a budget has been allotted for
the purchase of relocation site. It is recommended to prioritize the relocation
of those identified to be at high exposure, high and moderate risk, and are
vulnerable (informal settlers, living below poverty threshold, living in makeshift
houses).

Shifting of land use is optional for areas that are in high to moderate risk.
If applicable, highly exposed areas such as coastal areas are recommended
for land use change. If ever residents in coastal areas are willing to relocate, it
will be an opportunity to develop the area as mangrove forest or beach
forest. In Barangay Budburan for example, an abandoned school was turned
into a small cemetery. Another example is a business establishment located at
Barangay B. del Mundo. The building used to be a church which was then
turned into a restaurant. Such efforts reduce construction costs and, at the
same time, maximize the use of land and existing infrastructures.

In terms of exposure to Tsunami, it is recommended to put-up a seawall

to reduce the potential impacts of Tsunamis and also storm surge. According
to a study (R.T Perez, 1999), a concrete sea wall that is 3m high and 1m thick
with an underwater base of 1.5 m and 3m thick will cost U.S. $0.6 million (₱2.9
million) per km. A cheaper alternative to constructing seawalls is to put up a
mangrove forest. According to a case study conducted by IFRC in Vietnam,
the cost of putting up a mangrove forest costs about U.S. $843 (₱40,000) per
hectare. Waves are reduced in the presence of barriers such as mangroves;
they are capable of reducing the height and energy of winds and wave
swells passing through them (Wetlands International and The Nature
Conservancy, 2014). Several mangroves hundred meters wide are capable of
reducing Tsunami height by 5-30%. Aside from preventing damages from
Tsunamis and storm surges, mangrove forests also provide ecological benefits

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such as: carbon sequestration, nutrient retention, sediment retention,

biodiversity habitat, Flood attenuation, wastewater treatment, and water
supply and recharge. Another function of mangrove forests is the reduction of
damage to seawalls/ sea-dykes. The IFRC case study in Vietnam
demonstrated the damage to a three kilometre sea-dyke after a storm in
1987, which costs U.S. $300,000 (₱14 million) to repair. On the other hand, a
storm in 2005 did not damage the same dyke after putting up a mangrove
forest.

Table 17. Summary matrix for urban use areas

Decision areas
Hazard Land Use Policy Intervention
Barangay
Classification
Budburan Residential
Don Pedro Residential  Strict implementation of
Manaul Residential zoning in high exposure

 Retrofitting establishments in
Sta. Brigida Residential areas
Flood
Sta. Maria Residential high exposure and high risk

 Relocation for residents in

Residential areas
Villa Celestial
Commercial

 Shift in land use for areas in

Wasig Residential high risk areas
Cabalwa Tourism
Landslide high exposure, specifically
Waygan Residential
coastal areas prone to
Residential
 Seawall construction for
B. del Tsunami and Flooding
Tourism
Mundo
Commercial
 Mangrove Forest for a more
Tsunami prone areas
Don Pedro Residential
Poblacion Commercial
cost efficient and multi
Tsunami Sta. Brigida Commercial
functional approach in
Residential preventing damages from
Teresita
Commercial Tsunamis and storm surge
Residential
Wasig Commercial
Tourism

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iii. Natural Resource-Based Production Areas

A. Vulnerability and adaptive Capacity

As a municipality relying on agriculture and fisheries for a living, the local

government unit recognizes the importance of interventions targeting
agricultural production areas as well as the farmers and their dependents.
Among the current agriculture programs and interventions in the municipality
include: irrigation, farm-to-market roads, crop insurance, Farmers’ Field School
(FFS), Usapang Palay, Gender and Development (GAD) training, Integrated
Learning and 4H (Head, Heart, Hands, and Health) Camp, National Greening
Program (NGP), School on the air (SOA), distribution of seeds and community
seed banking, and distribution of production machineries and equipment.

Irrigation supplies water to agricultural lands. The percentage of irrigation

cover determines the ability of the municipality to provide water when there is
less precipitation. Irrigation in the municipality covers 67.13% of ricefields.
Irrigation facilities in the municipality are provided by the National Irrigation
Administration (NIA), Department of Agriculture (DA), and LGU-Mansalay.

According to the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO), a total of 446

farmers applied for crop insurance. The number of farmers that applied for
crop insurance indicates how many farmers will have the capacity to start
again after a natural disaster since the losses can easily be recouped with the
help of insurance.

Local government units offer good opportunities to expand knowledge

and hone technical skills of local farmers by providing worthwhile seminars
and trainings. The local government unit of Mansalay—alongside other
agencies—has conducted Farmers’ Field School and Usapang Palay which
enhances the knowledge of farmers about different farming practices.
Farmers’ Field School in Mansalay is about upland rice as well as lowland
irrigated and rain-fed vegetables; it is attended by 350 farmers. On the other
hand, Usapang Palay is conducted twice a year in 14 barangays which is

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attended by a minimum of 25 people, or an estimated annual participant of

350 farmers. Additionally, Gender and Development (GAD) training has been
conducted in the municipality involving women farmers. It adds to the
adaptive capacity of the municipality because women play a role in food
security.

Aside from seminars that usually just feed participants with information,
alternative learning had also been employed in the municipality. A 10-
hectare Integrated Learning and 4H Camp, which is established in Oriental
Mindoro, aims to showcase organic integrated farming system and serve as
venue or school for the development of youth, farmer, rural-based
organizations, and other stakeholders; minorities of Mansalay were among the
attendees of the inauguration of the said camp. The School on the Air (SOA)
with the theme, “Radyo Maiskwela”, was launched in Mansalay; it provides
the listeners various learning on new technologies in corn through a radio
program.

B. Exposure

Flood

A total of 4,108.64 ha (ha) of the total land area devoted to

agriculture are exposed to Flooding. For a more detailed analysis,
agriculture lands are divided into ricefields and non-rice (corn, banana,
cassava, coconut, vegetables, root crops, and other cash crops). About
83.33 ha (15.67%) of rice fields are exposed to high Flood susceptibility while
172.41 ha (32.42%) are exposed to moderate Flood susceptibility and 276.10
ha (51.91%) are exposed to low Flood susceptibility. The barangays with the
largest exposed rice field areas to Flood include Sta. Brigida, Wasig, Villa
Celestial, and Sta. Maria. Fishponds that are susceptible to Flooding are
found in Barangays B. del Mundo, Budburan, Don Pedro, Manaul, and
Teresita. The estimated exposed value for ricefields is PhP 150.7 million. On
the other hand, 29.43 ha (61.42%) of non-rice agricultural lands are highly
susceptible to Flooding while 14.83 ha (30.95%) are moderately susceptible

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to Flooding and 3.66 ha (7.63%) are exposed to low Flood susceptibility.

These non-rice agricultural lands, which are exposed to Flooding, are
located in barangays Teresita, Budburan, and Wasig. The estimated
exposed value for non-rice agricultural lands is PhP 3.4 million. There is a
total of 63.82 ha of fishponds in the municipality which are exposed to
Flood; 40.10 ha (62.83%) of which are highly exposed to Flood while 20.77
ha (32.5484%) are moderately exposed to Flood and 2.95 ha (4.63%) ha low
susceptibility to the same hazard. while. The estimated exposed value for
fishponds is PhP 5.4 million.

Landslide

There is a total of 1,674.72 ha of ricefields susceptible to Landslide; only

0.07 ha (0.004%) of rice production areas are exposed to high Landslide
susceptibility while 110.77 ha (6.61%) are exposed to low Landslide
susceptibility and 1,563.88 (94.91%) ha are exposed to moderate Landslide
susceptibility. The barangays with the largest exposed rice production areas
to Landslide include B. del Mundo, Maliwanag, Balugo, and Don Pedro. The
potential losses for the exposed ricefields cost PhP 150.7 million. Meanwhile,
2,433.92 ha of non-rice agricultural lands are susceptible to Landslide;
about 538.24 ha (22.11%) of which are highly susceptible to Landslide while
1,508.51 ha (61.98%) are moderately susceptible and 387.17 ha (15.91%) are
exposed to low to none susceptibility to Landslide. Highly susceptibility
areas include Barangays Panaytayan and Don Pedro. The expected losses
for the exposed areas cost PhP 170.4 million. On the other hand, the total
exposed areas for fishponds are 57.08 ha. About 8.27 ha (14.49%) of
fishpond areas are moderately susceptible to Landslide and 48.81 ha
(85.51%) are exposed to low to none Landslide susceptibility. Most of these
exposed fishponds are found in Barangay Don Pedro. The exposed values
cost around PhP 4.9 million. The Landslide exposure map for natural-
resource-based production areas of the municipality of Mansalay is
illustrated in Figure ____.

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Tsunami

There are 647.92 ha of ricefields, 21.65 ha of non-rice agricultural

lands, and 97.79 ha of fishponds are prone to Tsunami. Most of the rice
production areas prone to Tsunami are found in Barangays Sta. Brigida, and
Wasig; with an estimated exposed value of PhP 58.3 million. Most of the
non-rice commodity production areas prone to Tsunami are located in
Poblacion and B. del Mundo; with an estimated exposed value of PhP 1.5
million. Most of the fishponds prone to Tsunami are located in Don Pedro
and B. del Mundo; with an estimated exposed value of PhP 8.3 million. The
Tsunami exposure map for natural-resource-based production areas of the
municipality of Mansalay is illustrated in Figure __.

Drought

Drought is experienced in the entire municipality which affects a

total of 5,494 ha of natural resource-based production areas; among the
exposed areas, 2,796.50 ha (50.90%) are devoted to rice production,
2,485.36 ha (45.24%) are used for the production of non-rice commodities,
and 212.36 ha (3.87%) are devoted to aquaculture. Drought accounts to a
total of PhP 494.4 million potential loss.

The major crops which are affected by drought are rice, corn,
vegetables and fisheries usually being raised by small-holder farmers and
fisherfolks due to crop failures and reduced irrigated areas (Tejada et al.,
2014; Benson, 2009). In the period of 1990 to 2006, the agriculture sector
recorded PhP 2.23 B per year or 17.9% loss due to drought (Tejada et al.,
2014; Benson, 2009).

The most recent El Nino Phenomenon which affected the municipality

started in 2015 until mid-2016. As seen in Table __, the productivity of the
major crops (rice, corn, banana, and cassava) in the municipality
decreased, excluding corn which retained its productivity even when the
area of corn production areas has increased.

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Table 18. Comparative agricultural crop areas and production, 2014-2015

AREA (ha) VOLUME OF PRODUCTION (MT) VOLUME OF PRODUCTION /

MAJOR
AREA
CROPS
2014 2015 Increase/ 2014 2015 Increase/ 2014 2015 Increase/
Decrease Decrease Decrease
RICE 2,791.5 2,806.5 Increase 11,989.3 11,521.2 Decrease 4.29 4.10 Decrease

CORN 315 350 Increase 1,417.5 1,575 Increase 4.5 4.5 Retain

BANANA 1,005 980 Decrease 1,560 1,160 Decrease 1.55 1.18 Decrease

CASSAVA 45 76 Increase 135 225 Increase 3 2.96 Decrease

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Figure 26. Flood exposure map for natural resource-based areas

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Figure 27. Landslide exposure map for natural resource-based areas

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Figure 28. Tsunami exposure map for natural resource-based areas

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Figure 29. Drought exposure map for natural resource-based areas

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C. Risk

Flood

There is a total of 65.75 ha of natural resource-based production areas

at high risk to Flooding; 57.97 ha (88.50%) of which are rice production
areas while 7.78 ha (11.83%) are non-rice production areas. A total of
520.08 ha of natural resource-based production areas are under moderate
risk; 407.93 ha (78.44%) are rice production areas while 6.81 ha (1.31%) and
105.34 ha (20.25%) are non-rice production areas and fishpond areas,
respectively. Meanwhile, there are 136.06 ha of natural resource-based
production areas under low risk; 65.94 ha (48.46%) are from rice production
areas, 33.31 ha (24.48%) are non-rice production areas, while 36.81 ha
(27.05%) are fishponds. High risk areas to Flooding are located in Barangays
Wasig, Sta. Maria, Sta. Brigida, Waygan, Villa Celestial, Maliwanag, and
Roma. Figure __ illustrates the Flood risk map for natural resource-based
production areas of the municipality of Mansalay.

Landslide

No areas have been classified as high risk to Landslide, however457.01

ha and 3,708.38 ha of combined rice, non-rice, and fishponds are under
moderate and low risk, respectively. For the moderate risk areas, 367.16 ha
(80.34%) are non-rice production areas while 80.99 ha (17.72%) and 8.86 ha
(1.94%) are rice production areas and fishponds, respectively. Low risk
natural resource-based production areas are composed of 2,066.76 ha
(55.73%) of non-rice, 1,593.73 ha (42.98%) of rice, and 47.90 ha (1.29%) of
fishponds. The Landslide risk map for natural resource-based production
areas of the municipality of Mansalay is illustrated in Figure __.

Tsunami

The aggregate of highly at risk natural resource-based production

areas is 124.09 ha; 123.01 ha (99.13%) of which are rice production areas
while 0.97 ha (0.78%) and 0.10 ha (0.08%) are non-rice and fishpond areas,

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respectively. Natural resource-based production areas highly at risk to

Tsunami are situated in Barangay Wasig. Meanwhile, the aggregate of
areas at moderate and low risk are 616.30 ha and 100.54 ha, respectively.
Figure __ illustrates the Flood risk map for natural resource-based production
areas of the municipality of Mansalay.

Drought

In the municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, a total of 5,494 ha

of natural resource-based production areas are highly at risk to drought;
among the exposed areas, 2,796.50 ha (50.90%) are devoted to rice
production, 2,485.36 ha (45.24%) are used for the production of non-rice
commodities, and 212.36 ha (3.87%) are devoted to aquaculture. Drought
accounts to an aggregate of PhP 494.4 million potential losses in the
agricultural sector. All barangays are at risk to drought.

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Figure 30. Flood risk map for natural resource-based areas

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Table 19. Summary of Flood risk database for natural resource-based areas

Adaptive Capacity
Average
Total Area
potential Crop Usapang Farmers' Field Agricultural extension
Risk expose Area at risk Dominant Value at risk with
income insurance Palay School services conducted in
Category d area (ha) produce (Php) irrigation application Participants Participants the municipality
(Php/ha/
(ha) (ha)
yr)
Farmers' Field School
High 57.97 5,217,264.00
Farm-to-market roads
Moderate 531.84 407.93 Rice 90,000.00 36,713,250.00
Distribution of seeds
and community seed
Low 65.94 5,934,915.00 banking

Non-rice Distribution of
High 7.7814 544,698.00
crops production of
(corn, machineries and
Moderate 47.91 6.8143 banana, 70,000.00 477,001.00 1,877 446 350 350
equipment
vegetables
, cassava, Usapang Palay
Low 33.311 2,331,770.00
coconut)
Bantay Dagat
Moderate 105.34 8,954,294.32
School on the Air
142.15 Fishpond 85,000.00 (SOA)
Low 36.81 3,128,687.23
Animal Health
Program

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Figure 31. Landslide risk map for natural resource-based areas

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Table 20. Summary of Landslide risk database for natural resource-based areas

Adaptive Capacity
Average
Total Area
potential Crop Usapang Farmers' Field Agricultural extension
Risk expose Area at risk Dominant Value at risk with
income insurance Palay School services conducted in
Category d area (ha) produce (Php) irrigation application Participants Participants the municipality
(Php/ha/
(ha) (ha)
yr)

Moderate 80.99 7,829,109.00 Farmers' Field School

1,674.72 Rice 90,000.00 Farm-to-market roads

Low 1,593.73 143,435,466.00
Distribution of seeds
Non-rice and community seed
High 367.16 crops 25,701,137.00 banking
(corn,
Distribution of
2,433.92 banana, 70,000.00
production of
Moderate 2,066.76 vegetables 144,673,312.00 1,877 446 350 350 machineries and
, cassava, equipment
coconut)
Usapang Palay
Moderate 8.86 752,806.33
Bantay Dagat
56.75 Fishpond 85,000.00
School on the Air (SOA)
Low 47.90 4,071,086.39
Animal Health Program

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Figure 32. Tsunami risk map for natural resource-based areas

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Table 21. Summary of Tsunami risk database for natural resource-based areas

Adaptive Capacity
Average
Total Area
potential Crop Usapang Farmers' Field Agricultural extension
Risk expose Area at risk Dominant Value at risk with
income insurance Palay School services conducted in
Category d area (ha) produce (Php) irrigation application Participants Participants the municipality
(Php/ha/
(ha) (ha)
yr)

Farmers' Field School

High 123.01 11,070,882.00
Farm-to-market roads
647.92 Rice 90,000.00
Distribution of seeds
Moderate 439.46 39,551,436.00
and community seed
banking
Low 85.45 7,690,905.00
Distribution of
Non-rice production of
High 0.97 68,054.00
crops machineries and
1,877 446 350 350
(corn, equipment
Moderate 21.65 5.60 banana, 70,000.00 391,713.00
vegetables Usapang Palay
, cassava,
Low 15.09 1,056,048.00
coconut) Bantay Dagat

High 0.10 8,728.57 School on the Air

(SOA)
171.35 Fishpond 85,000.00
Animal Health
Moderate 171.24 14,555,748.25
Program

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Figure 33. Drought risk map for natural resource-based areas

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Table 22. Summary of Flood risk database for natural resource-based areas

Adaptive Capacity
Average
Total Area
potential Crop Usapang Farmers' Field Agricultural extension
Risk expose Area at risk Dominant Value at risk with
income insurance Palay School services conducted
Category d area (ha) produce (Php) irrigation application Participants Participants
(Php/ha/ in the municipality
(ha) (ha)
yr)
Farmers' Field School

Farm-to-market roads
High 2,796.50 2,796.50 Rice 90,000.00 251,685,000.00
Distribution of seeds
and community seed
banking

Non-rice Distribution of
crops production of
(corn, machineries and
High 2,485.36 2,485.36 banana, 70,000.00 173,975,200.00 equipment
vegetables 1,877 446 350 350
, cassava, Usapang Palay
coconut)
National Greening
Program (NGP)

Bantay Dagat
High 212.36 212.36 Fishpond 85,000.00 18,050,600.00
School on the Air
(SOA)

Animal Health
Program

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D. Policy Interventions

The municipality of Mansalay has already conducted greening programs

such as mangrove rehabilitation and reforestation. The National Greening
Program (NGP) which started in 2010 has also been steered in the
municipality. However, participants of the focus group discussions have
complained about the failure of the said programs in their localities. They
suggested reinforcing the said programs in order to not have it squandered.
Improvement of upland forest is useful to keep the soil intact and prevent
surface run-off in times of heavy rain. Mangroves, on the other hand, serve as
buffers that cushion the potential occurrence of Tsunami and storm surge.

The use of sustainable farming techniques can also serve as efficient

adaptive capacity to climate change. Organic agriculture minimizes the use
of chemicals that worsen climate change. Conservation agriculture minimizes
soil tillage which is usually the cause of surface run-off; low tillage also
increases soil organic matter which would potentially improve crop yield.

Farmers associations and cooperatives receive most of the benefits

coming from the local government and other agencies. Establishing farming
cooperatives in each barangay would increase their opportunities in
expanding their knowledge in new farming techniques and receiving new
technologies. Farmers who are members of farming cooperatives also have
better access to loans and crop insurance. The Department of Agriculture has
already enrolled some farmers in crop insurance. However, FGD participants
suggested expanding the coverage of the insurance; this includes increasing
the number of enrollees and the agriculture products to be insured.

Given the unpredictable climate, it is important to adopt new rice

varieties that are originally created to adapt to potential hazards such as
drought, Flood, and salt-intrusion. The International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) has created rice varieties that are Flood-tolerant (able to survive even
when submerged in Flood for an extended period of time), drought-tolerant
(able to survive even in places with low precipitation), and salt-tolerant (able

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to withstand saline waters). Upland varieties, however, are to maximize crop

yield in high altitude areas. Aside from these, early-maturing rice varieties
would also be beneficial in coping up with the changing season.

The establishment of multi-purpose drying pavement would provide the

local farmers space to sundry their rice seeds. Distribution of water pumps
provides farmers access to water at times when there is limited precipitation.
Farming tools and equipment like tractors, harvesters, and millers increases
efficiency; these are important especially since farmers now have shorter
working hours due to unbearable heat and/or extended rain. Since one of the
major problems of the municipality of Mansalay is drought, establishment of
water collection facilities will allow farmers to provide water for their plants.

Table 23. Decision areas and policy intervention for natural resource-based
production areas.

Decision
Hazard Recommendations
Areas

Sta. Brigida  Reinforcement of greening programs (i.e.

 Promotion of sustainable farming techniques (e.g.

Sta. Maria mangrove rehabilitation, reforestation)
Flood
Villa Celestial
Wasig organic agriculture, conservation agriculture,

 Strengthening
agroforestry, risk-coping production systems)
of farmer associations and
Cabalwa
 Increase the number of farmers applying for crop
cooperatives
Landslide Poblacion
Waygan
 Expansion of coverage of insurance (i.e. include
insurance

B. del Mundo
 Provision of Flood-, salt-, drought-tolerant, and
livestock and aquaculture)
Don Pedro
Poblacion
 Establishment of multi-purpose drying pavement
upland rice varieties
Tsunami
Sta. Brigida
Teresita  Expansion of coverage of insurance (i.e. include
Wasig
 Provision of water pump
livestock and aquaculture)

 Establish rain water collection facilities

Drought All barangays  Provision of farm tools and equipment (e.g. tractors,
harvester, miller)

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iv. Lifeline Utilities

A. Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity

Most of the roads (60.24%) in the municipality are with gravel surface.
Bridges are concretized and although most are constructed a decade or
more ago, they generally are in good condition since they are regularly
monitored and repaired when needed, according to DPWH. Power Network
Facilities managed by ORMECO are also in good condition, although
generally not able to supply the growing demand of the municipality.

The lifeline facilities in the municipality, however, do not have adaptive

capacities for potential hazards like insurance. Not relying on DPWH,
municipal funds for road constructions, reconstructions, and repairs are also
not enough.

B. Exposure

Flood

a. Roads and Bridges

A total length of 30.04 km (15.16%) of all the roads in Mansalay is

susceptible to Flooding. The said length is composed of 6.33 km national road,
3.55 km provincial roads, and 20.16 km municipal and barangay roads. The
value of all the roads exposed is estimated at Php 188.21 M.

Twelve bridges located in eight barangays in the municipality are

located on areas susceptible to Flood. Nine of which are highly susceptible
such as,Cagancan Bridge, Wawan Bridge, Mansalay Bridge, Barok Bridge,
Wasig Bridge, Nalwak Footbridge, Puyuhan-Laiya, Macawalo Footbridge, and
Wasig Spillway. The three remaining bridges are moderately susceptible,
namely: Budburan Bridge, Macawalo Bridge and Sta. Maria-Villarosa Bridge.
The estimated value for all the bridges exposed is Php 279.8 M.Figure _shows
the roads and bridges exposed to Flood.

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b. Power and Water Networks

From the total of 136.48 km length of power lines in Mansalay, 26.86

km of power lines is exposed to Flood. The said figure is 19.68% of the entire
power network length in the municipality. The breakdown are as follow: for
highly susceptible areas, 9.20 km (6.74%) is exposed, while for moderate
and low susceptibility areas, 11.20 km (8.2%) and 6.47 km (4.74%),
respectively.

Three barangays – B. del Mundo, Poblacion, and Teresita are being

served by the water supply provider of the municipality, Mansalay
Waterworks System. A total length of 2.57 km or 4.11% of the water networks
is exposed to Flood from which 0.11 km is lowly susceptible, 0.22 km is
moderately susceptible, and 2.24 km is highly susceptible. An estimated
value of Php 3.1 M water networks is exposed to Flood.

Landslide

a. Roads and Bridges

The total length of the roads exposed to Landslide is 167.69 km

(84.61%). However, most of the roads from the said figure, with the total
length of 90.53 km, are located in areas with low susceptibility to Landslide.
A sum of 59.19 km is susceptible to moderate Landslide and only the
remaining, 17.97 km, is highly susceptible to Landslide. These figures are
composed of: 19.98 km National Road, 28 km Provincial Roads and 119.71
km Municipal and Barangay Roads. Estimated value for all the roads
exposed is Php 708.44 M.

Fourteen bridges located in nine barangays in the municipality are

susceptible to Landslide. One of which, the Bait Footbridge, is highly
susceptible. On the other hand, seven are moderately susceptible. These
are: Manaul Bridge, Talisi Bridge, which lie along National Road, Iba Creek

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Bridge and Waygan River Bridge which lie along the Provincial Road,
Manaul-Wawan Bridge and Manaul-Lamak Bridge which lie along
Barangay Roads. The remaining six – Puyuhan-Tignuan Bridge, Cupang
Bridge, Macawalo-La Purisima Bridge, Burabod Bridge, Bagacay Bridge,
Sinugulan Bridge, and Lasa Bridge, are lowly susceptible. The estimated
total value of the bridges exposed to Flooding is Php 111.9 M.Figure _ shows
the roads and bridges exposed to Landslide.

b. Power and Water Networks

A total of 108.99 km length of power lines is susceptible to Landslide.

This is 79.86% of the overall length of the power lines. The composition of the
figure is as follows: Low Susceptibility – 80.28 km; Moderate Susceptibility -
26.28 km; and High – 2.43 km. The power lines that are highly susceptible
are all located in Barangay Panaytayan. Figure _ shows the power networks
susceptible to Landslide.

A total of 85.73% of water networks is exposed to Flood, although

77.94% of which, or 14.2 km part of the lines, was just categorized as lowly
susceptible. A total estimated value of Php 18.74 M is exposed to Landslide.

Tsunami

a. Roads and Bridges

The total length of the roads located at Tsunami-prone areas is 31.06

km, 15.67% of the total. The figure is composed by 10.76 km National Road,
1.65 km Provincial Roads, and 18.65 km Municipal and Barangay Roads.
The estimated value of the roads exposed is Php 254.47 M.

Situated in Tsunami-prone areas, six bridges from four barangays are

exposed to Tsunami; specifically, Nalwak Footbridge, Sinugulan Bridge, Talisi
Bridge, Wasig Spillway, Wasig Bridge, and Barok Bridge. The estimated total
value of the bridges located at Tsunami Inundation Areas is Php 134.4
M.Figure _ shows the roads and bridges exposed.

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b. Power and Water Networks

A total length of power networks of 23.86 km (17.48%), located in

seven barangays, is exposed to Tsunami. Figure _ shows the power networks
susceptible Tsunami.

A span of 13.75 km is exposed to areas covered by Probable Tsunami

Inundation. This is 75.47% of the total length of the power networks, with an
estimated value of Php 16.5 M.

Drought

a. Water Networks

Although there are no official records in the municipality for the

occurrence of drought, this phenomenon has been confirmed by all the
Barangays during FGD’s, MWS has two pumping stations and a reservoir.
Because of drought, aquifer, the source of water, would not be recharged.
This may cause shortage of water in the municipality, most especially when
the drought period continues.

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Figure 34. Flood exposure map for Lifeline utilities (roads and bridges)

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Figure 35. Flood exposure map for Lifeline utilities (power and water networks)

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Figure 36. Landslide exposure map for Lifeline utilities (roads and bridges)

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Figure 37. Landslide exposure map for Lifeline utilities (power and water networks)

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Figure 38. Tsunami exposure map for Lifeline utilities (roads and bridges)

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Figure 39. Tsunami exposure map for Lifeline utilities (power and water networks)

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C. Risk

Flood

a. Roads and Bridges

The roads exposed to Flooding are categorized into low, moderate,

and high risk. The length of roads at low risk is 12.54 km, while at moderate
and high risks, 15.08 km and 2.42 km, respectively. The total length is
composed of 6.32 km National Road, 3.56 km Provincial Roads, and 20.16
km Municipal and Barangay Roads. The values of the roads at high and
moderate risk are Php 10.4 M and P128.63 M, respectively. The decision
areas are the roads classified at high risk, including the roads extending to
the ones classified as moderately at risk. The mean score for the severity of
consequence for the roads implies that approximately, the service of the
roads is disrupted for three days when Flood comes. Barangay Barangay
Sta. Brigida has the longest total road networks at risk (4.54 km), followed by
Barangay Villa Celestial (4.32 km).

Five bridges with total value of Php 97.5 M are highly at risk to Flood:
Nalwak Foot Bridge, Wasig Spillway, Wasig Bridge, Barok Bridge, and
Macawalo Footbridge. These five were determined as decision areas
together with the two bridges moderately at risk which are Budburan Bridge
and Macawalo Bridge with a total value of Php 27 M. The mean severity of
consequence score given implies that when Flood comes, three days is the
duration of the disruption of service by the said bridges. The summary of the
risk database, together with the decision areas, are at Table 24.

b. Power and Water Networks

A total length of 4.02 km of power lines is highly at risk to Flood and a

total of 13.38 km is moderately at risk. Decision areas are the Barangays
with Power Networks highly at risk and those to extend to the ones classified
as moderately at risk. Those who are located in areas where essential
trades are done, even with short lengths, were also chosen. The longest

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network is in Sta. Brigida, with a total of 6.49 km. According to the mean
average severity of consequence score, approximately three days that the
disruption of power supply lasts when Flooding occurs.

Water Networks with total length of 2.57 km are at risk to Flood,

although majority of these are just classified as at low risk, with length of 2.31
km. The remaining length exposed is at high risk, with the length of 0.26 km.
Total estimated value of the at risk is Php 3.1 M. Decision areas would be all
the three Barangays sustained by MWS – Teresita, Poblacion and B. del
Mundo. Since the water pumping and distribution is powered by electricity,
just like the electricity, approximately three days that the disruption of water
supply lasts when Flooding occurs.

Landslide

a. Roads and Bridges

Roads at risk in the municipality are classified into moderate and low
risk. Php 19.74 M is the estimated value of the roads at moderate risk. The
decision areas are the ones classified in the moderate risk. Barangay
Waygan has the longest road networks at risk with length of 11.09 km. The
average score for the severity of consequence implies that the roads are
inaccessible for only less than a day when an event of Landslide occurs.

Cupang Bridge and Iba Creek Bridge, which are both in Barangay
Waygan, are at moderate risk. They are the decision areas for the bridges
at risk for the Landslide event possibility. The total estimated value for the
two bridges is Php 7.2 M. Based on the average severity of consequence
score for the two bridges, they are classified as moderately-at-risk because
a Landslide event would cause the bridges to be inaccessible for about
three days to one week.

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b. Power and Water Networks

Total lengths of 93.42 km and 15.56 km are lowly and moderately at

risk, respectively. The priorities are the ones classified as moderately-at-risk,
that extend to the ones classified as low. A total of 71.29 km long series of
networks were selected to be the priority. The longest network is in
Barangay B. del. Mundo with 10.46 km length. With the basis of average
severity of consequence score, approximately one day does the power
supply become disrupted.

A length of 15.62 km is at low risk. An estimated value of Php 18.74 M is at

risk. Decision areas are the three barangays served by MWS.

Tsunami

a. Roads and Bridges

An amount of Php 46.5 M of roads with a total length of 8.04 km is

highly-at-risk to Tsunami. These roads are determined as decision areas and
are all located in Barangay Sta. Brigida. With the computed average
severity of consequence scores, approximately five days that these roads
would be inaccessible in cases of Tsunami.

On the other hand, four bridges are classified as at moderate risk and
were chosen as decision areas. The total estimated value for the bridges at
moderate risk is Php 45.3 M. Five days is the approximate duration of the
disruption of service of the bridges in case of Tsunami, based on the mean
score of the severity of consequence.

b. Power and Water Networks

Lengths of 16.04 km and 6.34 km are the power networks at moderate

and high risk, respectively. All these are determined as decision areas with
Barangay B. del Mundo as the one with the longest total length of power
networks. Referring to the average severity of consequence score, a

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duration of roughly five days is the power supply disrupted in the areas the
determined power networks’ length are located.

A length of 13.75 km of water networks is moderately at risk to

Tsunami. An estimated value of Php 16.5 M is at risk. The decision areas are
Teresita, Poblacion and B. del Mundo.

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Figure 40. Flood risk map for Lifeline utilities (roads and bridges)

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Figure 41. Flood risk map for Lifeline utilities (power and water networks)

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Table 24. Summary of Flood risk database for lifelines utilities

Exposure Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Exposed Risk Exposed
Exposed Employing Available
Element Category Value Surface Existing Insurance
(in km) Hazard- Government
(in Php) Type Condition Coverage
Distance Resistant Design Resources
Value
Low 0.94 16,920,000
National
Moderate 5.13 92,340,000 Concrete Good
Road
High 0.25 4,500,000
The existing
Low 1.41 6,955,000
Provincial Concrete/ bridges are
Moderate 1.91 12,415,000 Good/Fair designed to be
Road Gravel
High 0.24 1,560,000 Flood-resistant, as The municipality
Low 10.19 25,305,000 standardized by does have enough
Municipal and the DPWH and the manpower for the
Concrete/
Barangay Moderate 8.04 23,875,000 Good/Fair water networks repair of the lifeline
Gravel The existing
Roads High 1.93 4,340,000 have concrete utilities; however,
lifeline utilities
Low 9.46 covering, fixed monetary resources
are not
(not underground, of the LGU are very
Powerlines Moderate 13.38 applicable)
Good insured.
making it resistant limited. Most repairs
High 4.02 to Flood; however, are done through
Low 2.31 2,772,000 (not the roads and the National
Waterlines Good
High 0.26 312,000 applicable) powerlines Government funds.
do not have a
No.
Flood-resistant
exposed
design.
Low 5 106,110,000
Concrete/
Bridges Moderate 2 23,850,000 Good/Fair
Steel
High 5 97,536,000

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Figure 42. Landslide risk map for Lifeline utilities (roads and bridges)

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Figure 43. Landslide risk map for Lifeline utilities (power and water networks)

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Table 25. Summary of Landslide risk database for lifelines utilities

Exposure Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Exposed Risk Exposed Exposed Employing Available

Element Category Surface Existing Insurance
(in km) Value Hazard- Government
Type Condition Coverage
Distance (in Php) Resistant Design Resources

National Low 18.73 337,140,000

Concrete Good
Road Moderate 1.25 22,500,000
Low 21.81 117,575,000
Provincial Concrete/
Good/Fair While the water
Road Moderate 6.19 40,235,000 Gravel
networks have The municipality
Municipal Low 107.05 173,985,000 concrete does have enough
and Concrete/ covering manpower for the
Good/Fair underground, repair of the lifeline
Barangay Moderate 12.66 17,000,000 Gravel
Roads making them The existing utilities; however,
Low 93.42 (not
protected, the lifeline utilities monetary resources
Powerlines applicable)
Good existing bridges, are not insured. of the LGU are very
Moderate 15.56
roads and power limited. Most repairs
(not lines are done from the
Waterlines Low 15.62 18,744,000 applicable)
Good
do not have a National
No. Landslide- Government funds.
exposed resistant design.
Low 12 78,024,000
Concrete/
Bridges Good
Moderate 2 7,200,000 Steel

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Figure 44. Tsunami risk map for Lifeline utilities (roads and bridges)

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Figure 45. Tsunami risk map for Lifeline utilities (power and water networks)

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Table 26. Summary of fTsunami risk database for lifelines utilities

Exposure Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Exposed Risk Exposed
Exposed Employing Available
Element Category Value Surface Existing Insurance
(in km) Hazard- Government
(in Php) Type Condition Coverage
Distance Resistant Design Resources
Value
Low 1.26 22,680,000
National
Moderate 7.81 140,580,000 Concrete Good
Road
High 1.7 30,600,000
Provincial Low 0.8 5,168,410 Concrete/ While the water The municipality
Good/Fair
Road Moderate 0.85 5,546,710 Gravel networks have does have enough
Municipal Low 0.01 10,000 concrete manpower for the
Concrete/ covering repair of the lifeline
and Moderate 12.31 33,980,000 Gravel/ Good/Fair underground, utilities; however,
Barangay
High 6.34 15,900,000 Ground making them The existing lifeline monetary
Roads
Low 1.48 protected, the utilities resources of the
(not existing bridges, are not insured. LGU are very
Powerlines Moderate 16.04 applicable)
Good
roads and power limited. Most
High 6.34 lines repairs are done
(not do not have a from the National
Waterlines Moderate 13.75 16,500,000 applicable)
Good Tsunami-resistant Government
No. design. funds.
exposed
Low 2 62,586,000
Bridges Concrete Good
Moderate 4 45,300,000

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D. Policy Interventions

a. Roads and Bridges

Concreting the roads with gravel and trail surfaces is an effective

intervention for more effective coping up with the hazards that may occur
in the municipality. Aside from the durability that the concretizing
contributes, accessibility to the essential services would be easier. Several
proposals from the Municipal Planning and Development Office were
submitted regarding concretization of the unpaved roads. Also, during
hazard events and rescue operations should be done, easy access to
roads are more assured and clearer rescue instructions from the Barangay
Captains will be received if roads and streets would be named in a form of
Resolution. Construction of bridges is also important, as there as some areas
in the municipality which are not accessible in Flood events, like Barangay
Waygan.

b. Power and Water Networks

Brownouts are regular part of the lives of the residents in Mansalay;

more frequent of such is expected in times of disaster events. Engaging into
alternative power source is a possible policy intervention. Solar panels may
be of the good options the municipality has to make the households more
sustainable and in cases that the power networks fail because of hazard
events, the residents can still have power source. Encouraging the residents
to invest in solar panels may be done, as well as subsidizing so for easier
access, especially to those who can hardly afford solar panels.

Engaging with technologies such as Water Treatment Facilities can be

done by the LGU to use water efficiently. Also, regulations on the pumping
of water may be imposed.

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c. Water Supply and Drainage

The Mansalay Waterworks System just serves households from three

barangays. Widening the scope of this is an effective way of ensuring
quality and continuous water supply as part of lifeline utilities, especially
when hazard events occur.

The municipality, currently, does not have a Master Plan for Drainage,
which is one of the defined causes of Flood. This may be given attention to
help address the root cause of Flooding and to adapt to the possible
consequences of Flooding.

Table 27. Summary issues matrix for lifelines utilities

Barangay Length
Hazard Classification Name Policy Intervention
Located (in km)

Sta. Brigida 1.84

National Budburan 1.69
Road Villa Celestial 1.26 Construction of
Wasig 0.11 alternative roads
Natl. Rd. to Macawalo II Villa Celestial 1.51
Provincial Concretization
Merino Rd. Sta. Maria 0.6 and improvement
Road
Sitio Centro Sta. Maria 0.03 of unpaved and
Natl. Rd. to Sitio Aplaya Budburan 0.83 vulnerable roads

Municipal Natl. Rd. to Sitio Aluyan Sta. Brigida 2.7 Naming of roads
and Prov. Rd. to Sitio La
Villa Celestial 1.55 Regular
Barangay Purisima
Flood

Roads Sitio Villarosa to Purok I Wasig 0.28 maintenance of

the roads
Rd. Parallel to Waygan-
Waygan 0.64
Balugo Boundary
Budburan 1.57
Poblacion 0.02
Sta. Brigida 6.49 Subsidized
Power
alternative power
Networks Villa Celestial 3.63 supply
Wasig 3.25
Waygan 0.05
Backup measures
Water in cases that the
Poblacion 0.26
Networks water supply is
disrupted

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lxw
(in m)
Nalwak Foot Bridge Poblacion 42.7 x .35
Wasig Spillway Wasig 47.5 x 3.4
Wasig Wasig 45.75 x 9.03 Regular
Bridges Barok Villa Celestial 62.54 x 9.8 maintenance and
repair
Macawalo Foot Bridge Villa Celestial 6 x 5.5
Budburan Budburan 35.5 x 12

Macawalo
Villa Celestial 6 x 5.5

National
Wasig 1.25
Road
Provincial
Sitio Uraray to Sitio Iba Waygan 6.19
Road
Sitio Centro to Sitio Bisbis Budburan 1.65
Sitio Bisbis to Sitio Balugo Budburan 0.39
Sitio Balugo to Sitio
Budburan 0.75
Karangyan
Natl. Rd. to Cabalwa-
Cabalwa 0.15 Retrofitting of
Manaul Boundary
roads in the most
Natl. Rd. to Sitio Bingig Cabalwa 0.85 slopy areas
Sitio Bingig to Sitio Colasi Cabalwa 0.48
From the beach to Construction of
Cabalwa-Manaul Cabalwa 0.64 alternative roads
Boundary
Landslide

Municipal Road which both ends Concretization

and heading to Cabalwa- Cabalwa 1.42 and improvement
Barangay Don Pedro Boundary of unpaved and
Roads Sitio Cabalwa to Sitio vulnerable roads
Cabalwa 1.31
Agbahag
Natl. Rd. to Sitio Inakay Cabalwa 0.13 Naming of roads
Rd. parallel to Waygan-
Waygan 0.27 Regular
Teresita Boundary
maintenance of
Rd. Parallel to Waygan- the roads
Waygan 0.85
Balugo Boundary
Waygan-Panaytayan
Boundary to Sitio Waygan 1.49
Kurampil
Prov. Rd. to Waygan-
Waygan 2.29
Panaytayan Boundary
B. del Mundo 10.46 Subsidized
Power
Budburan 4.38 alternative power
Networks
Don Pedro 8.72 supply

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Manaul 7.09
Panaytayan 8.55
Poblacion 10.2
Teresita 10.5
Wasig 7.4
Waygan 3.99
B. del Mundo 7.84 Backup measures
Water Poblacion 3.63 in cases that the
Networks water supply is
Teresita 4.15 disrupted
lxw
(in m)
Regular
Bridges Cupang Bridge Waygan 6x3 maintenance and
repair
Iba Creek Bridge Waygan 4 x 3.9

National Construction of
Sta. Brigida 1.7
Road alternative roads
National Rd. to Sitio
Provincial B.del Mundo 0.85
Malapgap Concretization
Road and improvement
Macawalo II to Natl. Rd. Villa Celestial 0.8
Sitio Maligaya to SItio of unpaved and
Sta. Brigida 1.57 vulnerable roads
Alegria
Municipal Sitio Maligaya to SItio
and Sta. Brigida 1.51 Naming of roads
Karangyan
Barangay Natl. Rd. to Sitio
Roads Sta. Brigida 0.56 Regular
Karangyan
maintenance of
Natl. Rd. to Sitio Aluyan Sta. Brigida 2.7 the roads
Sta. Brigida 6.34
Tsunami

B. del Mundo 8.56

Don Pedro 1.15 Subsidized
Power
alternative power
Networks Poblacion 1.91 supply
Teresita 0.93
Wasig 3.49
B. del Mundo 9.23 Backup measures
Water Poblacion 3.75 in cases that the
Networks water supply is
Teresita 0.77 disrupted
lxw
(in m)
Nalwak Foot Bridge Poblacion 42.7 x 0.35 Regular
Bridges maintenance and
Sinugdan Teresita 7 x 16.5
repair
Wasig Spillway Wasig 46.5 x 3.4
Wasig Wasig 45.75 x 9.03

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Adoption of water
treatment facilities
Water
Networks Regulation of the
Drought and pumping activities
Whole Municipality -
Household
All pumping Public-Private
stations Partnerships with
other potential
sources of water

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v. Critical Point Facilities

A. Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity

In terms of the vulnerability of the facilities, all of the 177 infrastructures

are made of concrete and the communication towers are made of steel. All
of which are in serviceable condition and can readily be accessed in case of
the occurrence of disasters.

Analyzing the adaptive capacity of the infrastructures under the critical

point facilities, all facilities were identified not being constructed using hazard
resistant design and not covered by an insurance in case of damages and
other structural breakage. All barangays in the municipality of Mansalay allot
resources for disaster risk reduction management purposes. It was determined
that every barangay will reserve 5% of its annual budget for disaster risk
preparation and mitigation. The distribution of which is that 70% is allocated
for use in developing and conduct of disaster preparedness programs while
the remaining 30% allotted for disaster quick response.

Furthermore, it has been observed during the rounds in all 17 barangays

that there are infrastructures built with the help of other government agencies.
KALAHI- CIDDS program under the DSWD, has been reaching out to the
municipality with the construction of infrastructures such as schools, day care
centers, multi-purpose halls and health centers. Moreover, there are four
existing evacuation centers from the KALAHI-CIDDS programs located in
Barangays Sta. Brigida, Sta Maria, Roma and Maliwanag.

B. Exposure

Flood

There are critical point facilities which identified to be exposed to

Flooding situated in 9 barangays namely Balugo, Bonbon, Budburan, Don
Pedro, Manaul, Sta. Maria, Sta. Brigida, Villa Celestial and Wasig. From
table_, it was identified that there were two (2) day care centers, one

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(1)barangay hall, one (1) elementary school, one (1) multi-purpose hall and
six (6) churches which are highly susceptible to Flood. On the other hand,
19 facilities were identified to be of moderate exposure to Flood and 5
facilities have low exposure. Furthermore, these facilities have a sum of
63,303 sq. meters (6.33 ha) in total land area. In total, 36 out of 177 (20%)
critical point facilities with a total land area of 6.33 ha were exposed to
Flooding (see Figure_).

Landslide

Out of 177 critical point facilities, there are 140 which are exposed to
Landslide, three (3) of which fall under the high susceptibility to Landslide
which are all located in Barangay Panaytayan. These are the Mangyan
Education Center, Anahaw Elementary School and the Catholic church. In
addition, there are 117 facilities with low susceptibility to Landslide which
are 35 educational facilities, 10 health facilities, 14 government buildings, 23
recreational facilities, 34 institutional buildings and 1 communication tower.
On the other hand, there are 20 critical point facilities which are
moderately susceptible. In total, 79% of the facilities are exposed to
Landslide.

Tsunami

There are 45 (25%) critical point facilities exposed to Tsunami located

in six barangays. These facilities consist of 12 educational facilities, three (3)
health facilities, seven (7) government buildings, five (5) recreational
facilities, 18 institutional buildings and one (1) communication tower. The
facilities identified are located in six barangays namely: B. del Mundo,
Poblacion, Sta. Brigida, Teresita, Villa Celestial and Wasig (See table_).

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Figure 46. Flood exposure map for critical point facilities

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Figure 47. Landslide exposure map for critical point facilities

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Figure 48. Tsunami exposure map for critical point facilities

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C. Risk

Flood

For the risk analysis, the critical point facilities which are at risk to
Flooding are located nine barangays namely: Don Pedro, Manaul, Wasig,
Sta. Maria, Villa Celestial, Balugo, Bonbon, Budburan and Sta. Brigida. It was
identified that the municipality has five critical point facilities which are at
high risk to Flooding, all are located in Barangay Wasig which include the
Wasig Barangay Hall, Multi-purpose Hall, Wasig Elementary School, Baptist
Church and Four Square Church. On the other hand, there are 18 facilities
identified to be at moderate risk and a 13 facilities were determined to be
at low risk to Flood. These facilities are situated in Balugo, Bonbon,
Budburan, Manaul, Sta. Brigida, Sta. Maria, Don Pedro, Villa Celestial and
Wasig.

In total, 36 out of 177 (20%) critical critical point facilities are at risk to
Flooding. The facilities were all identified to be made of concrete and of
serviceable condition (See table_).

Landslide

There are 140 (79%) critical point facilities which are at risk to Landslide
(See table_). There were no facilities identified to be at high risk to Landslide
however, 13 were determined to be at moderate risk. These are located in
Waygan, Cabalwa, Sta.Maria and Poblacion. Two educational facilities are
at moderate risk namely the Waygan Day Care Center and Cabalwa
Elementary school. In addition, the barangay halls of Sta. Maria, Waygan
and Cabalwa were also identified to be at moderate risk. Other facilities at
moderate risk to Landslide are basketball courts, churches, multi purpose
hall, and a communication tower located in the said barangays. On the
other hand, the remaining 126 barangays were identified to be at low risk
to Landslide.

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Tsunami

Based on table_, there are 46 (26%) out of 177 critical point facilities
that are at risk to the possible occurrence of Tsunami. The facilities are
located in B. del Mundo, Poblacion, Sta. Brigida, Teresita, Villa Celestial and
Wasig (See table_). There are six facilities identified to be at high risk, five of
which are located in Barangay Wasig namely Wasig Barangay Hall, Four
Square Church, Mariano M. Marciano Elementary School, Wasig
Elementary School and Wasig Multi Purpose Hall and the other one is the
Four Square Church in Sta. Brigida. On the other hand, 26 facilities were
identified to be at moderate risk where the 14 are found in B. del Mundo
and the remaining 12 are located in Poblacion, Tersita and Wasig. In
addition, there are 14 facilities to be at low risk to Tsunami.

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Figure 49. Flood risk map for critical point facilities

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Table 28. Summary of Flood risk database for critical point facilities

Exposure Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Category of Risk Numb Area Wall Employing Local Presence
Existing
Facilities Category er of Percenta (sq. Constructi Existing Hazard Property Government of other
Evacuation
Faciliti ge (%) meters on Condition Resistant Insurance Resources for Government
Centers
es ) Materials Design Risk Mitigation Agencies

Low 5 9.26 10,546 KALAHI-

Educational Concrete Serviceable The
Facilities CIDDS
Moderate 4 7.41 30,101 Concrete Serviceable municipality
(54) program
allots 5% of its
High 1 1.85 10,000 under the
Concrete Serviceable annual budget
All of the DSWD, has
Health to disaster risk
Facilities (11)
Low 1 9.09 25 Concrete Serviceable identified been
reduction
socio- reaching out
Low 2 10.00 108 Concrete Serviceable All the management
Government economic Barangay to the
infrastructu wherein 70% of
Buildings Moderate 1 5.00 45 Concrete Serviceable infrastruct Sta. Brigida, municipality
(20) res are not which is
High 1 5.00 44 ures res Sta. Maria, with the
Concrete Serviceable covered allotted for
do not Roma and construction
Low 4 11.76 1,532 by disaster
Concrete Serviceable have a Maliwanag of
Recreational insurance. preparedness
Facilities hazard infrastructure
Moderate 1 2.94 290 programs while
(34) resistant s such as
the remaining
High 1 5.88 48 Concrete Serviceable design. schools, day
30% is allotted
care centers,
Low 1 1.79 34 Concrete Serviceable to disaster
Institutional multi-
quick
Buildings Moderate 12 21.43 10,473 purpose halls
Concrete Serviceable response.
(56) and health
High 2 3.57 66 Concrete Serviceable centers.

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Figure 50. Landslide risk map for critical point facilities

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Table 29. Summary of Flood risk database for critical point facilities

Exposure Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Category of Risk Numb Employing Presence

Area Wall Existing Local Government
Facilities Category er of Percent Existing Hazard Property of other
(sq. Construction Evacuation Resources for Risk
Faciliti age (%) Condition Resistant Insurance Government
meters) Materials Centers Mitigation
es Design Agencies

Educational Low 40 74.07 219,094 Concrete Serviceable

Facilities
Moderate 3 5.56 49,429 Concrete Serviceable KALAHI-
(54) The
Health
CIDDS
municipality
Facilities Low 11 100.00 422 Concrete Serviceable program
allots 5% of its
(11) under the
annual
Government Low 13 65.00 2,068 Concrete Serviceable DSWD, has
budget to
Buildings been
Moderate 3 15.00 159 Concrete Serviceable disaster risk
(20) reaching out
Recreational
All of the reduction
Low 24 70.59 9,338 Concrete Serviceable to the
Facilities infrastructur All the Barangay management
municipality
(34) Moderate 4 11.76 1,895 Concrete Serviceable es do not infrastructur Sta. Brigida, wherein 70% of
with the
Concrete have a es are not Sta. Maria, which is
construction
Low 37 66.07 1,857 (36); Mixed Serviceable hazard covered by Roma and allotted for
Institutional of
(1) resistant insurance. Maliwanag disaster
Buildings infrastructure
(56) design. preparedness
Moderate 3 5.36 130 Concrete Serviceable s such as
programs
schools, day
while the
care
remaining 30%
Communicati centers,
Low 1 50.00 15 Steel Serviceable is allotted to
on multi-
disaster quick
Towers purpose halls
response.
(2) and health
Moderate 1 50.00 15 Steel Serviceable centers.

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Figure 51. Tsunami risk map for critical point facilities

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Table 30. Summary of Tsunami risk database for critical point facilities

Exposure Vulnerability Adaptive Capacity

Category of Risk Number Employing Existing Presence

Area Wall Local Government
Facilities Category of Percenta Existing Hazard Property of other
Facilitie ge (%)
(sq. Constructio
Condition Resistant Insurance Evacuation Resources for Risk
Government
meters) n Materials Centers Mitigation
s Design Agencies

Educational Low 6 11.11 79,080 Concrete Serviceable

Facilities
(54) Moderate 6 11.11 10,217 Concrete Serviceable KALAHI-
The
Health CIDDS
municipality
Facilities Moderate 3 27.27 175 Concrete Serviceable program
allots 5% of its
(11) under the
annual budget
Moderate 1 5.00 30 Concrete Serviceable DSWD, has
Government All of the to disaster risk
been
Buildings identified reduction
All the reaching out
(20) High 2 10.00 1,617 Concrete Serviceable socio- management
infrastruct Barangay to the
economic wherein 70% of
ures are Sta. Brigida, municipality
infrastruct which is
not Sta. Maria, with the
Moderate 3 8.82 1,475 Concrete Serviceable ure do not allotted for
Recreational covered Roma and construction
have a disaster
Facilities by Maliwanag of
hazard preparedness
(34) insurance. infrastructures
High 2 5.88 99 Concrete Serviceable resistant programs while
such as
design. the remaining
schools, day
30% is allotted
care centers,
Low 7 12.50 345 Concrete Serviceable to disaster
multi-purpose
Institutional quick
halls and
Buildings Moderate 10 17.86 498 Concrete Serviceable response.
(56) health
centers.
High 1 1.79 35 Concrete Serviceable

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D. Policy Intervention

Upon the assessment of the critical point facilities, the local government
of the municipality shall conduct an existing structural condition assessment of
the said critical point facilities where they can be accessed as evacuation
centers in case of the occurrence of hazards. The assessment can be used for
further rehabilitation/reconstruction to improve its structural condition. In line
with this, implementation of hazard-resistant structural design in the
construction or rehabilitation of infrastructures and making sure of insurance
coverage should be imposed to increase the adaptive capacity and
vulnerability to natural hazards.

For disaster preparedness and mitigation measures, additional lifesaving

equipment and early warning facilities must be provided to all the barangays
to avoid further damages and fatalities in times of calamity. Furthermore,
construction of additional evacuation centers for all barangays must be
provided with all the necessary supplies for future evacuation use of the
locals. In addition, as the basketball courts are also used as evacuation
centers, it is recommended to improve the condition of the facilities by having
the courts covered. Additionally, construction of sea walls for hazard
mitigation should be considered to serve as barriers and reduce the possible
damages brought by natural hazards.

In the need of permanent relocation of locals residing in high risk areas,

relocation sites must be constructed given that there will be a nearby source
of income and livelihood for the residents. There should also be a mandatory
relocation of facilities situated in high risk areas to areas with low risk to
hazards. Lastly, it is recommended to improve the communication services in
all barangays for better dissemination of news and information for disaster
management measures.

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Table 31. Summary matrix for critical point facilities

Hazard Facility Type Decision Areas Policy Intervention

Elementary School Wasig Elementary School  Conduct of the existing
Government Building Wasig Barangay Hall structural condition

 Ensure property insurance

assessment of the facilities

 Imposed implementation of
Flood Recreational Facility Wasig Multi Purpose Hall

Wasig Four Square Church hazard resistant structural

Institutional Building design in the
Wasig Baptist Church construction/rehabilitation of
Day Care Center Waygan Day Care Center
 Provision of permanent
infrastructures
Elementary School Cabalwa Elementary School

 Improvement of all
Cabalwa Barangay Hall relocation sites
Government Building Sta. Maria Barangay Hall
Waygan Barangay Hall barangay courts into

 Provision of additional
covered courts
Cabalwa Basketball Court
Landslide Recreational Facility Waygan Basketball Court
lifesaving facilities and early
Waygan Multi Purpose Hall
 Mandatory relocation
warning systems
Cabalwa Catholic Church
Institutional Building Waygan Catholic Church facilities in low risk areas for
Waygan Born Again Church facilities highly exposed to

 Construction of additional
Communication hazards
Tower Globe Cellular Site (Poblacion)
Mariano M. Marciano evacuation centers for all
Elementary School (Wasig)
 Additional health facilities
Elementary School barangays
Wasig Elementary School
Government Building Wasig Barangay Hall and supplies in all barangay

 Additional supplies of
Recreational Facility Wasig Multi Purpose Hall health centers
Tsunami Wasig Four Square Church
medicines in hospitals and

 Improve all communication

health centers
Institutional Building
Sta. Brigida Four Square services for all barangays
Church

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Table 32. List of Existing Evacuation Centers and its Capacity (MDRRMO, 2015)

Individuals Available TOTAL

Barangay Evacuation Centers Total
per Room Rooms CAPACITY
B. del Mundo
Elementary School 25 34 classrooms 850
FDNHS Main 25 31 classrooms 775
B. del Mundo Zhejohn Elementary 1,830
School 25 6 classrooms 150
Foursquare Church 30 1 unit building 30
Day Care Centers 25 1 unit building 25
Juan Arcemo
Elementary School 25 12 classrooms 300
Balugo National High
School 25 19 classrooms 475
Balugo 975
Day Care Center 25 1 unit building 25
Health Center 25 1 unit building 25
Felipe Anastacio
Elementary School 25 6 classrooms 25
Budburan Elementary
School 25 6 classrooms 150
Budburan Day Care Center 25 1 classroom 25 255
Foursquare Church 50 1 unit building 50
Barangay Hall 30 1 unit building 30
Cabalwa Elementary
School 25 6 classrooms 150
Cabalwa Roman Catholic Church 35 1 unit building 35 245
Barangay Hall 30 1 unit building 30
Day Care Center 25 1 classroom 25
Don Pedro Elementary
School 25 16 classrooms 400
Don Pedro FDNHS Annex 25 6 classrooms 150 750
Dongnam School 25 7 classrooms 175
Day Care Center 25 1 classroom 25
Elementary School 25 12 classrooms 300
Barangay Hall 30 1 unit building 30
Day Care Center 25 1 unit building 25
Maliwanag 510
1 unit open
Market Building 60 building 60
Evacuation Center
Kalahi 100 1 unit building 100
Manaul National High
Manaul 885
School 25 14 classrooms 350

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Manaul Elementary
School 25 12 classrooms 300
Catholic Church 50 1 unit building 50
Day Care Center 25 1 unit building 50
Barangay Hall 30 1 unit building 30
1 unit open
Public Market 50 building 50
Four Square Church 40 1 unit building 40
Church of God 40 1 unit building 40
MCHS 25 15 classrooms 375
Central School 25 32 classrooms 800
Poblacion 1,525
Catholic Church 100 1 unit building 100
Municipal Gym 250 1 unit building 250
Roma Elementary
School 25 6 classrooms 150
Day Care Center 25 1 classroom 25
Evacuation Center
Kalahi 100 1 unit building 100
Roma 435
Catholic Church (Sur) 40 1 unit building 40
Catholic Church
(Looban) 40 1 unit building 40
Four Square Church 40 1 unit building 40
GICP Church 40 1 unit building 40
Sta. Brigida Elementary
School 25 10 classrooms 250
Evacuation Center
Kalahi 100 1 unit building 100
Barangay Hall 30 2 unit building 30
Sta. Brigida 780
Catholic Church 50 3 unit building 50
Assembly of God
Church 50 4 unit building 50
Four Square Church 50 5 unit building 50
Cockpit Arena 250 6 unit building 250
Cockpit Arena 250 1 unit building 250
United Methodist
Church 50 2 unit building 50
Multi-purpose Hall 60 3 unit building 60
Baptist Church 50 4 unit building 50
Sta. Maria 640
Health Center 30 5 unit building 30
Day Care Center 25 6 unit building 25
Evacuation Center
Kalahi 100 7 unit building 100
Assembly of God
Church 50 8 unit building 50

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Villarosa Elementary
School 25 6 classrooms 25
Teresita Elementary
School 25 6 classrooms 150
Sta. Teresita Barangay Hall 30 1 unit building 30 255
Health Center 25 1 unit building 25
Foursquare Church 50 1 unit building 50
Don Leonardo D.R.
Elementary School 25 8 classrooms 200
Assembly of God
Villa Celestial Church 50 1 unit building 50 305
Foursquare Church 50 2 unit building 50
Day Care Center 25 3 unit building 25
4 Ms Elementary School 25 12 classrooms 300
Wasig Evacuation Center 400
Kalahi 100 1 unit building 100
Elementary School 25 8 classrooms 200
Barangay Hall 30 1 unit building 30
Catholic Church 50 2 unit building 50
Waygan Day Care Center 25 3 unit building 25 435
Koramphil Church 50 4 unit building 50
Hanory Church 40 5 unit building 40
Multi-purpose Hall 40 6 unit building 40

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SUMMARY

The municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro is susceptible to the various

impacts of climate change. It was also observed that the municipality is exposed
to different natural hazards specifically Flood, Landslide, Tsunami and drought.
Based from the climate projections from PAGASA (2011), the municipality will
experience an increase in temperature for all seasons. The highest increase in
temperature will occur during the habagat months (JJA) of 2020 and 2050. The
municipality will have an increase in rainfall in the wet months (SON) by 2020 and
a significant increase during the amihan season (DJF) in 2050. On the other
hand, there will also be a significant decrease in rainfall during the summer
months. From the assessment, it was evident that the increase in temperature
and decrease in rainfall have various effects to the municipality like drought.
Aside from drought, Mansalay experiences decrease in agricultural productivity
and food supply due to the occurrence of drought as most of the farmlands are
rainfed. There are also increase in the demand of electricity and health services,
decrease in fish yield because high temperature causes oxygen depletion thus
threatening the marine biodiversity.

In line with this, PAGASA has also projected that there will be a significant
increase in the number of hot days and a slight decrease in the number of dry
days. The number of days with extreme rainfall is expected to increase for both
2020 and 2050. The consequences of these changes may lead to the increase in
the occurrence of hazards where the municipality is exposed to. The level of
exposure and risk of the five exposure units (population, urban use areas,
resource-based production areas, lifeline utilities and critical point facilities) were
assessed in relation to four natural hazards specifically Flood, Landslide, Tsunami
and drought. However, due to the lack of official data, the assessment on
drought was focused on the natural resource-based areas only.

The municipality of Mansalay experiences Flooding and is usually caused

by occurrence of typhoons, the overflowing of the major river systems and its
tributaries and as emphasized, the absence of drainage canals and Flood

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control system. Based from the results and discussion, a total of 1,258 (12.35%) out
of the total population are exposed to Flooding where 360 individuals (0.7%) are
at high risk situated in barangays Villa Celestial and Wasig. For the urban use
areas, it was assessed that 129.77 ha (8.04%) and 0.62 ha of residential and
commercial areas are exposed to Flooding respectively. A total of 25.84 ha
(1.60%) of the residential land were classified as high risk. The estimated cost of
high risk areas is around Php 2.7 B. These high risk residential areas are found in
Barangays Manaul, Sta. Maria, Villa Celestial, and Wasig.In commercial areas,
0.40 ha are identified at low risk; amounting to an estimated Php 10.4 M worth of
annual income. Moderate risk commercial areas for Flood is equivalent 0.11 ha;
affecting an estimated annual income of Php 2.6 M. Tourism areas identified at
low risk, have a total land area of 0.14 ha and generates about 800,000 pesos
every year.

For the natural resource-based areas, a total of 4,108.64 ha (ha) of the total
land area devoted to agriculture are exposed to Flooding wherein 65.75 ha of
which is highly at risk to Flooding located in Barangays Wasig, Sta. Maria, Sta.
Brigida, Waygan, Villa Celestial, Maliwanag, and Roma. Under the lifeline utilities,
a total length of 30.04 km (15.16%) of all the roads in Mansalay is susceptible to
Flooding where 2.42km of which is at high risk to Flooding. In addition, 5 out of 12
bridges (Nalwak Foot Bridge, Wasig Spillway, Wasig Bridge, Barok Bridge, and
Macawalo Footbridge) with a total value of Php 97.5 M are highly at risk to Flood.
Meanwhile, a total length of 4.02 km of power lines and 0.26 km of water
networks are at high risk to Flooding. Out of 177, 36 (20%) critical point facilities
are exposed to Flooding where five of which are at high risk and all are located
in Barangay Wasig including the Wasig Barangay Hall, Multi-purpose Hall, Wasig
Elementary School, Baptist Church and Four Square Church. Based on Figure 52,
Barangays Villa Celestial and Wasig are the most at risk to Flooding within all the
exposure units.

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Figure 52. Integrated Flood risk map

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Furthermore, Landslide was also considered as one of the natural hazards

the municipality is exposed to. There is a total of 35,360 individuals or 68% out of
the total population are exposed to Landslide. There are no individuals identified
to be at high risk although 1,216 (2.35%) individuals are at moderate risk to
Landslide situated in Barangay Waygan. The exposure of residential areas to
Landslide is significantly higher than exposure to Flood. A total of 1,470.39 ha
(91.13%) of the total residential areas, 1.05 ha for commercial areas and 3.87 ha
of tourism areas are exposed to Landslide. Regarding Landslide risk of residential
areas, none were scored at high risk for Landslide. However, 28.11 ha of
residential land are identified at moderate risk of Landslide, amounting to an
estimated Php 3 B.

There is a total of 1,674.72 ha of ricefields susceptible to Landslide.

Although no areas have been classified as high risk to Landslide, 457.01 ha and
3,708.38 ha of combined rice, non-rice, and fishponds are under moderate and
low risk, respectively. Roads at risk to Landslide in the municipality are classified
into moderate and low risk with an estimated value of Php 19.74 M. The decision
areas are the ones classified in the moderate risk. Barangay Waygan has the
longest road networks at risk with length of 11.09 km. In addition, Cupang Bridge
and Iba Creek Bridge, which are both in Barangay Waygan, are at moderate risk
with a total estimated value of Php 7.2 M while the total lengths of powerlines
which are at low and moderate risk are 93.42 km and 15.56 km, respectively. Out
of 177 critical point facilities, there are 140 which are exposed to Landslide. There
were no facilities identified to be at high risk to Landslide. However, 13 were
determined to be at moderate risk. These are located in Waygan, Cabalwa,
Sta.Maria and Poblacion. Two educational facilities are at moderate risk namely
the Waygan Day Care Center and Cabalwa Elementary school. In addition, the
barangay halls of Sta. Maria, Waygan and Cabalwa were also identified to be
at moderate risk. Other facilities at moderate risk to Landslide are basketball
courts, churches, multi purpose hall, and a communication tower. For the
summary, it was found out that Cabalwa and Waygan have the highest risk
scores to Landslide among all the barangays (see Table 53).

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Figure 53. Integrated Landslide risk map

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Although Mansalay has not yet experienced the occurrence of Tsunami,

there is still a probability that this phenomenon might happen. In line with this,
seven out of 17 barangays are identified to be susceptible to Tsunami where
there are approximately 10,864 individuals (21.02%) located in Villa Celestial, Sta.
Brigida, Wasig, B. del Mundo, Poblacion, Teresita and Don Pedro. In addition, a
total of 69.07 ha of residential area were identified as high risk to Tsunami with an
estimated value of Php 7.2 B. In terms of commercial areas, identified high risk
areas have a total land area of 0.1323 ha, and produces approximately Php 2.6
M annually. For the natural resource-based areas, there are 647.92 ha of
ricefields, 21.65 ha of non-rice agricultural lands, and 97.79 ha of fishponds are
prone to Tsunami. The aggregate of highly at risk natural resource-based
production areas is 124.09 ha; 123.01 ha (99.13%) of which are rice production
areas while 0.97 ha (0.78%) and 0.10 ha (0.08%) are non-rice and fishpond areas,
respectively.

Natural resource-based production areas highly at risk to Tsunami are

situated in Barangay Wasig. On the other hand, the total length of the roads
located at Tsunami-prone areas is 31.06 km, 23.86 km (17.48%) of the total length
of the power networks, and six bridges. An amount of Php 46.5 M of roads with a
total length of 8.04 km is highly-at-risk to Tsunami. These roads are determined as
decision areas and are all located in Barangay Sta. Brigida. On the other hand,
four bridges are classified as at moderate risk with a total estimated value of Php
45.3 M. Lengths of 16.04 km and 6.34 km are the power networks at moderate
and high risk, respectively and a length of 13.75 km of water networks is
moderately at risk to Tsunami. There are 45 (25%) critical point facilities exposed
to Tsunami located in six barangays. Out of 177, 46 (26%) of which are at risk to
Tsunami. There are six facilities identified to be at high risk where five of which are
located in Barangay Wasig namely Wasig Barangay Hall, Four Square Church,
Mariano M. Marciano Elementary School, Wasig Elementary School and Wasig
Multi Purpose Hall and the other one is the Four Square Church in Sta. Brigida.
According to Figure 54, among the 17 barangays, Wasig was identified to be at

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high risk to Flooding within all the exposure units followed by Sta. Brigida and B.
del Mundo.

In the municipality of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, a total of 5,494 ha of

natural resource-based production areas are highly at risk to drought; among
the exposed areas, 2,796.50 ha (50.90%) are devoted to rice production, 2,485.36
ha (45.24%) are used for the production of non-rice commodities, and 212.36 ha
(3.87%) are devoted to aquaculture. Drought accounts to an aggregate of PhP
494.4 million potential losses in the agricultural sector. All barangays are at risk to
drought.

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Figure 54. Integrated Tsunami risk map

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CONCLUSION

The Municipality of Mansalay was identified to be susceptible to Flood,

Landslide, Tsunami, storm surge, and drought. The municipality has the highest
exposure to Landslide covering up to 94% percent of the municipality, and
having almost all exposure units exposed. This followed by Flood exposure and
then by Tsunami exposure. There were no available data in terms of storm surge
and drought, but the occurrences of both were observed in the municipality. In
terms of risk, Flood had a high risk score for all exposure units. Barangay Wasig
was identified to have the highest risk in terms of Flood for all exposure units. The
said barangay serves as a catch basin due to its low elevation, coastal location,
and it has two rivers passing through the barangay. On the other hand,
Barangay Waygan scored moderate risk for Landslide in all exposure units due to
steep slopes in the area. For Tsunami risk Barangay Wasig and Sta. Brigida are
leading in high risk scores. The low elevation and the coastal location of both
barangays are the main aspects leading to their high Tsunami risk.
Enhancements in policies regarding climate change and disasters are needed
to mitigate the effects of the existing hazards in the municipality.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

General

This study only assessed the risk of the municipality on three hazards: Flood,
Landslide, and Tsunami because only official data should be used in CDRA.
However, based on the information the locals during the FGD’s, the chief
complaint is drought. A number of barangays also reported storm surge events.
Conducting this study through grassroots-verified spatial analysis on drought and
storm surge on the risk assessment is recommended.

For the Process of CDRA

To maximize the allowed time with the Barangay Captains and Councilors
during FGD’s, a short lecture on Climate Change may be included just right
before the confirmation of the impacts of it on the local setting, since most of the
attendees do not even believe in Climate Change. This can help the FGD
conductors to easily extract the data needed since the foundation of the whole
FGD is laid well and their minds are conditioned to realize the seriousness of
Climate Change. Practice sessions for the conduct of FGD may also be included
in the training before the actual field work to ensure that all the data needed
are acquired and to make the FGD’s easier and efficient. An official Audio-
Video Presentation containing the process and the importance of CDRA may
also be included in the conduct of FGD’s. This may save time and standardize
the FGD Process of CDRA. This may be produced by HLURB as a supplement for
the brief introduction of the CDRA Team.

For the scoring of Severity of Consequence, one principle of Nominal Group

Technique, the privacy each of the participants may be applied. Scoring
through placards may influence the score that the participants give because
the Sociological Principle, Conformity, may be present. This was observed during
the scoring of the Severity of Consequence because the Barangay Officials
slightly conformed with the scores of their co-officials. Giving the participants the

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sheets of paper to write their scores in private and in silence, without influencing
theirs, would be a good option.

Before the deployment, a Gantt Chart was done by the team who worked
for the CDRA. This played an important part for the budgeting of time before,
during and after the deployment. However, not all ideal situations while doing
the Gantt Chart would be expected to all LGU’s. Some data would not be
available, and some persons are not always available to be interviewed and to
attend FGD’s required. To make sure the CDRA process would smoothly be
executed, making of Critical Path Method while on site, after consultation with
the LGU is a good way to finish the document in good quality without leaving the
necessary steps and data behind.

For the LGU of Mansalay

For easy verification and identification of at-risk sites and smooth analysis of
future studies on the effect of climate change and disasters related to it, political
boundaries are encouraged to be well-established. To achieve more reliable
Planning Information Systems (PIS), synchronized data from the different
departments should be regularly verified and updated, centralized in the MPDO.

Information, Education, and Communication Campaigns (IEC’s) focusing

on Climate Change and Natural Hazards are recommended to be extended on
the community level, and not just on Barangay Officials and members of 4P’s
who are currently reached by seminars being held. This is for Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation. Additional IEC’s for Disaster Risk Reduction may also
be done.

Engagement, not only climate change adaptation but also in mitigation,

might be considered so that the policies would have long term effect too. For
example, cutting down trees to make charcoal pieces for trade are being
reported in the municipality. More emissions are being made because of this,
aside from the depletion of resources. In this case, some policies to give them
alternative livelihood might be prepared.

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Practical prioritization of programs and flexibility may be done, also, by the

LGU. Most of the projects in the Annual Investment Plan (AIP) focused on the
reducing the risk posed by the Flood hazard while the most common problem of
the LGU now is the occurrence of drought. The results of this study may be the
basis for prioritizing funding programs related to drought.

Institutionalization of DRRM up to Barangay level is also recommended, for

effective and practical adaptation and application of DRRM principles, policies,
programs, and that in the long-run may more efficiently yield results. This may
include community-level DRRM trainings.

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content/uploads/2016/08/WorldRiskReport2016.pdf on September 14, 2016.

World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.) Philippines: Island of Mindoro. Retrieved from

http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0130 on September 8, 2016.

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APPENDICES

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A. Risk Tables

Appendix Table 1. Population summary risk table for Flood

Average
Likelihood
Flood Severity of
Barangay of Risk Score Risk Category
Susceptibility Consequence
Occurrence
Score
High 1 4 4 Low
B. del Mundo Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low

High 1 4 4 Low
Balugo Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Bonbon Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
Budburan Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Don Pedro High 2 4 8 Moderate
High 1 4 4 Low
Manaul Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Panaytayan
Moderate 1 4 4 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Roma
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Sta. Brigida Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Low 2 2 4 Moderate
High 2.5 4 10 Moderate
Sta. Maria Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Low 3.5 2 7 Moderate
High 1 4 4 Low
Teresita
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
High 4 4 16 High
Villa Celestial Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate
Low 3 2 6 Moderate
Wasig High 4 4 16 High

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Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate
Low 2 2 4 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Waygan Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low

Appendix Table 2. Population summary risk table for Landslide

Average
Likelihood
Landslide Severity of
Barangay of Risk Score Risk Category
Susceptibility Consequence
Occurrence
Score

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
B. del Mundo
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 2 2 Low
Balugo Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Bonbon
Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Budburan
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 2 2 4 Low
Cabalwa Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 2 2 Low
Don Pedro Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Maliwanag
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 2 2 Low
Manaul Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 3 3 Low
Panaytayan Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Low 1 3 3 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Poblacion
Low 1 2 2 Low
Roma Moderate 1 2 2 Low

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Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Sta. Maria
Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Teresita
Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Villa Celestial
Low 1 2 2 Low
Wasig Low 2 2 4 Low
Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate
Waygan
Low 3 2 6 Moderate

Appendix Table 3. Population summary risk table for Tsunami

Average
Likelihood
Tsunami Severity of
Barangay of Risk Score Risk Category
Susceptibility Consequence
Occurrence
Score

B. del Mundo Prone 4 2 8 Moderate

Don Pedro Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Poblacion Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Sta. Brigida Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
Teresita Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Villa Celestial Prone 2 2 4 Low
Wasig Prone 2 4 8 Moderate

Appendix Table 4. Urban use areas summary risk table for Flood

Average Likelihood
Flood
Land Use Severity of of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibilit
Category Consequenc Occurrenc Score Category
y
e Score e

High 1 4 4 Low
Residential Moderate 1 2 2 Low
B. del
Low 1 2 2 Low
Mundo
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Tourism
Low 1 2 2 Low

High 1 4 4 Low
Balugo Residential
Moderate 1 2 2 Low

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Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Bonbon Residential Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
Budburan Residential Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Don Pedro Residential High 2 4 8 Moderate
High 4 4 16 High
Manaul Residential Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Low 3 2 6 Moderate
Panaytayan Residential High 1 4 4 Low

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Roma Residential
Low 1 2 2 Low

High 4 4 16 High
Sta. Maria Residential Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Low 2 2 4 Low

High 1 4 4 Low
Teresita Residential
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Commerci
8
al Moderate 4 2 Moderate
Villa High 4 4 16 High
Celestial
Residential Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate

Low 3 2 6 Moderate
High 4 4 16 High
Wasig Residential Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Low 1 2 2 Low

Appendix Table 5. Urban use areas summary risk table for Landslide

Average Likelihood
Landslide
Land Use Severity of of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibilit
Category Consequenc Occurrenc Score Category
y
e Score e

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Residential
Low 1 2 2 Low
B. del 2 Low
Moderate 1 2
Mundo Tourism
Low 1 2 2 Low
Commerci
2 Low
al Low 1 2
Balugo Residential High 1 2 2 Low

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Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderate Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Bonbon
Low Low 1 2 2 Low
Commerci
2 Low
al Low 1 2
Budburan 2 Low
Moderate 1 2
Residential
Mow 1 2 2 Low

High 1 3 3 Low
Residential Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Cabalwa Low 1 3 3 Low

Moderate 3 3 9 Moderate
Tourism
Low 2 3 6 Moderate
Commerci
2 Low
al Moderate 1 2
High 1 2 2 Low
Don Pedro
Residential Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Low 1 2 2 Low

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Maliwanag Residential
Low 1 2 2 Low
Commerci
Manaul 2 Low
al Moderate 1 2
High 1 3 3 Low
Panaytayan Residential Moderate 1 3 3 Low

Low 1 3 3 Low

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Residential
Low 1 2 2 Low
Poblacion Commerci Low 1 2 2 Low
al 2 Low
Moderate 1 2
Tourism Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Commerci
2 Low
al Low 1 2
Roma 2 Low
Moderate 1 2
Residential
Low 1 2 2 Low
Commerci
4 Low
al Low 2 2
Sta. Maria 4 Low
Moderate 2 2
Residential
Low 2 2 4 Low
Commerci
2 Low
al Low 1 2
Teresita 2 Low
Moderate 1 2
Residential
Low 1 2 2 Low

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Villa Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Residential
Celestial 2 Low
Low 1 2
Commerci
2 Low
Wasig al Low 1 2
Residential Low 1 2 2 Low

Moderate 2.4 2 4.8 Moderate

Waygan Residential
Low 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate

Appendix Table 6. Urban use areas summary risk table for Tsunami

Average Likelihood
Land Use Tsunami Severity of of Risk Risk
Barangay
Category Susceptibility Consequenc Occurrenc Score Category
e Score e

Residential Prone 4 2 8 Moderate

B. del 8
Mundo Tourism Prone 4 2 Moderate

Commercial Prone 4 2 8 Moderate

Budburan Residential Prone 1 4 4 Low

Don Pedro Residential Prone 3 2 6 Moderate

Sta. Brigida Commercial Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
Commercial Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Teresita
Residential Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Villa
4 Low
Celestial Residential Prone 2 2
Commercial Prone 3 4 12 High
Wasig Tourism Prone 3 4 12 High
Residential Prone 3 4 12 High

Appendix Table 7.Natural resource-based summary risk table for Flood

Likelihoo
Average
Flood d
Severity of Risk Risk
Barangay Dominant Produce Susceptibil of
Consequen Score Category
ity Occurren
ce Score
ce
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Rice Moderate 2 2 4 Low
B. del
Low 2 2 4 Low
Mundo
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Fishpond
Moderate 2 2 4 Low

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Low 2 2 4 Low
Non-rice (corn,
Balugo Low 1 2 2 Low
coconut)
High 1 4 4 Low
Non-rice (corn,
Bonbon Moderate 1 2 2 Low
coconut)
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Rice
Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Non-rice (corn, High 1 4 4 Low

Budburan
coconut) Moderate 1 2 2 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Fishpond
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Cabalwa Rice High 2.33 4 9.32 Moderate
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Rice Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Low 2 2 4 Low
Don Pedro
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Fishpond Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Low 2 2 4 Low
Rice High 2 4 8 Moderate
Maliwana
Non-rice (corn, High 1 4 4 Low
g
coconut) Low 1 2 2 Low
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Rice Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Low 2 2 4 Low
Non-rice (corn,
Manaul Low 2 2 4 Low
coconut)
High 1 4 4 Low
Fishpond Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 1 4 4 Low
Rice
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Panaytay
High 1 4 4 Low
an
Fishpond Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Low 1 2 2 Low
High 3 4 12 High
Sta.
Rice Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Brigida
Low 3 2 6 Moderate
High 2 4 6 Moderate
Roma Rice
Moderate 2 2 4 Low

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Low 3 2 6 Moderate

Non-rice (corn, Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate

coconut) Low 6 Moderate
3 2
High 4 4 16 High
Rice Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Sta. Maria Low 1 2 2 Low

Non-rice (corn, High 3 4 12 High

coconut) Moderate 4 Low
2 2
High 1 4 4 Low
Rice
Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Non-rice (corn, High 1 4 4 Low

Teresita
coconut) Moderate 2 Low
1 2
High 1 4 4 Low
Fishpond
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
High 4 4 16 High
Villa
Rice Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate
Celestial
Low 3 2 6 Moderate
High 4 4 16 High
Rice Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate
Low 3 2 6 Moderate
High 3 4 12 High
Wasig Non-rice (corn,
Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
coconut)
Low 3 2 6 Moderate
High 2 4 8 Moderate
Fishpond
Moderate 2 2 4 Low
High 3.6 4 14.4 High
Waygan Rice Moderate 0.6 2 1.2 Low
Low 0.4 2 0.8 Low

Appendix Table 8.Natural resource-based summary risk table for Landslide

Average
Landslide Likelihood
Dominant Severity of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibilit of
Produce Consequen Score Category
y Occurrence
ce Score

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Rice
B. del Low 1 2 2 Low
Mundo 2 Low
Non-rice (corn, Moderate 1 2
coconut) 2 Low
Low 1 2

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Fispond Low 1 2 2 Low

Non-rice (corn, Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Balugo
coconut) 2 Low
Low 1 2
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Rice
Low 1 2 2 Low
Bonbon High 1 2 2 Low
Non-rice (corn,
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
coconut)
Low 1 2 2 Low

Non-rice (corn, High 1 2 2 Low

Budburan
coconut) 3 Low
Moderate 1 3
Moderate 1.67 3 5.01 Moderate
Rice
Cabalwa Low 2 3 6 Moderate
Fishpond Moderate 1 3 3 Low

High 1 2 2 Low
Rice Moderate 1 2 2 Low

Low 1 2 2 Low

High 1 2 2 Low
Don Pedro Non-rice (corn,
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
coconut)
Low 1 2 2 Low

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Fishpond
Low 1 2 2 Low

Maliwana Non-rice (corn, High 1 2 2 Low

g coconut) 2 Low
Low 1 2
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Rice
Low 1 2 2 Low
Manaul Non-rice (corn, Moderate 1 2 2 Low
coconut) 2 Low
Low 1 2
Fishpond Moderate 1 2 2 Low

High 1 3 3 Low
Rice
Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Panaytaya
High 1 3 3 Low
n
Fishpond Moderate 1 3 3 Low

Low 1 3 3 Low
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Rice
Low 1 2 2 Low
Poblacion Non-rice (corn, Moderate 1 2 2 Low
coconut) Low 2 Low
1 2
Fishpond Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate

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Low 3 2 6 Moderate
Rice Low 1 2 2 Low
Roma Non-rice (corn,
2 Low
coconut) Low 1 2
Sta. Maria Rice Low 1 2 2 Low

Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Rice
Low 1 2 2 Low
Teresita Non-rice (corn, Moderate 1 2 2 Low
coconut) 2 Low
Low 1 2
Fishpond Low 1 2 2 Low
1 Low 1 2 2 Low
Villa
Celestial Non-rice (corn,
2 Low
coconut) Low 1 2
Rice Low 2 2 4 Low
Wasig Non-rice (corn,
4 Low
coconut) Low 2 2
Moderate 1.8 3 5.4 Moderate
Rice
Low 1.6 3 4.8 Moderate
Waygan High 2.2 3 6.6 Moderate
Non-rice (corn,
Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
coconut)
Low 1.6 3 4.8 Moderate

Appendix Table 9.Natural resource-based summary risk table for Tsunami

Average Likelihood
Tsunami
Dominant Severity of of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibili
Produce Consequen Occurren Score Category
ty
ce Score ce

Rice Prone 3 2 6 Moderate

B. del Non-rice
6
Mundo (corn,coconut) Prone 3 2 Moderate
Fishpond Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Rice Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Non-rice
Don Pedro 6
(corn,coconut) Prone 3 2 Moderate
Fishpond Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Non-rice
2 Low
Poblacion (corn,coconut) Prone 1 2
Fishpond Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Sta. Brigida Rice Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
Rice Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Teresita
Fishpond Prone 3 2 6 Moderate

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Villa
4 Low
Celestial Rice Prone 2 2
Rice Prone 3 4 12 High
Non-rice
Wasig 12 High
(corn,coconut) Prone 3 4
Fishpond Prone 3 4 12 High
Appendix Table 10. Natural resource-based summary risk table for drought

Average Likelihood
Drought
Dominant Severity of of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibili
Produce Consequen Occurren Score Category
ty
ce Score ce

Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High

B. del
Mundo Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Balugo Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Bonbon
Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Budburan Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Cabalwa
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High

Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High

Don Pedro Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Maliwanag
Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Manaul Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Panaytaya Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
n
Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Poblacion Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Roma
Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Sta. Brigida Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Sta. Maria Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High

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Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High

Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Teresita Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Villa Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Celestial
Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Wasig Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Fishpond Exposed 4 4 16 High
Rice Exposed 4 4 16 High
Waygan
Non-rice Exposed 4 4 16 High

Appendix Table 11. Lifeline utilities summary risk table for Flood

Likeliho
Average
Flood od
Utilities Surface Severity of Risk Risk
Barangay Name Suscepti of
Exposed Type Conseque Score Category
bility Occurr
nce Score
ence
Moderat
- - 1 2 2 Low
Powerlines e
- - High 1 4 4 Low
- Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
National Moderat
- Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Road e
- Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Provincial NR to Sitio
Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Road Malapgap
NR to Sitio Moderat
Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Langawin e
Short Rd. in Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Landing I e
Landing I to Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
NR e
B. del Landing I to Moderat
Mundo Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Laiya e
Landing I to Moderat
Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Laiya e
Municipal Moderat
NR to Laiya Concrete 1 2 2 Low
and e
Barangay NR to Sitio Moderat
Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Roads Proper (2) e
NR to Sitio Moderat
Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Proper (1) e
Short Rd. in Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Landing I e
Sitio Laiya
Moderat
to Sitio Concrete 1 2 2 Low
e
Balanga I
Parallel to
Moderat
the first Gravel 1 2 2 Low
e
Road along

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Sitio
Balanga II
Perpendicul
ar to the
Moderat
Road along Gravel 1 2 2 Low
e
Sitio
Balanga II
3rd road
across 3
Moderat
parallel Gravel 1 2 2 Low
e
Streets of
Balanga II
2nd road
across 3
Moderat
parallel Gravel 1 2 2 Low
e
Streets of
Balanga II
1st road
across 3
Moderat
parallel Gravel 1 2 2 Low
e
Streets of
Balanga II
PR to Sitio Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Canlumon II e
Landing I to Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
NR e

- - Low 1 2 2 Low
Powerlines
Moderat
- - 1 2 2 Low
e
Along Sitio
- Low 1 2 2 Low
Lasa
Sitio Centro
to Sitio - Low 1 2 2 Low
Naalin
BF Homes
Provincial to Sitio - Low 1 2 2 Low
Road Centro
Along Sitio
- Low 1 2 2 Low
Saranate
Along Sitio
- Low 1 2 2 Low
Lasa
Along Sitio Moderat
- 1 2 2 Low
Lasa e
Balugo
Right-
branching
from the Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
road from
PR
Along BF
Homes both
ends Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Municipal
heading to
and
PR
Barangay
Sitio
Roads
Saranate to
Balugo- Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Maliwanag
B
Sitio
Saranate to
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Balugo-
Maliwanag

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B
Along Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Panulong
Sitio Lasa to
Sitio
Gasilan, Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Panaytaya
n
Sitio Lasa to
Sitio
Moderat
Gasilan, Gravel 1 2 2 Low
e
Panaytaya
n
- - Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderat
Powerlines - - 1 2 2 Low
e
- - High 1 4 4 Low
Sitio Lasa to Moderat
- 1 2 2 Low
Bonbon Provincial Sitio Centro e
Road Sitio Lasa to
- High 1 4 4 Low
Sitio Centro
Municipal
Sitio Centro
and Moderat
to Sitio Trail 1 2 2 Low
Barangay e
Ilihan
Roads
Budburan Moderat Moderat
Bridge Concrete 3 2 6
Bridge e e
Moderat Moderat
- - 3 2 6
Powerlines e e
- - High 3 4 12 High
Moderat Moderat
National - Concrete 3 2 6
e e
Road
- Concrete High 3 4 12 High

Parallel to
Moderat Moderat
NR along Concrete 3 2 6
e e
Sitio Centro

2
Budburan connected Moderat Moderat
Concrete 3 2 6
roads from e e
NR
Municipal Sitio Aplaya Moderat Moderat
and Gravel 3 2 6
to NR e e
Barangay
Sitio Aplaya Moderat Moderat
Roads Trail 3 2 6
to NR e e
Sitio Aplaya Moderat Moderat
Concrete 3 2 6
to NR e e
NR to Sitio Moderat Moderat
Concrete 3 2 6
Centro e e
Sitio Centro Moderat Moderat
Concrete 3 2 6
to Sitio Bisbis e e
Sitio Aplaya
Trail High 3 4 12 High
to NR
Sitio Aplaya
Concrete High 3 4 12 High
to NR
National
Cabalwa - Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Road
Don Pedro Bridge Cagancan Concerte High 1 4 4 Low

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Bridge

- - Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderat
Powerlines - - 2 2 4 Low
e
Moderat
- - High 2 4 8
e
National Moderat
- Concrete High 2 4 8
Road e
Sitio
Tubigan to
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Don Pedro-
Cabalwa B
NR to Sitio Moderat
Gravel 2 2 4 Low
Aplaya e
Municipal Sitio
and Tubigan to Moderat
Gravel 2 2 4 Low
Barangay Don Pedro- e
Roads Cabalwa B
NR to Sitio Moderat
Gravel High 2 4 8
Aplaya e
Sitio
Tubigan to Moderat
Gravel High 2 4 8
Don Pedro- e
Cabalwa B
Moderat
- - Low 4 2 8
e
Powerlines
Maliwana Moderat Moderat
- - 4 2 8
g e e
Provincial Along Sitio
- Low 1 2 2 Low
Road Looban
Wawan
Bridge Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Bridge
- - Low 1 2 2 Low
Moderat
Powerlines - - 1 2 2 Low
e
- - HIgh 1 4 4 Low
- Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
National Moderat
- Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Road e
- Concrete HIgh 1 4 4 Low
NR to
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
beach
Sitio Cagay-
an to Sitio Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Manaul Takot
NR to Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
beach e
NR to
Moderat
Manaul- Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Municipal e
Cabalwa B
and
NR to
Barangay Gravel High 1 4 4 Low
beach
Roads
Beach to
Manaul- Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Cabalwa B
NR to
Manaul- Gravel High 1 4 4 Low
Cabalwa B
Manaul-
Cabalwa B Gravel High 1 4 4 Low
to Rd.

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leading to
NR
Manaul-
Cabalwa B
to Rd. Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
leading to
NR
Moderat
Powerlines - - 1 2 2 Low
e
Teresita to
Sitio Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Cabuyao e
Road
Panaytaya
n-Manaul B
Moderat
to Sitio Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Panaytaya Municipal e
Himpayawi
n and/
n
Barangay
Teresita to
Roads
Sitio
Gravel High 1 4 4 Low
Cabuyao
Road
Teresita to
Sitio
Gravel High 1 4 4 Low
Cabuyao
Road
Nalwak
Bridge - High 3 4 12 High
Foot Bridge
Powerlines - - High 3 4 12 High
Maliwanag
Poblacion Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Municipal St.
and Moderat
G. Lasic St. Concrete High 2 4 8
Barangay e
Roads Buenviaje Moderat
Concrete High 2 4 8
St. e
Moderat
- - Low 4 2 8
e
Powerlines
Moderat Moderat
- - 4 2 8
e e
Sitio
Angaran to
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio Isla
Berde*
Sitio Isla
Berde to
Roma
Municipal SItio
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
and Angaran
Barangay via Roma
Roads Sur*
Sitio Isla
Berde to
SItio Moderat
Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Angaran e
via Roma
Sur*
Moderat
- - Low 4 2 8
e
Powerlines Moderat Moderat
- - 4 2 8
Sta. Brigida e e
- - High 4 4 16 High
National Moderat
- Concrete Low 3 2 6
Road e

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Moderat Moderat
- Concrete 3 2 6
e e
- Concrete High 3 4 12 High
Sitio
Moderat
Maligaya to Gravel Low 4 2 8
e
SItio Alegria
Sitio
Maligaya to Concrete Low 2 2 4 Low
SItio Alegria
Sitio
Maligaya to Moderat
Gravel Low 4 2 8
SItio e
Karangyan
Sitio
Maligaya to
Concrete Low 2 2 4 Low
SItio
Karangyan
NR to Sitio
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Municipal Karangyan
and From NR to Moderat
Gravel Low 4 2 8
Barangay beach e
Roads Sitio Aluyan Moderat Moderat
Gravel 4 2 8
to NR e e
Sitio
Moderat Moderat
Maligaya to Gravel 4 2 8
e e
SItio Alegria
Sitio
Moderat
Maligaya to Concrete 2 2 4 Low
e
SItio Alegria
Sitio
Maligaya to Moderat Moderat
Gravel 4 2 8
SItio e e
Karangyan
NR to Sitio Moderat
Concrete 2 2 4 Low
Karangyan e
Sitio Aluyan
Gravel High 4 4 16 High
to NR
- - Low 2 2 4 Low
Moderat
Powerlines - - 2 2 4 Low
e
Moderat
- - High 2 4 8
e
SItio Centro
to Sta.
- Low 2 2 4 Low
Maria-Villa
Celestial B
Merino Rd. - Low 2 2 4 Low
SItio Centro
Provincial to Sta. Moderat
Sta. Maria - 2 2 4 Low
Road Maria-Villa e
Celestial B
Moderat
Merino Rd. - 2 2 4 Low
e
Moderat
Merino Rd. - High 2 4 8
e
Along Sitio Moderat
- High 2 4 8
Centro e
Sitio
Municipal
Riverside to Gravel Low 2 2 4 Low
and
Sitio Centro
Barangay
PR to Sitio
Roads Gravel Low 2 2 4 Low
Panulong

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Sitio
Moderat
Riverside to Gravel 2 2 4 Low
e
Sitio Centro
PR to Sitio Moderat
Gravel 2 2 4 Low
Panulong e
PR to Sta.
Moderat
Maria- Gravel 2 2 4 Low
e
Wasig B
PR to Sta.
Moderat
Maria- Concrete 2 2 4 Low
e
Wasig B
Rd. parallel
to Sta. Moderat
Concrete High 2 4 8
Maria-Villa e
Celestial B
Sitio
Moderat
Riverside to Gravel High 2 4 8
e
Sitio Centro
PR to Sitio Moderat
Gravel High 2 4 8
Panulong e
PR to Sta.
Moderat
Maria- Gravel High 2 4 8
e
Wasig B
PR to Sta.
Moderat
Maria- Concrete High 2 4 8
e
Wasig B
Puyuhan-
Laiya Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Bridge Bridge
Mansalay
Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Bridge
Moderat
- - 1 2 2 Low
Powerlines e
- - High 1 4 4 Low
Moderat
National - Concrete 1 2 2 Low
e
Road
- Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Moderat
Oracion St. Concrete 1 2 2 Low
e
Sitio
Moderat
Bagacay to Concrete 1 2 2 Low
e
Sitio Lapote
Sitio
Teresita Puyuhan Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
(Laiya) to e
Sitio Uyon
First Rd. Moderat
Gravel 1 2 2 Low
Municipal from NR e
and First Rd. Moderat
Concrete 1 2 2 Low
Barangay from NR e
Roads Teresita-
Poblacion B Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
to Teresita
Oracion St. Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Sitio
Bagacay to Concrete High 1 4 4 Low
Sitio Lapote
Sitio
Puyuhan
Gravel High 1 4 4 Low
(Laiya) to
Sitio Uyon
Villa Bridge Macawalo Concrete Moderat 4 2 8 Moderat

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Celestial Bridge e e

Barok Concrete High 4 4 16 High

Macawalo
- High 4 4 16 High
Foot Bridge
Moderat
- - Low 3 2 6
e
Powerlines Moderat Moderat
- - 4 2 8
e e
- - High 4 4 16 High
Moderat
- Concrete Low 3 2 6
e
National Moderat Moderat
Road - Concrete 4 2 8
e e
- Concrete High 4 4 16 High
Macawalo
Moderat
II to Natl. - Low 3 2 6
e
Rd.
Macawalo
Provincial Moderat Moderat
II to Natl. - 4 2 8
Road e e
Rd.
Macawalo
II to Natl. - High 4 4 16 High
Rd.
PR to Sitio
Moderat
SItio La Concrete Low 3 2 6
e
Purisima
PR to
Moderat
Macawalo Gravel Low 3 2 6
e
II
Both ends
Municipal
lie on Villa-
and Moderat Moderat
Celestial- Gravel 4 2 8
Barangay e e
Sta. Brigida
Roads
B
PR to Sitio
Moderat Moderat
SItio La Concrete 4 2 8
e e
Purisima
PR to Sitio
SItio La Concrete High 4 4 16 High
Purisima
Wasig
- High 4 4 16 High
Spillway
Bridge
Wasig
- High 4 4 16 High
Bridge
Moderat
- - Low 3 2 6
e
Powerlines Moderat Moderat
- - 3 2 6
e e
- - High 3 4 12 High
Moderat
Wasig - Concrete Low 3 2 6
e
National Moderat Moderat
Road - Concrete 3 2 6
e e
- Concrete High 3 4 12 High
Sitio
Moderat
Municipal Villarosa to Gravel Low 3 2 6
e
and Purok I
Barangay Sitio
Moderat Moderat
Roads Villarosa to Gravel 3 2 6
e e
Purok I

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Sitio
Villarosa to Gravel High 3 4 12 High
Sitio Oring
Moderat Moderat
- - 2.8 2 5.6
Powerlines e e
- - High 3 4 12 High
Rd. Parallel
Waygan Moderat Moderat
Municipal to Waygan- Gravel 2.6 2 5.2
e e
and Balugo B
Barangay Rd. Parallel
Road to Waygan- Gravel High 2.6 4 10.4 High
Balugo B

Appendix Table 12. Lifeline utilities summary risk table for Landslide

Average
Severity Likelihood
Landslide
Utilities Surface of of Risk Risk
Barangay Name Susceptibilit
Exposed Type Conseq Occurrenc Score Category
y
uence e
Score

Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

es - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low

National - Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low

Road - Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
NR to
Provinci Sitio Concrete
Low 1 2 2 Low
al Malapg +Gravel
ap
NR to
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Laiya
1st Rd.
Parallel
to NR
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
along
Sitio
Proper
B. del NR to
Mundo Landin Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
gI
2nd Rd.
Parallel
Municip
to NR
al and Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
along
Baranga
Sitio
y Roads
Proper
NR to
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Laiya
NR to
Sitio
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Proper
(2)
NR to
Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Proper
(1)
Short
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Rd. in

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Landin
gI
Perpen
dicular
to the
short Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
road in
Landin
gI
Sitio
Laiya to
Sitio Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Balang
aI
Parallel
to the
first
Road
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
along
Sitio
Balang
a II
Perpen
dicular
to the
Road
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
along
Sitio
Balang
a II
Along
Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Balang
a II
NR to
Balang Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
a II
3rd
road
across 3
parallel
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Streets
of
Balang
a II
2nd
road
across 3
parallel
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Streets
of
Balang
a II
1st road
across 3
parallel
Streets Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
of
Balang
a II
NR to
Sitio Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Barubo
NR to B. Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low

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del
Mundo-
Poblaci
on
Bounda
ry
PR to
Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Canlum
on I
PR to
Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Canlum
on II
Landin
g I to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
NR
NR to
Landin Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
gI
Short
Rd. in
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Landin
gI
Sitio
Laiya to
Sitio Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Balang
aI
Along
Sitio
Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Balang
a II

NR to B.
del
Mundo-
Poblaci Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
on
Bounda
ry

Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

es
- - Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Along
Sitio - Low 1 2 2 Low
Lasa
Sitio
Balugo Centro
- Low 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Naalin
Provinci
BF
al Road
Homes
- Low 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Centro
Along
Sitio
- Low 1 2 2 Low
Saranat
e

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Along
Sitio - Low 1 2 2 Low
Lasa
Along
Sitio - Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Lasa
Right-
branchi
ng from
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
the
road
from PR
Along
BF
Homes
both Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
ends
headin
g to PR
Sitio
Saranat
e to
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Balugo-
Maliwa
nag B
Sitio
Municip
Saranat
al and
e to
Baranga Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Balugo-
y Roads
Maliwa
nag B
Along
Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Panulo
ng
Sitio
Lasa to
Sitio
Gasilan Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
,
Panayt
ayan
Sitio
Lasa to
Sitio
Gasilan Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
,
Panayt
ayan

Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

es - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low
SItio
Provinci Lasa to
Half Low 2 2 4 Low
al Road Sitio
Centro
Bonbon Bonbon
-
Municip Maliwa
al and nag B
Trail Low 2 2 4 Low
Baranga to
y Roads Bonbon
-
Panayt

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ayan B

Sitio
Centro
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Ilihan
Sitio
Centro
Trail Low 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Ilihan
Bonbon
-
Maliwa
nag B
to Trail Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Bonbon
-
Panayt
ayan B
Sitio
Centro
Trail Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Ilihan
Sitio
Ilihan to
Sitio Trail Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Malang
cagan
Burabo
Bridge d Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Bridge

Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

es - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low

National - Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low

Road - Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Centro
Trail Low 3 2 6 Moderate
to Sitio
Bisbis
Sitio
Centro
Concrete Low 3 2 6 Moderate
to Sitio
Budburan Bisbis
Sitio
Centro
Trail Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
to Sitio
Municip
Bisbis
al and
Sitio
Baranga
Centro
y Roads Concrete Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
to Sitio
Bisbis
Sitio
Bisbis to
Trail Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Sitio
Balugo
Sitio
Balugo
to Sitio Trail Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Karang
yan
Cabalwa Powerlin - - Low 1.5 3 4.5 Moderate

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es - - Moderate 1.5 3 4.5 Moderate

National - Concrete Low 1 3 3 Low

Road - Concrete Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Both
ends
headin
g to Concrete Low 2 3 6 Moderate
Cabalw
a-Don
Pedro B
NR to
Sitio Concrete Low 2 3 6 Moderate
Bingig
Sitio
Bingig
Gravel Low 2 3 6 Moderate
to Sitio
Colasi
Sitio
Bingig
Concrete Low 2 3 6 Moderate
to Sitio
Colasi
Sitio
Cabalw
a to
Gravel Low 2 3 6 Moderate
Sitio
Agbah
ag
From
the
beach
Municip
to
al and Gravel Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
Cabalw
Baranga
a-
y Roads
Manaul
B
From
NR to
Cabalw
Concrete Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
a-
Manaul
B
Both
ends
headin
g to Gravel Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
Cabalw
a-Don
Pedro B
NR to
Sitio Concrete Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
Bingig
Sitio
Cabalw
a to
Gravel Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
Sitio
Agbah
ag
NR to
Sitio Gravel Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
Inakay
Don Pedro Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

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es - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low

- - High 1 2 2 Low

National - - Low 1 2 2 Low

Road - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low
NR to
Sitio Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Danao
NR to
Sitio Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Tubigan
NR to
Sitio Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Aplaya
NR to
Sitio Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Aplaya
From
NR
along Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Malawit
SItio
Aplaya
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Ido
Sitio Ido
to Sitio Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Asag
Sitio
Tubigan
to Don
Municip Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Pedro-
al and
Cabalw
Baranga
aB
y Roads
NR to
Sitio Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Danao
From
NR
along Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Malawit
Don
Pedro-
Panayt
ayan B
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to Don
Pedro-
Teresita
B
SItio
Aplaya
Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Ido
Sitio Ido
to Sitio Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Asag
Sitio
Tubigan
Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to Don
Pedro-

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Cabalw
aB
From
NR
along Gravel High 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Malawit
Don
Pedro-
Panayt
ayan B
Concrete High 1 2 2 Low
to Don
Pedro-
Teresita
B

Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

es - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Centro
Maliwanag to Sitio - Low 1 2 2 Low
Provinci Panulo
al Roads ng
Along
Sitio - Low 1 2 2 Low
Looban
Manaul
-
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Wawan
Bridge
Manaul
Bridge -Lamak Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Bridge
Gupaz
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Bridge
Manaul
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Bridge
- - Low 1 2 2 Low
Powerlin
- - Moderate 1 2 2 Low
es
- - High 1 2 2 Low

National - Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low

Road - Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Manaul
Manaul
-
Cabalw
a B to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Rd.
leading
to NR
Municip Beach
al and to
Baranga Manaul
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
y Roads -
Cabalw
aB
NR to
Manul-
Panayt Trail Low 1 2 2 Low
ayan
Bounda

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ry

Sitio
Cagay-
an to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Takot
NR to
Manaul
- Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Cabalw
aB
Manaul
-
Cabalw
a B to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Rd.
leading
to NR
Manaul
-
Cabalw
a B to Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Rd.
leading
to NR
First Rd.
parallel
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to the
NR
Second
Rd.
parallel Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to the
NR
Manaul
-
Cabalw
a B to Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Rd.
leading
to NR
Road
with
both
ends Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
leading
to the
NR
NR to
Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
beach
NR to
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
beach
Sitio
Centro
to
Manaul Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
-
Panayt
ayan B
Sitio
Centro
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to
Manaul

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-
Panayt
ayan B
Beach
to
Manaul
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
-
Cabalw
aB
NR to
Manul-
Panayt
Trail Moderate 1 2 2 Low
ayan
Bounda
ry
Sitio
Cagay-
an to Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Takot
Sitio
Centro
to
Manaul Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
-
Panayt
ayan B
Sitio
Centro
to
Manaul Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
-
Panayt
ayan B
NR to
Manul-
Panayt
Trail High 1 2 2 Low
ayan
Bounda
ry
Bait
Bridge Footbri - High 1 3 3 Low
dge
- - Low 1 3 3 Low
Powerlin
- - Moderate 1 3 3 Low
es
- - High 1 3 3 Low
Teresita
to Sitio
Cabuy Gravel Low 1 3 3 Low
Panaytaya ao
n Road
Teresita
Municip to Sitio
al and/ Cabuy Concrete Low 1 3 3 Low
Baranga ao
y Roads Road
Sitio
Lamak
II across
Gravel Low 1 3 3 Low
7 Sitios
(last:
Barayo

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ng)

Sitio
Cagan
can,
Don
Gravel Low 1 3 3 Low
Pedro
to Sitio
Panulu
gan
Sitio
Cagan
can,
Don
Concrete Low 1 3 3 Low
Pedro
to Sitio
Panulu
gan
Rd. in
Lamak Gravel Low 1 3 3 Low
II
Rd to
Panayt
ayan- Trail Low 1 3 3 Low
Bonbon
B
Teresita
to Sitio
Cabuy Gravel Low 1 3 3 Low
ao
Road
Teresita
to Sitio
Cabuy Concrete Low 1 3 3 Low
ao
Road
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Gravel Low 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Concrete Low 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Teresita
to Sitio
Cabuy Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
ao
Road
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Sitio
Lamak Trail Moderate 1 3 3 Low
II across

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7 Sitios
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Sitio
Cagan
can,
Don
Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Pedro
to Sitio
Panulu
gan
Sitio
Cagan
can,
Don
Trail Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Pedro
to Sitio
Panulu
gan
Sitio
Galang
Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
to Sitio
Anapla
Don
Pedro-
Panayt
ayan B Concrete Moderate 1 3 3 Low
to Sitio
Tangkul
ang
Rd. in
Lamak Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
II
Rd to
Panayt
ayan- Trail Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Bonbon
B
Sitio
Tagayt
ay to
Panayt Trail Moderate 1 3 3 Low
ayan-
Bonbon
B
Panayt
ayan-
Wayga
n B to Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Sitio
Quinom
ay
Panayt
ayan-
Wayga
n B to Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Sitio
Quinom
ay
Sitio
Quinom
Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
ay to
Panayt

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ayan-
Wayga
nB
Sitio
Palihon
to
Panayt Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
ayan-
Wayga
nB
Panayt
ayan-
Don
Pedro B Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
to Sitio
Tangkul
ang
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Gravel Moderate 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Concrete Moderate 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Teresita
to Sitio
Cabuy Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
ao
Road
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Trail High 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Sitio
Cagan
can,
Don
Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
Pedro
to Sitio
Panulu
gan
Sitio
Cagan
can,
Trail High 1 3 3 Low
Don
Pedro
to Sitio

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Panulu
gan
Don
Pedro-
Panayt
ayan B Concrete High 1 3 3 Low
to Sitio
Tangkul
ang
Panayt
ayan-
Wayga
n B to Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
Sitio
Quinom
ay
Sitio
Quinom
ay to
Panayt Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
ayan-
Wayga
nB
Sitio
Palihon
to
Panayt Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
ayan-
Wayga
nB
Panayt
ayan-
Don
Pedro B Gravel High 1 3 3 Low
to Sitio
Tangkul
ang
Sitio
Lamak
II across
7 Sitios Trail High 1 3 3 Low
(last:
Barayo
ng)
Talisi
Bridge Concrete Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Bridge

Powerlin - - Low 2 2 4 Low

es - - Moderate 2 2 4 Low

National - Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low

Road - Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Maliwa
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Poblacion nag St.
Genero
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
so St.
Municip G. Lasic
al and Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
St.
Baranga Buenvia
y Roads Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
je St.
Fisalvo
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
St.
Viana Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low

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St.

Viana
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
St.
Sta.
Catalin Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
a St.
Rd.
along
Sitio Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Pantala
n
Road
with 4
ends
headin
g to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Poblaci
on-
Teresita
B
Road
with 4
ends
headin
g to Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Poblaci
on-
Teresita
B
Merino
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
St.
Rd.
extendi
ng from
Poblaci
Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
on-B.
del
Mundo
B
Rd.
along
Sitio Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Pantala
n
NR to
Sitio
Gravel Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Malant
ay
NR to
Sitio
Trail Moderate 2 2 4 Low
Malant
ay
Powerlin
- - Low 1 2 2 Low
es
Sitio
Kanlura
Provinci
n to - Low 1 2 2 Low
al Road
Roma Sitio
Centro
Municip Rd.
al and along
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Baranga SItio
y Roads Angara

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n*

Sitio
Angara
n to Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio Isla
Berde
Sitio Isla
Berde
to SItio
Angara Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
n via
Roma
Sur
SItio
Centro
to
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Roma-
Maliwa
nag B
Roma-
Maliwa
nag B
to Rd. Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
from
Sitio
Centro
Powerlin
- Low 1 2 2 Low
es
SItio
Centro
to Sta.
Maria-
Villa ? Low 1 2 2 Low
Celesti
al
Bounda
ry
Merino
? Low 1 2 2 Low
Provinci Rd.
al Road Going
to Sitio
Centro
to Sta-
? Low 1 2 2 Low
Maria-
Sta. Maria Balugo
Bounda
ry
Along
Sitio ? Low 1 2 2 Low
Centro
Sitio
Riversid
e to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Centro
Municip
PR to
al and
Sitio
Baranga Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Panulo
y Roads
ng
PR to
Sta.
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Maria-
Wasig B

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Puyuha
n- Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Tignuan
Bridge Bagac
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
ay
Sinugul
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
an

Powerlin - - Low 1 2 2 Low

es - - Moderate 1 2 2 Low

National - Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low

Road - Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Natl.
Rd.
(Arado
Provinci II) to
- Low 1 2 2 Low
al Road Wayga
n-
Teresita
B
Oracio
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
n St.
Rd.
along Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Arado I
Sitio
Bagac
ay to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Lapote
Teresita Sitio
Bagac
ay to Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Lapote
Third
Rd. Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
from NR
First Rd.
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Municip from NR
al and Teresita
Baranga -Don
y Roads Pedro B
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Matag
bak
NR to
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Teresita
Rd. with
2 ends
headin
g to
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Teresita
-
Poblaci
on B
Sitio
Marara
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
to SItio
Tignuan
Sitio
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Puyuha

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n
(Laiya)
to Sitio
Uyon
Second
Rd. Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
from NR
Second
Rd. Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
from NR
First Rd.
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
from NR
First Rd.
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
from NR
Teresita
-Don
Pedro B
Concrete Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to Sitio
Matag
bak
Sitio
Marara
Gravel Moderate 1 2 2 Low
to SItio
Tignuan
Macaw
alo-La
Bridge Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Purisim
a
Powerlin
- - Low 1 2 2 Low
es
Macaw
Provinci alo II to
- Low 1 2 2 Low
al Road Natl.
Rd.
PR to
Sitio
Villa
SItio La Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Celestial
Purisim
a
Sitio La
Municip
Purisim
al and
a to
Baranga
Villa Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
y Roads
Celesti
al-
Roma B
PR to
Macaw Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
alo II
Lasa
Bridge Concrete Low 2 2 4 Low
Bridge
Powerlin
- - Low 2 2 4 Low
es
National
- Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Road
Sitio
Wasig
Villaros
Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Municip a to
al and Purok I
Baranga Sitio
y Roads Villaros
Concrete Low 2 2 4 Low
a to
Purok I

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Sitio
Haguin
es to
Gravel Low 2 2 4 Low
Sitio
Villaros
a
Sitio
Haguin
es to
Concrete Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Villaros
a
Sitio
Villaros
a to Gravel Low 1 2 2 Low
Sitio
Oring
Cupan
- Low 3 3 9 Moderate
g
Iba
Bridge - Moderate 3.2 3 9.6 Moderate
Creek
Wayga
- Moderate 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
n River

Powerlin - - Low 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate

es - - Moderate 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
Sitio
Uraray
- Low 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
to Sitio
Provinci Iba
al Road Sitio
Uraray
- Moderate 3 3 9 Moderate
to Sitio
Iba
Rd.
parallel
to
Wayga Gravel Low 3.2 3 9.6 Moderate
n-
Teresita
Waygan B
Rd.
Parallel
to
Wayga Gravel Low 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
n-
Balugo
Municip B
al and Wayga
Baranga n-
y Roads Panayt
ayan B Gravel Low 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
to Sitio
Kuramp
il
PR to
Wayga
n- Gravel Low 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
Panayt
ayan B
Rd.
parallel
Gravel Moderate 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
to
Wayga

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n-
Teresita
B
Rd.
Parallel
to
Wayga Gravel Moderate 3.2 3 9.6 Moderate
n-
Balugo
B
Wayga
n-
Panayt
ayan B Gravel Moderate 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
to Sitio
Kuramp
il
PR to
Wayga
n- Gravel Moderate 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
Panayt
ayan B
PR to
Wayga
n- Gravel High 2.6 3 7.8 Moderate
Panayt
ayan B

Appendix Table 13. Lifeline utilities summary risk table for Tsunami

Averag
e Likeliho
Utilities Landslide Severity od
Surface Risk
Barangay Expose Name Susceptibi of of Risk Category
Type Score
d lity Conseq Occurre
uence nce
Score
Powerlin
- - Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
es
Nationa
- Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
l Road
NR to
Provinci Sitio
half Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
al Malapg
ap
NR to
Sitio
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Langaw
B. del in
Mundo Landing
I to Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Municip
Laiya
al and
Landing
Barang
I to Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
ay
Laiya
Roads
NR to
Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Laiya
1st Rd.
Parallel
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
to NR
along

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Sitio
Proper
NR to
Landing Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
I
2nd Rd.
Parallel
to NR
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
along
Sitio
Proper
NR to
Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Laiya
NR to
Sitio
Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Proper
(2)
NR to
Sitio
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Proper
(1)
Short
Rd. in
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Landing
I
Perpen
dicular
to the
short Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
road in
Landing
I
Sitio
Laiya to
Sitio Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Balang
aI
Parallel
to the
first
Road
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
along
Sitio
Balang
a II
Perpen
dicular
to the
Road
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
along
Sitio
Balang
a II
Along
Sitio
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Balang
a II
NR to
Balang Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
a II
3rd
road
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
across 3
parallel

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Streets
of
Balang
a II
2nd
road
across 3
parallel
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Streets
of
Balang
a II
1st road
across 3
parallel
Streets Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
of
Balang
a II
NR to B.
del
Mundo-
Poblaci Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
on
Bounda
ry
PR to
Sitio
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Canlum
on I
PR to
Sitio
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Canlum
on II
Landing
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
I to NR
NR to
Landing Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
I
Short
Rd. in
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Landing
I
Sitio
Laiya to
Sitio Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Balang
aI
Powerlin
- Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
es
Nationa
- Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
l Road
Don Pedro Municip
al and Sitio Ido
Barang to Sitio Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
ay Asag
Road
Nalwak
Footbrid - Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Bridge ge
Poblacion Talisi
Concrete Prone 1 2 2 Low
Bridge
Powerlin
- Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
es

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Nationa
- Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
l Road
Maliwa
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
nag St.
Genero
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
so St.
G. Lasic
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
St.
Buenviaj
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
e St.
Fisalvo
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
St.
Viana
Gravel Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
St.
Viana
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
St.
Sta.
Catalin Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
a St.
Municip Sta.
al and Catalin Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Barang a St.
ay Rd.
Roads along
Sitio Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Pantala
n
Road
with 4
ends
headin
g to Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Poblaci
on-
Teresita
B
NR to
Sitio
Gravel Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Malant
ay
Merino
Concrete Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
St.
Powerlin
- - Prone 4 4 16 High
e
Nationa
- Concrete Prone 4 4 16 High
l Road
Sitio
Aluyan Gravel Prone 4 4 16 High
to NR
Sitio
Maligay
a to Gravel Prone 4 4 16 High
SItio
Sta. Brigida Municip
Alegria
al and
Sitio
Barang
Maligay
ay
a to Concrete Prone 4 4 16 High
Roads
SItio
Alegria
Sitio
Maligay
a to Gravel Prone 4 4 16 High
SItio
Karangy

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an

Sitio
Maligay
a to
Concrete Prone 4 4 16 High
SItio
Karangy
an
NR to
Sitio
Concrete Prone 4 4 16 High
Karangy
an
Sinugula
Bridge Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
n
Powerlin
- - Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
es
Nationa
- Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
l Road
Teresita-
Poblaci
Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
on B to
Teresita
Oracion
Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Teresita St.
Municip Rd.
al and along Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
Barang Arado I
ay Sitio
Roads Bagaca
Gravel Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
y to Sitio
Lapote
Sitio
Bagaca
Concrete Prone 3 2 6 Moderate
y to Sitio
Lapote
Barok
Bridge Concrete Prone 2 2 4 Low
Bridge
Powerlin
- - Prone 2 2 4 Low
es
Nationa
- Concrete Prone 2 2 4 Low
l Road
Macaw
Provinci
Villa alo II to - Prone 2 2 4 Low
al Road
Celestial Natl. Rd.
Both
Municip ends lie
al and on Villa-
Barang Celestia Gravel Prone 2 2 4 Low
ay l-Sta.
Road Brigida
B
Wasig
- Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
Bridge Spillway
Wasig Concrete Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
Powerlin
- - Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
es
Wasig Nationa
- Concrete Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
l Road
Municip Sitio
al and Haguin
Barang es to Concrete Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
ay Sitio
Road Villarosa

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Appendix table 14. Critical point facilities summary risk table for Flood

Average Likeli
Severity hood
Flood
Facility Facility of of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibilit
Name Type Consequ Occu Score Category
y
ence rrenc
Score e

Balugo
Balugo Basketball Basketball 1 2 Low
Court Court Moderate 2
Bonbon
Basketball Basketball 1 2 Low
Court Court Moderate 2
Bonbon
Bonbon
Day Care Day Care Low 1 2 Low
Center Center 2
Budburan
Barangay Barangay 1 2 Low
Hall Hall Moderate 2
Budburan
Basketball Basketball 1 2 Low
Court Court Moderate 2
Budburan Four Square Church Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Budburan
Day Care Day Care Moderate 1 2 Low
Center Center 2
Budburan
Health Health 1 2 Low
Center Center Moderate 2
Don Pedro
Basketball Basketball 2 8 Moderate
Court Court High 4
Born Again Church High 2 4 8 Moderate
Don Pedro
Catholic Church High 2 4 8 Moderate
Dongnam
Christian Day Care High 2 8 Moderate
Academy Center 4
Manaul
Day Care Day Care High 1 4 Low
Manaul Center Center 4
Sta. Brigida
Barangay Barangay 4 8 Moderate
Hall Hall Moderate 2
Sta. Brigida
Basketball Basketball 2 4 Low
Sta. Brigida Court Court Moderate 2
Catholic Church Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate

Four Square Church Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate

Sta. Brigida Day Care Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate

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Day Care Center

Center
Sta. Brigida
Elementary Elementar Moderate 4 8 Moderate
School y School 2
7th Day the
3 6 Moderate
Adventist Church Low 2
Assemblies
3 6 Moderate
of God Church Low 2
VIlla Catholic Church Low 3 2 6 Moderate
Celestial 3 6 Moderate
Four Square Church Low 2
Leonardo
delos Reyes
Moderate 4 8 Moderate
Elementary Elementar
School y School 2
Wasig
Barangay Barangay 3 12 High
Hall Hall High 4
Wasig Multi Multi
Purpose Purpose 3 12 High
Hall Hall High 4
Baptist Church High 3 4 12 High

Four Square Church High 3 4 12 High

Wasig Immaculat
2 8 Moderate
e Chapel Church High 4
Presbyteria
2 8 Moderate
n Church Church High 4
Catholic Church Moderate 3 2 6 Moderate
Iglesia ni
3 6 Moderate
Cristo Church Moderate 2
Wasig
Elementary Elementar High 3 12 High
School y School 4

Appendix table 15. Critical point facilities summary risk table for Landslide

Average Likeli
Severity hood
Flood
Facility Facility of of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibilit
Name Type Consequ Occu Score Category
y
ence rrenc
Score e
Wasig
Airport Low 1 2 2 Low
Airport
B. del
Mundo Barangay
B. del Low 1 2 2 Low
Barangay Hall
Mundo Hall
Basketball Basketball
Low 2 2 4 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball Low 1 2 2 Low

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Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Jehovah's
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Witness
St. Joseph
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Chapel
True Light Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Iglesia Ni
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Cristo
Radiance of
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
God
Communi
Sun Cell Site cation Low 1 2 2 Low
tower
B. del
Mundo Day Day Care
Low 1 2 2 Low
Care Center
Center
Canlumon
Day Care
Day Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Sinampag
Day Care
Day Care Low 2.33 2 4.66 Moderate
Center
Center
Don B. del
Mundo Elementar
Low 1 2 2 Low
Elementary y School
School
Zhejohn
Elementar
Elementary Low 2 2 4 Low
y School
School
B. del
Mundo Health
Low 1 2 2 Low
Health Center
Center
Fe Del
Mundo High
Low 1 2 2 Low
National School
High School
Balugo
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
7th Day the
Balugo Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Adventist
Balugo
High
National Low 1 2 2 Low
School
High School
Bonbon
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Bonbon Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball Low 1 2 2 Low

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Court Court

Four Square Church Low 1 2 2 Low

L. Tugade
Elementar
Elementary Low 1 2 2 Low
y School
School
Bonbon
High
National Low 1 2 2 Low
School
High School
Budburan Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Basketball Basketball
Low 2 3 6 Moderate
Court Court
Catholic Church Low 2.67 3 8.01 Moderate
Cabalwa
Elementar
Elementary Low 2.33 3 6.99 Moderate
Cabalwa y School
School
Cabalwa
Barangay
Barangay Moderate 3 3 9 Moderate
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Moderate 1.33 3 3.99 Low
Court Court
Don Pedro
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
7th Day the
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Adventist
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Dongnam
Christian Day Care
Low 1 2 2 Low
Academy, Center
Don Pedro
Inc
Don Pedro
Day Care
Day Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Cagulong
Elementar
Elementary Low 1 2 2 Low
y School
School
Early
Childhood
Health
Care and Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Developme
nt Center
Senior
Citizen Health
Low 1 2 2 Low
Health Center
Center
Fe Del High Low 1 2 2 Low

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Mundo School
National
High School
Basketball Basketball
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Maliwanag
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Maliwanag
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Four Square Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Bago Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Barangay Health
Low 1 2 2 Low
Botika Facility
Manaul
Barangay
Barangay Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Catholic Church Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Four Square Church Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Manaul Manaul Day
Day Care
Care Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Manaul
Elementar
Elementary Moderate 1 2 2 Low
y School
School
Manaul
High
National Moderate 1 2 2 Low
School
High School
Manaul
Health
Health Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Catholic Church High 1 3 3 Low
Mangyan
Day Care
Education High 1 3 3 Low
Center
Center
Anahaw
Elementar
Elementary High 1 3 3 Low
y School
School
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 3 3 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Panaytayan Low 1 3 3 Low
Court Court
Panaytayan
Day Care
Day Care Low 1 3 3 Low
Center
Center
Kalahi P. High
Low 1 3 3 Low
School School
Panaytayan Multi
Multi Purpose Low 1 3 3 Low
Purpose Hall Hall
Basketball Basketball
Moderate 1 3 3 Low
Court Court

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Anapla Church Moderate 1 3 3 Low

Bait
Elementar
Elementary Moderate 1 3 3 Low
y School
School
Poblacion
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Mansalay
Elementar
Central Low 1 2 2 Low
y School
School
Mansalay Gymnasiu
Low 1 2 2 Low
Gymnasium m
Mansalay
High
Catholic Low 1 2 2 Low
School
High School
Poblacion
Medicare
Hospital Low 1 2 2 Low
Hospital
Mansalay
Police
Police Low 1 2 2 Low
Station
Station
Communi
Globe Cell
cation Moderate 4 2 8 Moderate
Site
tower
Poblacion
Day Care
Day Care Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Roma
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Four Square Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Temple of
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Grace
Adventist Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Four Square Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Roma
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Roma Day
Day Care
Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Roma Day
Day Care
Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center 2
Roma
Elementar
Elementary Low 1 2 2 Low
y School
School
Roma
Health
Health Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Sta. Maria
Barangay
Sta. Maria Barangay Low 3 2 6 Moderate
Hall
Hall

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Basketball Basketball
Low 1.67 2 3.34 Low
Court Court
United
Methodist Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Church
Iglesia Ni
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Cristo
Jesus is Lord Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Sta. Maria
Day Care
Day Care Low 1.67 2 3.34 Low
Center
Center
Sta. Maria
Elementar
Elementary Low 2 2 4 Low
y School
School
Botika ng Health
Low 1.33 2 2.66 Low
Barangay Facility
Teresita
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Christian
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Missionary
Iglesia Ni
Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Cristo
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Four Square Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Four Square Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Teresita Day
Day Care
Teresita Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Badi Day
Day Care
Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Bagacay
Day Care
Day Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Arado II Day
Day Care
Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Arado I Day
Day Care
Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Arado I Day
Day Care
Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center 2
Teresita
Elementar
Elementary Low 1 2 2 Low
y School
School

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Health Care
Health
Developme Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
nt Center
Teresita
Health
Health Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Catholic Church Moderate 1 2 2 Low
Villa
Villa Celestial Barangay
Low 1 2 2 Low
Celestial Barangay Hall
hall
Wasig
Barangay
Barangay Low 1 2 2 Low
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Basketball Basketball
Low 1 2 2 Low
Court Court
Catholic Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Presbyterian Church Low 1 2 2 Low
United
Methodist Church Low 1 2 2 Low
Church
Wasig Day
Day Care
Wasig Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Sitio Centro
Day Care
Day Care Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Mariano M.
Marciano Elementar
Low 1 2 2 Low
Elementary y School
School
Wasig
Elementar
Elementary Low 1 2 2 Low
y School
School
Wasig
Health
Health Low 1 2 2 Low
Center
Center
Waygan
Barangay
Barangay Low 2.5 3 7.5 Moderate
Hall
Hall
Basketball Basketball
Low 2.5 3 7.5 Moderate
Court Court
Catholic Church Low 1.5 3 4.5 Moderate
Waygan
Day Care
Waygan Day Care Low 1.5 3 4.5 Moderate
Center
Center
Waygan Multi
Multi Purpose Low 2.5 3 7.5 Moderate
Purpose Hall Hall
Basketball Basketball
Moderate 2 3 6 Moderate
Court Court
Born Again Church Moderate 1.75 3 5.25 Moderate

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Waygan
Elementar
Elementary Moderate 1.25 3 3.75 Low
y School
School

Appendix table 16. Critical point facilities summary risk table for Tsunami

Average
Likelih
Severity
Flood ood
Facility Facility of Risk Risk
Barangay Susceptibilit of
Name Type Consequ Score Category
y Occur
ence
rence
Score
Wasig
Prone 8
Airport Airport 4 2 Moderate
B. del
Mundo
Prone 8
Barangay Barangay
Hall Hall 4 2 Moderate
Basketball Basketball
Prone 8
Court Court 4 2 Moderate
Basketball Basketball
Prone 8
Court Court 4 2 Moderate
Catholic Church Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Jehovah's
Prone 8
Witness Church 4 2 Moderate

St. Joseph Prone 8

Chapel Church 4 2 Moderate
True Light Church Prone 4 2 8 Moderate
Iglesia Ni
B. del Prone 8
Cristo Church 4 2 Moderate
Mundo B. del
Mundo Day
Prone 8
Care Day Care
Center Center 4 2 Moderate
Canlumon
Day Care Day Care Prone 8
Center Center 4 2 Moderate
Don B. del
Mundo
Prone 8
Elementary Elementar
School y School 4 2 Moderate
B. del
Mundo
Prone 8
Health Health
Center Center 4 2 Moderate
Fe del
Mundo
Prone 8
National High
High School School 4 2 Moderate
Poblacion
Poblacion Barangay Barangay Prone 8
Hall Hall 4 2 Moderate

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Catholic Church Prone 1 2 2 Low

Mansalay
Central Elementar Prone 8
School y School 4 2 Moderate
Mansalay Gymnasiu
Prone 8
Gymnasium m 4 2 Moderate
Mansalay
Catholic High Prone 2 Low
High School School 1 2
Medicare
Prone 8
Hospital Hospital 4 2 Moderate
Mansalay
Police Police Prone 8
Station Station 4 2 Moderate
Sta. Brigida
Barangay Barangay Prone 4 Low
Hall Hall 1 4
Basketball Basketball
Prone 4 Low
Court Court 1 4
Prone 12 High
Four Square Church 3 4
Sta. Brigida
Catholic Church Prone 1 4 4 Low
Sta. Brigida
Day Care Day Care Prone 4 Low
Center Center 1 4
Sta. Brigida
Elementary Elementar Prone 4 Low
School y School 1 4
Christian
Prone 6
Missionary Church 3 2 Moderate
Iglesia Ni
Prone 6
Cristo Church 3 2 Moderate
Teresita Day
Teresita
Care Day Care Prone 6
Center Center 3 2 Moderate
Health Care
Developme Health Prone 6
nt Center Center 3 2 Moderate
Villa
Celestial
Prone 4 Low
Barangay Barangay
Hall Hall 2 2
Four Square Church Prone 2 2 4 Low

Catholic Church Prone 2 2 4 Low

Villa
Assemblies
Celestial Prone 4 Low
of God Church 2 2
7th Day the
Prone 4 Low
Adventist Church 2 2
Leonardo
delos Reyes
Prone 4 Low
Elementary Elementar
School y School 2 2
Wasig
Wasig Barangay Barangay Prone 12 High
Hall Hall 3 4

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Four Square Church Prone 3 4 12 High

Baptist Church Prone 2 4 8 Moderate

Immaculate
Prone 8
Chapel Church 2 4 Moderate
Presbytarian Church Prone 2 4 8 Moderate
Mariano M.
Marciano
Prone 12 High
Elementary Elementar
School y School 3 4
Wasig
Elementary Elementar Prone 12 High
School y School 3 4
Multi
Wasig Multi Purpose Prone 12 High
Purpose Hall Hall 3 4

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B. Organizational Structure

Department of Community and Housing and Land

Local Government
Unit Environmental Resource Planning Use Regulatory
Board
Prof. Ricardo M. Sandalo
(Practicum Coordinator)

Prof. Efraim D. Roxas, EnP

(Field Supervisor)

Prof. Sharon Feliza Ann P. Macagba, EnP

(Field Supervisor)

HUME 198 Practicum Team

Anne Jellie V. Bacani

Team Leader

Diannemar B. Rico Arge Louise Joy S. Esquivel Guillian Oliver B. Naredo

Communications Officer Documentation Officer Finance and Logistics
Officer

Appendix Figure 1. Organizational structure of the practicum team for the

climate and disaster risk assessment in Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro.

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Appendix C: Phasing and Duration (Gantt Chart)

Se

Se

Se

No

No

No
Se

De
De
No
pt

pt

pt

Oc

Oc

Oc

No

De
pt

ve

ve

ve

ce
em

em 2-1

em 9-25

ce
ve
to

to

to

ve
em

Oc

m
PHASES

m
ce

m
m
be

be

be

be

be

be

be

be

be

be
to

be
be

be
r1

r1

r2

be
r1

r1

r2

be
r

r2
be

r1
r5
r6

r7

14

21
r1
6-

0-

7-

4-

r1
r1

8-

2-
-1
-1

-1

-2

-2
30

16

23

31
ACTIVITIES

-6

30

18
-4
8

1
-9
1

7
TOR and TPP Completion
Collection of Secondary Data
Off-Site Preparations Refresher courses on mapping
Climate Impact Chain
Team Building
SITE DEPLOYMENT
Orientation and Courtesy Call and Presentation
Project Presentation of TPP
Data Inventory
Consolidation of Data
Secondary Data Gathering
Consolidation of Data
Digitize exposure maps
Field Work and Field Visit and KII
Data Analysis FGD (Exposure Data Base
Development)
Write-Up
FGD and Scoring
Write Up, Computations

Preparation for Presentation

Mock Field Presentation
Field Presentation
Final presentation Preparation
Final Field Presentation
Integration Period and Departure
Technical and Report Writing
Submission of Report Drafts
Presentation of Technical Report
Revision and Submission of Final Reports
Submission of Scientific Poster

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Appendix D: Budgetary Allocation

Allocation 50 day duration

Expenses
Practicum Team LGU

Cost per Quantity Total Cost per unit Quantity Total Cost
unit (Php) Cost (Php)

A. Personal Requirements

1. Allowance - - - 5,000/week 4 20,000

2.Bills

a. Internet - - - 500/week 4 2,000.00

3.Transportation

a. Los Baños to 300.00 4 1,200.0 - - -

Batangas Pier 0

b. Batangas Pier 224.00 4 896.00 - - -

to Calapan pier

c. Calapan pier 174.00 4 696.00

to Batangas Pier

d. Calapan to 239 4 920

Mansalay

e. Mansalay to 239 4 920

Calapan

c. On-site - - - 850.00 4 3,400.00

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Maintenance

1. Workshop - - - 500.00 4 1,000.00

Materials

2. Food for Final - - - lunch: Php 100 pax 15,000

FGD 150

Snacks: Php 100 pax 500

50

5. Printing & 500.00 7 3,500.0 - - -

Binding (Technical 0
Report)

6. Educational 100.00 7 700.00

Poster

Sub-total 7,216.0 43,516

0

Contingency (10% 721.60 4,351.60

of sub-total)

Total 7,937.6 47,867.60

0

Total amount per 1984.4 11,966.9

practicumer

Grand Total 55,805.20

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Appendix E: Photo-Documentation

Appendix Figure 2. While on the ferry going to Calapan

Appendix Figure 3. Lunch after the TPP Proposal before Sir Ef and Sir Riki went
back to Los Banos

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Appendix Figure 4. On our way to the CDRA Orientation with the Barangay
Captains

Appendix Figure 5. CDRA Orientation at a Beach Resort

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Appendix Figure 6. During our first FGD at Brgy. Wasig

Appendix Figure 7. FGD with Brgy. B. del Mundo Officials at a restaurant

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Appendix Figure 8. FGD with Brgy. Bonbon Officials

Appendix Figure 9. After FGD with Brgy. Sta. Brigida Officials

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Appendix Figure 10. On our way back home from the FGD with Brgy.
Panaytayan Officials

Appendix Figure 11. When we had a chance to talk to a Mangyan in Brgy.

Manaul

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Appendix Figure 12. During our last FGD when the Scoring of Severity of
Consequence was facilitated

Appendix Figure 13. During the visit of our Practicum Supervisors

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Appendix Figure 14. Dinner after the On-site Presentation

Appendix Figure 15. Before going to Buktot Beach to use up our Recreation Day

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