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Transistors - Part 3

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Jimmuel Ordillano
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7 views

Transistors - Part 3

transistor

Uploaded by

Jimmuel Ordillano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Electronics ─ Transistor Load Line Basic Electronics

Analysis

Till now we have discussed different regions of operation for a transistor. But among all
these regions, we have found that the transistor operates well in active region and hence
it is also called as linear region. The outputs of the transistor are the collector current
and collector voltages.

Output Characteristics
When the output characteristics of a transistor are considered, the curve looks as below
for different input values.

In the above figure, the output characteristics are drawn between collector current IC and
collector voltage VCE for different values of base current IB. These are considered here for
different input values to obtain different output curves.

Operating point
When a value for the maximum possible collector current is considered, that point will be
present on the Y-axis, which is nothing but the saturation point. As well, when a value
for the maximum possible collector emitter voltage is considered, that point will be present
on the X-axis, which is the cutoff point.

When a line is drawn joining these two points, such a line can be called as Load line. This
is called so as it symbolizes the output at the load. This line, when drawn over the output
characteristic curve, makes contact at a point called as Operating point.

This operating point is also called as quiescent point or simply Q-point. There can be
many such intersecting points, but the Q-point is selected in such a way that irrespective
of AC signal swing, the transistor remains in active region. This can be better understood
through the figure below.
Basic Electronics

The load line has to be drawn in order to obtain the Q-point. A transistor acts as a good
amplifier when it is in active region and when it is made to operate at Q-point, faithful
amplification is achieved.

Faithful amplification is the process of obtaining complete portions of input signal by


increasing the signal strength.

DC Load line
When the transistor is given the bias and no signal is applied at its input, the load line
drawn at such condition, can be understood as DC condition. Here there will be no
amplification as the signal is absent. The circuit will be as shown below.

The value of collector emitter voltage at any given time will be

𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶
Basic Electronics

As VCC and RC are fixed values, the above one is a first degree equation and hence will be
a straight line on the output characteristics. This line is called as D.C. Load line. The
figure below shows the DC load line.

To obtain the load line, the two end points of the straight line are to be determined. Let
those two points be A and B.

To obtain A

When collector emitter voltage VCE = 0, the collector current is maximum and is equal to
VCC/RC. This gives the maximum value of VCE. This is shown as

𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶

0 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = ⁄𝑅
𝐶

This gives the point A (IC = VCC/RC) on collector current axis, shown in the above figure.

To obtain B

When the collector current IC = 0, then collector emitter voltage is maximum and will be
equal to the VCC. This gives the maximum value of IC. This is shown as

𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶

= 𝑉𝐶𝐶

(As IC = 0)

This gives the point B, which means (VCE = VCC) on the collector emitter voltage axis
shown in the above figure.

Hence we got both the saturation and cutoff point determined and learnt that the load line
is a straight line. So, a DC load line can be drawn.
Example: Determine the Q-point and find the maximum peak value of the base
current for linear operation. Assume DC = 200.

Solution:

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