ME255-Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 5: Fluid Kinematics

Spring 2016
Dr. Adil Loya
Mechanical Engineering
 Outline
• Introduction
• Velocity Field
• Acceleration Field
• Control Volume and System
Representation
• Reynolds Transport Theorem
• Examples
 Fluid Kinematics: Introduction

• Fluids subject to shear, flow

• Fluids subject to pressure imbalance, flow
• In kinematics we are not concerned with
the force, but the motion.
• Thus, we are interested in visualization.
• We can learn a lot about flows from
watching.
 Velocity Field
Continuum Hypothesis: the flow is made of tightly packed fluid particles that
interact with each other. Each particle consists of numerous molecules, and we
can describe velocity, acceleration, pressure, and density of these particles at a
given time.

Velocity Field:
 Velocity Field: Eulerian and Lagrangian
Eulerian: the fluid motion is given by completely describing the necessary
properties as a function of space and time. We obtain information about the
flow by noting what happens at fixed points.
Lagrangian: following individual fluid particles as they move about and
determining how the fluid properties of these particles change as a function of
time.
Measurement of Temperature If we have enough information,
we can obtain Eulerian from
Lagrangian or vice versa.
Eulerian Lagrangian

Eulerian methods are

commonly used in fluid
experiments or analysis—a
probe placed in a flow.

Lagrangian methods can also

be used if we “tag” fluid
particles in a flow.
 Velocity Field: 1D, 2D, and 3D Flows
Most fluid flows are complex three dimensional, time-dependent phenomenon,
however we can make simplifying assumptions allowing an easier analysis or
understanding without sacrificing accuracy. In many cases we can treat the
flow as 1D or 2D flow.
3D Flow Field:
Three-Dimensional Flow: All three velocity components are
important and of equal magnitude. Flow past a wing is complex
3D flow, and simplifying by eliminating any of the three velocities
would lead to severe errors.

Two-Dimensional Flow: In many situations one of the velocity components

may be small relative to the other two, thus it is reasonable in this case to
assume 2D flow.

One-Dimensional Flow: In some situations two of the velocity components

may be small relative to the other one, thus it is reasonable in this case to
assume 1D flow. There are very few flows that are truly 1D, but there are a
number where it is a reasonable approximation.
 Velocity Field: Steady and Unsteady Flows
Steady Flow: The velocity at a given point in space does not vary with time.

Very often, we assume steady flow conditions for cases where there is only
a slight time dependence, since the analysis is “easier”
Unsteady Flow: The velocity at a given point in space does vary with time.
Almost all flows have some unsteadiness. In addition, there are periodic
flows, non-periodic flows, and completely random flows.
Unsteady Flow:
Examples:
Nonperiodic flow: “water hammer” in water pipes.
Periodic flow: “fuel injectors” creating a periodic swirling in the combustion
Flow Visualize:
chamber. Effect occurs time after time.
Random flow: “Turbulent”, gusts of wind, splashing of water in the sink
Steady or Unsteady only pertains to fixed measurements, i.e. exhaust
temperature from a tail pipe is relatively constant “steady”; however, if we
followed individual particles of exhaust they cool!
 Velocity Field: Streamlines

Streamline: the line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field. If the flow is
steady, nothing at a fixed point changes in time. In an unsteady flow the
streamlines due change in time.
Analytically, for 2D flows, integrate the equations defining lines tangent to the
velocity field:

Experimentally, flow visualization with dyes

can easily produce the streamlines for a
steady flow, but for unsteady flows these
types of experiments don’t necessarily
provide information about the streamlines.
 Velocity Field: Streaklines
Streaklines: a laboratory tool used to obtain instantaneous photographs of marked
particles that all passed through a given flow field at some earlier time. Neutrally
buoyant smoke, or dye is continuously injected into the flow at a given location to
create the picture.
If the flow is steady, the picture will look like streamlines (previous video).
If the flow is unsteady, the picture will be of the instantaneous flow field, but will
change from frame to frame, “streaklines”.
 Velocity Field: Pathlines
Pathlines: line traced by a given particle as it flows from one point to another.
This method is a Lagrangian technique in which a fluid particle is marked and
then the flow field is produced by taking a time exposure photograph of its
movement.
If the flow is steady, the picture will look like streamlines (previous video).
If the flow is unsteady, the picture will be of the instantaneous flow field, but will
change from frame to frame, “pathlines”.
 Acceleration Field
Lagrangian Frame:
Eulerian Frame: we describe the acceleration in terms of position and time
without following an individual particle. This is analogous to describing the
velocity field in terms of space and time.

A fluid particle can accelerate due to a change in velocity in time (“unsteady”)

or in space (moving to a place with a greater velocity).
Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative

time dependence
spatial dependence
We note:

Then, substituting:

The above is good for any fluid particle, so we drop “A”:

Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative
Writing out these terms in vector components:

x-direction: Fluid flows experience fairly

large accelerations or
decelerations, especially
y-direction: approaching stagnation
points.
z-direction:

Writing these results in “short-hand”:

where,

,
 Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative
Applied to the Temperature Field in a Flow:

The material derivative of any variable is the rate at which that variable changes
with time for a given particle (as seen by one moving along with the
fluid—Lagrangian description).
 Acceleration Field: Unsteady Effects
If the flow is unsteady, its paramater values at any location may change with
time (velocity, temperature, density, etc.)

The local derivative represents the unsteady portion of the flow:

If we are talking about velocity, then the above term is local acceleration.
In steady flow, the above term goes to zero.

If we are talking about temperature, and V = 0, we still have heat transfer

because of the following term:

0 0 0

=
 Acceleration Field: Unsteady Effects
Consider flow in a constant diameter pipe, where the flow is assumed to be
spatially uniform:

0 0 0
0 0
 Acceleration Field: Convective Effects
The portion of the material derivative represented by the spatial derivatives is
termed the convective term or convective accleration:

It represents the fact the flow property associated with a fluid particle may
vary due to the motion of the particle from one point in space to another.

Convective effects may exist whether the flow is steady or unsteady.

Example 1:
Example 2:

Acceleration = Deceleration
 Control Volume and System Representations
Systems of Fluid: a specific identifiable quantity of matter that may consist of a
relatively large amount of mass (the earth’s atmosphere) or a single fluid
particle. They are always the same fluid particles which may interact with their
surroundings.
Example: following a system the fluid passing through a compressor
We can apply the equations of motion to the fluid mass to describe their
behavior, but in practice it is very difficult to follow a specific quantity of
matter.
Control Volume: is a volume or space through which the fluid may flow, usually
associated with the geometry.

When we are most interested in determining the the forces put on a fan,
airplane, or automobile by the air flow past the object rather than following the
fluid as it flows along past the object.
Identify the specific volume in space and analyze the fluid flow within,
through, or around that volume.
Control Volume and System Representations
Surface of the Pipe

Surface of the Fluid

Fixed Control Volume:

Volume Around The

Engine
Inflow
Fixed or Moving
Control Volume:

Outflow

Deforming Control
Volume:

Outflow Deforming Volume

Reynolds Transport Theorem: Preliminary Concepts
All the laws of governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic form in
terms of a system approach, and not in terms of a control volume.

The Reynolds Transport Theorem allows us to shift from the system approach
to the control volume approach, and back.

General Concepts:

B represents any of the fluid properties, m represent the mass, and b

represents the amount of the parameter per unit volume.
Examples:
Mass b=1
Kinetic Energy b = V2/2
Momentum b = V (vector)

B is termed an extensive property, and b is an intensive property. B is

directly proportional to mass, and b is independent of mass.
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Preliminary Concepts
For a System: The amount of an extensive property can be calculated by
adding up the amount associated with each fluid particle.

Now, the time rate of change of that system:

Now, for control volume:

For the control volume, we only integrate over the control volume, this is
different integrating over the system, though there are instance when
they could be the same.
 Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation
Consider a 1D flow through a fixed control volume between (1) and (2):
System at t2

System at t2 CV, and system at t1

Writing equation in terms of the extensive parameter:

Originally,
At time 2:
Divide by δt:
 Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation
Noting,

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Let,
(1)

Time rate of change of mass within the control volume:

(2)

The rate at which the extensive property flows out of the control surface:
(4)
 Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation
The rate at which the extensive property flows into the control surface:
(3)

Now, collecting the terms:

or

Restrictions for the above Equation:

1) Fixed control volume
2) One inlet and one outlet
3) Uniform properties
4) Normal velocity to section (1) and (2)
 Reynolds Transport Theorem: Derivation
The Reynolds Transport Theorem can be derived for more general conditions.

Result:

This form is for a fixed non-deforming control volume.

Reynolds Transport Theorem: Physical Interpretation

(1) (2) (3)

(1) The time rate of change of the extensive parameter of a system, mass,
momentum, energy.

(2) The time rate of change of the extensive parameter within the control
volume.

(3) The net flow rate of the extensive parameter across the entire control
surface. “outflow across the surface”
“inflow across the surface”
“no flow across the surface”

Mass flow rate:

Reynolds Transport Theorem: Analogous to Material Derivative

Unsteady Portion Convective Portion

Steady Effects:

Unsteady Effects (inflow = outflow):

 Reynolds Transport Theorem: Moving Control Volume
There are cases where it is convenient to have the control volume move. The
most convenient is when the control volume moves with a constant velocity.

Vo = 20i ft/s, V1 = 100i ft/s , Then W = 80i ft/s

Now, in general for a constant velocity control volume:
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Choosing a Control Volume
If we want to know a property at point 1, pressure or velocity for instance:

Good choice, since the point we want to know is on

control surface. Likewise, the values at the inlet and
exit are normal to the surface.

Valid control volume, but the point we want to know is

interior. So, it unlikely we will have enough
information to obtain its value.

Valid control volume, but the surfaces are not normal

to the inlet and outlet.
 Summary

What we have learned so far?

1.Flow kinematics

2.Euler and Langragian techniques of control volume

3.Reynolds Transport theorem

4.Derivation of Reynolds Transport theorem