VARIABLE DC POWER SUPPLY

A CIRCUIT DESIGN REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the degree of Master of Science in Physics.

Submitted To:

DR. MITHLESH KUMARI

Head
Department of Physics
Kanahiya Lal D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Roorkee- 247667

Affiliated to Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar

(A Central University)

Submitted By:

NAMAN SAINI
M.Sc. (Phy.) Sem-III
R. No. 18316343015

Under The Guidance Of:

DR. VANDITA SRIVASTAVA

Assistant Professor
Department of Physics

Session: 2019-20
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First we express our heartiest thanks and gratefulness to almighty God for his divine
blessing makes us possible to complete this project successfully.
We fell grateful to and wish our profound indebtedness to our Supervisor Dr.Vandita
Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physics.
Deep knowledge & keen interest of our supervisor has worked as an influencer to carry
out project. Her endless patience, guidance, continual encouragement, constant and
energetic supervision, constructive criticism and valuable advice have made it possible
to complete this project.
We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Mithlesh Kumari, Head,
Dept. of Physics, for motivation and valuable suggestions time to time.
I pay my sincere thanks to my mentor and project guide Mrs. Renuka Verma, Faculty
(Physics) who rendered the valuable help, expert guidance and healthy suggestions for
completion of this project work. I am also thankful to other faculty member and the staff
of Physics department of our college.
I would like to thank my friends & course-mate, who took part in this project and helped
me a lot while completing the circuit design work.
Lastly, I express my heartily regards to my parents whose blessings have always been
a continuous source of inspiration to engage myself in higher pursuits.

NAMAN SAINI

ANIVESH SHARAMA

RISHABH GUPTA
 ABSTRACT

Here we make a variable DC power supply and the main working principle of this
project is full wave rectification which is done by bridge configuration. Where we
are using 4 diodes and those rectifies the output of the step-down transformer, that
step down the 220 AC volts to 24 AC volts.
In this circuit we use two capacitor, C1 and C2 are used to get constant input to the
regulator. Moreover it also helps to reduce the sharp peaks in the output. The 2200
μF and 470 μF capacitors are used to reduce the noise and ripples produce by the
regulators. So that the regulated output has less ripples.
Here we also using a voltage regulator that gives constant voltage, which gives 6
volts and it is IC LM317 Voltage regulator.
Now the main task is to get variable output and for this we use the pair of voltage
divider resistors Variable resistor 1kΩ & 10kΩ to increase the output of the
regulator and in which resistance is variable. So when we increase or decrease the
value of that resistor the output voltage of the regulator will also change
accordingly and we get a range of 2V to 15V variable voltage.
 CONTENTS

 Objective
 Material Required
 Theory & Working Principle
o Block Description
o Transformer
o Rectifier
o Filter
o Voltage Regulation
 Circuit Diagram
 Calculation
 Fabrication Process
 Results
 References
 OBJECTIVE
1. To design the circuit for variable dc power supply that varies 2v
to 15 v & 2A current using IC LM317.
2. To observe the output to meet the requirement.

MATERIAL REQUIRED

[A] Components
1. Transformer 240v 50 HZ (24v-2A)
2. 4 diode 1N4001 & 2 diode 1N4007
3. 2200µF/50v capacitor
4. 470µF/50v capacitor
5. 0.1µF (104) capacitor
6. 10µF/63V
7. LM317T IC
8. Variable resistor 1kΩ & 10kΩ
9. 2.2KΩ/1W resistor
10. 1 KΩ , 12 KΩ, 220 Ω resistor

[B] Apparatus
1. Power supply
2. Multimeter
3. PCB
4. Connection wires
5. Wire cuter
6. Soldering Iron
 THEORY & WORKING

Process

AC supply Transformer Diode Filter Voltage

230v/50hz (step-down) Rectifier Circuit Regulator

Transformer: -

Transformer + Rectifier: -
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing: - The smooth DC output has a small ripple.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator: - The regulated DC output is

very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.
 Transformer
A Transformer is an equipment used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an
ac supply with a corresponding decrease and increase in current. It essentially
consist of two windings primary and secondary
N1: no. of turns in primary coil
N2: no. of turns in secondary coil
N1< N2 :- Step-up transformer
N1> N2 :- Step-down transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is
AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage (230v) to safer low voltage.

Transformers and their symbol

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle
of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in.
Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary
(input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of
turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

Vp Np power out = power in

Turns ratio = = and
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current Is = secondary (output) current

Rectifier
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The
bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a
rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave
varying DC.
Bridge Rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier
because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections).
 Working of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:-

The Positive Half-cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the
current flows through the load as shown below.

Output of Transformer

The Negative Half-cycle During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and
D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse
biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

Output of
Transformer

Fig: Resultant wave form

Hence, we can say that the bridge wave rectifier give the pulsating DC voltage which
are not suitable for electronics circuit.
Smoothing (Filter): -
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line)
and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the
varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges,
giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply
voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing
capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled
when smoothing half-wave DC
So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is applied to the smoothing
capacitor. This smoothing capacitor reduces the pulsations in the rectifier DC output
voltage.
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronics circuits.
 Voltage Regulation (using IC LM317)

Output from the full wave bridge rectifier is fed to a LM317 regulator IC LM317
provides varied voltage from 1.2V to 35V. Reference voltage of 1.25 V is maintained at
220 ohm Resistor.

The LM317 Voltage Regulator is a 3-terminal adjustable voltage regulator which can
supply an output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to 35V. It can supply more than 1.5A of
load current to a load.
LM317 Pinout
The LM317 Voltage Regulator has 3 pins. Below is the pinout:

Looking from the front of the voltage regulator, the first pin (on the left) is the Adjustable
Pin, the middle is Vout, and the last pin(on the right) is V IN.

VIN - VIN is the pin which receives the incoming voltage which is to be regulated down to a
specified voltage. For example, the input voltage pin can be fed 12V, which the
regulator will regulate down to 10V. The input pin receives the incoming, unregulated
voltage.

Adjustable - The Adjustable pin (Adj) is the pin which allows for adjustable voltage
output. To adjust output, we swap out resistor R2 value for a different resistance. This
creates adjustable voltages.

VOUT - VOUT is the pin which outputs the regulated voltage. For example, the LM317 may
receive 12V as the input and output a constant 10V as output.
LM317 Schematic Diagram
Now that the pins, how do we modify the voltage to that which we want output?
We do this by changing the value of the resistor connected to the Adj pin of the voltage
regulator.
Let's see the schematic is set up:

Here we connect two resistors to the voltage regulator. These resistors determine the
voltage that the voltage regulator adjusts.

Variable resistor ( 10 k Ω) resistor 220 Ω

The voltage that the adjustable regulator outputs is determined by the equation below:

Vout = Vref x {1+ (R/R4)}

 Vref = 1.25V
 R4 is 220Ω
 RV = 10KΩ (variable resistor)
 R = RV x R2 / (RV + R2)

Therefore, you can see based on this formula, that the more the value of resistor R
increases, the greater the voltage output.
This is the advantage of adjustable voltage regulators. You can adjust it to any voltage
within the range that the voltage regulator supports.

CAPACITORS C2 & C3 :-
The capacitors C2 (0.1 uF) and C3(10 uF) are used to clean up the power line. C2 is
optional and it's used to clean up transient response. C3 is needed if the device is far from
any filter capacitors. This capacitors helps smooth out the power supply line in case of
abrupt current spikes.

 C2-0.1uF (Ceramic Capacitor or Mylar Capacitor) reduces noise

Capacitor 10uF

The C4 - 470uF 25V (electrolytic capacitors) acts like a miniature battery that
supplies power during the spike.

Capacitor 470uF
DIODE D6 :-

Diode D6 is used to prevent the 10uF capacitor from discharging into the regulated IC.
The diode D5 and D6 ( both is 1N4007) is the protector from external voltage to reverse
to makes the damage to the IC.
If you put the D6 polarity incorrect, The VR10K will burn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CALCULATION
 FABRICATION PROCESS

Electrical Fabricating, consisting of electrical design i.e. making PCB, soldering, is making
connection correctly etc.

Various Tools & Equipment Needed For Fabrication

SOLDRING WIRE FLUX

Soldring wire flux

MULTIMETER

Wire cutter multimeter

 Soldering
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by
melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal into the joint, the
filler metal having a relative low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized by
the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 400 0 C (7520F). The filler metal
used in the process is called solder.
In a soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joint by capillary action and
to bond to the materials to be joined by wetting action. After the metal cools, the
resulting joints are not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength.

Tips & Tricks

Soldiering is something that needs to be practiced. These tips should help you began
successful so you can stop practicing and get down to some serious building.
1. Keep the iron tip clean. A clean iron tip means better heat conduction and a better
joint. Use a wet sponge to clean the tip between joints.
2. Double check points. It is good idea to check all the soldiers joints with an Ohm
meter after they are cooled. If the joint measures any more than a few tenths of an
ohm, then it may be a good idea to resolder it.
3. Use the proper iron. Remember that bigger joints will take longer to heat up with
an 30W iron than with a 150w Iron.
4. Solder small parts first. Solder resistors , jumper leads, diodes and any other small
parts before you solder larger parts like capacitors and transistors. This makes
assembly much easier.
 RESULTS

We get DC Regulated power supply which can varies through variable resistor
From 1.2 V to 9V
 REFERENCES

[1] Book ‘Encyclopedia of Electronic Components’ by Charles Platt

[2] Book ‘Practical Electronics for Inventors’ by Paul Scherz and Simon Monk
[3] Book ‘Circuit Theory and Analysis’ by Abhijit Chakrabarti
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
[6]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
[7] http://www.electronics-hub.com
[8] http://electronics.stackexchange.com
[9] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html
[10] https://www.eleccircuit.com/lm317-power-supply/
[11] http://www.scribd.com