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1 Exp. 01 Manual

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16 views

1 Exp. 01 Manual

manual

Uploaded by

Tasnim Chaviwala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT No.

1: Manual
TESTS ON A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Name _________________________________________________ ID No.: ____________________________

Sec.No (P1 – P4): ____________ Group No. (1-20): _____________ Marks obtained: ________________

Date of Expt: ___________________ Instructor’s signature: _____________________________

1. Introduction
Equivalent Circuit
Taking into account each winding resistance and leakage reactance, magnetizing current and no-load losses,
a transformer can be represented by the equivalent circuit shown in Fig.1.1. The equivalent circuit, though
approximate, is quite accurate for practical purposes.

Fig.1.1 Equivalent circuit of transformer


The parallel branch parameters are 𝐺𝑖 and 𝐵𝑚 . The series branch parameters are 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2′ and 𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋1 +
𝑋2′. Here, 𝑅1 and 𝑋1 are resistance and leakage (inductive) reactance of the primary winding, and 𝑅2′ and 𝑋2′ are
the resistance and leakage (inductive) reactance of the secondary winding referred to the primary side.

2. Objective:
a. To determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer, and
b. To estimate the performance characteristics (efficiency and voltage regulation).

3. Name plate ratings of the transformer and autotransformer to be tested:

Transformer Auto-transformer

Name plate rating

Sr. No.
4. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format)

Sr. No. Meter Type/Range Sr. No.

1. Voltmeter (OCT)

2. Ammeter (OCT)

3. Wattmeter (OCT)

4. Voltmeter (SCT)

5. Ammeter (SCT)

6. Wattmeter (SCT)

Note: In O.C. test, voltage applied is rated while current drawn is 5-8% of full-load current.
In S.C. test, full-load current is drawn while the voltage applied is 5-8% of rated-voltage.

5. Circuit Diagrams

(a) Circuit diagram (b) Equivalent circuit


Fig.1.2 O.C. Test; conducted from LV side

(a) Circuit diagram (b) Equivalent circuit


Fig.1.3 S.C. Test; conducted from HV side
6. Methodology
The parameters of the equivalent circuit of Fig.1.1 can be determined by the non–loading tests.
Open Circuit Test – for determining shunt parameters (𝐺𝑖 and 𝐵𝑚 )
Short Circuit Test – for determining series parameters (𝑅𝑒𝑞 and 𝑋𝑒𝑞 )
(a.) Voltage ratio (≈ turns ratio) Test
Now, temporarily connect a voltmeter (of appropriate rating) on HV side (open) and record V2.
𝑉
Then, voltage ratio (≈ turns ratio) = 𝑉2
1

(b.) Open Circuit (O.C.) Test


Connect the transformer as in Fig.1.2 (a), keeping the HV side open and LV side to be excited from mains.
Switch on the mains and take the following readings.

OC Test (HV open circuit, readings from LV side)


Voc (V) Ioc (A) Woc (W)

115 V

(c.) Short-Circuit
Conduct the test from HV side with LV short-circuited as in the diagram of Fig.1.3 (a). To circulate full–
load current through the transformer, reduced voltage of about 5 -8% of the rated voltage is needed. This
supply is obtained from a variac.
Turn the variac wheel to zero voltage output position and then switch on the supply for the transformer
under test. Raise the variac voltage gradually till input current to transformer reaches it’s full –load value.
Record meter readings.
SC Test (LV short circuit, readings from HV side)
Vsc (V) Isc (A) Wsc (W)

4.35 A

7. Calculations:
(a.) Calculations for the parameters of the equivalent circuit
From the open circuit test data: Calculate the parallel branch parameters (referred to LV side)
𝐼𝑜𝑐 𝑊𝑜𝑐
𝑌0 = , 𝐺𝑖 = 2 , 𝐵𝑚 = √𝑌02 − 𝐺𝑖2
𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑐

From the short circuit test data: Calculate the series branch parameters (referred to HV side)
𝑉𝑠𝑐 𝑊𝑠𝑐 2 − 𝑅2 .
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = , 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2 , 𝑋𝑒𝑞 = √𝑍𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞
𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐
(b.) Calculations for Efficiency vs. Load characteristic at 0.8 power factor lag
Given: the rated apparent power of the transformer = 1000 VA
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉𝐴
Assume, the loading factor = 𝑘 = and the power factor = 𝑝𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ), where θ is the power
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝐴

factor angle.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
Efficiency (in %), η = × 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛

Output power, Pout = k × (rated VA) × (pf) = k(1000)(0.8)


Input Power, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Total loss, 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑊𝑜𝑐 + 𝑘 2 𝑊𝑠𝑐
Iron loss (constant loss), 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑊𝑜𝑐 and copper loss (variable loss), 𝑃𝐶𝑢 = 𝑘 2 𝑊𝑠𝑐 .
(c.) Calculations for Maximum Efficiency:
A transformer works at its maximum efficiency for a given power factor, when
Iron loss (constant loss) = copper loss (variable loss), that is, 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝐶𝑢 .
𝑊
Thus, the loading at which maximum efficiency occurs can be calculated as 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒𝑓𝑓 = √ 𝑊𝑜𝑐
𝑠𝑐

Now, the loading (in VA) corresponding to the maximum efficiency = 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝐴)
Let (given value of the) power factor = pf
𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝐴)(𝑝𝑓)
Maximum efficiency (in %), η𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘 (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝐴)(𝑝𝑓)+2𝑊𝑜𝑐
× 100.
𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒𝑓𝑓

(d.) Regulation vs. Power factor


Determine the following on HV side
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝐴 1000
Rated voltage, V𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 230 V, Rated current, 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = =
230

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = , 𝑋𝑒𝑞 =
For a given power factor = pf
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ)+𝑋𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ))
Regulation (for lagging power factor), (in %) = × 100
𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ)−𝑋𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ))


Regulation (for leading power factor), (in %) = × 100
𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

Determine the power factor corresponding to zero voltage regulation.


8. RESULTS AND GRAPHS:
Draw: (a) Estimated efficiency vs. output, at 0.8 power factor lag.
(b) Estimated regulation vs. power factor.
a. Maximum efficiency =
Load at which maximum efficiency occurs =
b. Power factor at which regulation is zero =

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