1

INTRODUCTION
2
" AHybridvehicle is a combination of two power (energy) sources
"3 "Possible combinations are
" Diesel/electric
Gasoline/electric
Gasoline/fly wheel
5
"The vehicle must have at least two modes of propulsion

8
 cooE UAVAUALE

Drvehaft

Pure Electrical Battery MG

Whels

Coatrol
System Batery

Hybrid f-Electnal Pouar

GasoLine
MG Trans
Enpae

Drvekaf

Pure Gasoline Gasolune

Tras
Enpne
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"HEVs are a
combination of electrical and
mechanical components
" The source of electricity could
" Electrochemical batteries
beacombination of
" Fuel cells
" Capacitors
The batteries have two boundaries or
limitations in EVs or HEVs
Minimum allowed State of Charge
Minimum voltage allowed
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ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

"There is a growingpresence of global warmingand irreversible climate
change with the developing modern culture and technology
" Countries have grown concern about the enormous carbon footprint growth
in recent years and are taking drastic steps to cut down the emissions by
promising their carbon neutral oaths (or call it a hypocritic oath)
" Accordingto various reports, cars and trucks are responsible for almost
25% of C0, emission andother major transportation methods account for
another 12%
" Cost is also a big environment and economic issue for the green
technology development and eradication of the existing system
" Automobile companies are switching to electric vehicles in an attempt to
promote green technology (another hypocritic approach for money making)
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Before continuing for the economic and environmental analysis in the life cycle of
an electricor hybrid vehicle, it is important to note that the analysis is done on
following
" Types of vehicles
1. Conventional gasoline vehicle (gasoline fuel and ICE)
2. Hybrid vehicle (gasoline fuel, electrical drive, and large rechargeable battery)
3. Electric vehicle (high-capacity electrical battery and electrical drive/generator)
4. Hydrogen fuel cellvehicle (high-pressure hydrogen fuel tank, fuel cell, electrical drive)
5. Hydrogen internal combustion vehicle (high-pressure hydrogen fuel tankand ICE)
6. Ammonia-fueled vehicle (liquid ammonia fuel tank, ammonia thermo-catalytic
decomposition and separation unit to generate pure hydrogen, hydrogen-fueled ICE)

" Different stages of the life cycles they go through

1. The extraction of natural resources to produce materials
2. Endingwith conversion of the energy stored onboard the vehicle into mechanical
energy for vehicle displacement
3. Other purposes (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.)
Economical Analysis
"The parameters characterising the economic aspects of a vehicle are
Vehicle price
Fuel cost
Driving range
Maintenance cost
Price of battery
Vehicle type Fuel Type Initial Price (Rs.) Specific fuel Price
(Rs./km) Driving Range (km) Changes During
Vehicle Life cycle
Conventional Gasoline 13,00,000 100 540 1x0 1

Hybrid Gasoline 17,00,000 60 930 1x102

Electric Electricity 35,70,000 30 164 2x 15
Fuel cell
Hydrogen 85,00,000 58 355 1x01
H2-1CE Hydrogen 51,00,000 285 300 1x0 1
NH3-H2-ICE Ammonia 34,00,000 220 430 1x01
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Environmental Analysis
"Two environmental impact elements are accounted for in the
WAir pollution (AP)
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
"The main GHGs are CO,, CH,, N,0, and SF.(sulfur hexafluoride), which have GHG
impactweighting coefficients relative to CO, of 1,21,310, and 24,900, respectively
" For AP the airborne pollutants CO, NO, SO,, and VOCs are assigned the
following
weighting coefficients: 0.017, 1, 1.3, and 0.64, respectively
The vehicle production stage contributes to the total life cycle
impact through the pollution associated with environmental
"The extraction and processing of material resources
" Manufacturing
"The vehicle disposalstage
" Additional sources of GHG and AP emissions are
associated with the fuel
production and utilization stages
 Electricity Description of Electricity generatlon GHG emission (e) AP cInission
generation Scenario (2)
scenario
1 Electricity produced = 100%o (Renewable 5.11 0 195
Energy + Nuclear Energy)
2 Electricity produced = (50% Renewable 77.5 0.296
Energy + 50°% Natural gas)
3
Electricity produced= 100% Natural Gas 149.9 0.573

Table showing the polutant content from the energy required for
hydrogen compression to be provided by electricty
Fuel GHG eInissions, g AP emissions, g
Hydrogen from natural gas
Scenariol 78.5
0.0994
Scenario2 82.1 0 113
Scenario 3 85.7 0.127
Environmental impact associated with vehicle Overall Life cycle and Fuel Utilization State
Fuel utlization stage Overalllife cycle
Vehicle type GHG emissions AP emissions GHG emissions AP eiusSiOns
(kg/100 km) (kg/100 kn) (kg/100 kum) (kg/100 km)
Conventional 19.9 0.0564 214 0.06
Hybrid 11.6 0.0328 13.3 0.037
Electric-Sl 0.343 0.00131 2.31 0.00756
Electric-S2 S.21 0.0199 7.18 0.0262
Electric-S3 10.1 0.0385 12 0.0448
Fuel Cell -Si 10.2 0.0129 14.2 0.0306
Fuel Cell -s2 10.6 0.0147 14.7 0.0324
Fuel Cell -s3 11.1 0.0165 15.2 0.0342
H2-ICE 10 0.014 11.5 0.018
NH3-H2-ICE 0.014 14 0.017
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6 8 10 12
25

Km)
(Kg/100 Emksion
(Kg/100km)
AP
AP Emsson
Oveall Lifegyce GHG Emsson
Emission
15 Oveall Lifecyce

GHG10
GHGEmssson -Fuel
Utlation Stage

APEmasson -Fuel
ConventioHybrid
nal Electric-SIElectric-Ss2Electric-S3SICell
Fuel FuelUnlzation
-s2
Cell Fuel Stage H2-1CE NH3-H2-1CE
-S3
Cell
Results of technical-economical-environmentai CODEUNYABE

Analysis
"The economics and environmental impact associated with use of an
electric car depends significantly on the source of the electricity:
If electricity is generated from renewable energy sources, the electric car is
advantageous to the hybrid vehicle
If the electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the electric car
remains
competitive only if the electricity is generated onboard
" If the electricity isgenerated with an efficiencyof 50-60% bya gas
connected to a high-capacity battery and electric motor, the electricturbine
car is
engine
Superior in many respects
" For electricity-generation scenarios 2 and 3, using
ammonia as a means to store
hydrogen onboardavehicle is the best option among those analyzed
 LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS
OF ELECTRIC VS. COMBUSTION ENGINE VEHICLES
Life cycle emissions refer to the emissions associated with the production, use, and
disposal of a product. Expressed in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tC0;e), here
is how they differed for electric, hybrid, and combustion engine vehicles in 2021.

Battery Electric Hybrid Electric Internal Combustion

Vehicle Vehicle Engine Vehicle
Production
Emissions
Battery 5 1
Manufacturing tCOhe
Production emissions
for battery EVs are
40% higher than
hybrid and combustion
Vehicle 9 engine vehicles. 9 10
Manufacturing tCO:e 1COe 1CO:e

Use Phaso
Emissions

Fuel/Electricity
Production
26 12 13
tCO:e tCO:e tCOe

Decarbonizing the
electricity sector can
reduce the use phase
emissions of battery
electric vehicles.

Tailpipe 24 32
Emissions 1COe tCOa0

Maintenance 1 1cOe tCOe

Post Consumer
This stage represents Emissions
-2 -1 emission "credits" associated
End-of-life tCOe
with recycling vehicles.

Total

39 47 55
tCOe tCOe 1C0%e

Each vehicle segment displays life cycle emissions for a medium-sized vehicle over 16 years and 240,000 km.
Numbers may not sdd up due to rounding

ELEMENTS Source: Polestar and Rivian Pathway Report (2023) ELEMENTS.VISUALCAPITALISTcOM

Why EVs and HEVs are still a problem
"Spodumene mineral ore for lithium requires incalculable amount of
mining
1ton of lithium needs 19lacs litres of water
"The extraction of lithium metal from its ore has significant impact on the
environment and human lives
"Other metals that are used for producing batteries are
" Nickel
Cobalt
"Graphite
" Rare earth elements
" For electric motors
Neodymium(Nd)
pysprosium (Dy)