LITERA03Z

Living in the Information Technology Era

LIVING IN THE
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
ERA

| WEEK 4
EVOLUTION OF THE
INTERNET
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

THE BEGINNINGS OF ELECTRONIC MAILBOX

Electronic communications were originally
stored on a single mainframe computer
device. Each person working on the computer
would have a personal folder, so sending that
person a message required nothing more
than creating a new document in that
person’s folder.
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

THE BEGINNINGS OF ELECTRONIC MAILBOX

Computer programmer Ray Tomlinson is
credited with inventing the naming system we
have today, by using the @ symbol to denote
the server or host, from the previous section. In
other words, [email protected] will tell the
host to drop the message into the folder
belonging to “name.”
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

THE BEGINNINGS OF ELECTRONIC MAILBOX

Tomlinson is credited with writing the first
network email using his program SNDMSG in
1971. This invention of a simple standard for e-
mail is often known as one of the most
important factors in the rapid spread of the
Internet, and is still one of the most widely
used Internet services.
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

HYPERTEXT: WEB 1.0

Tim Berners-Lee, an Oxford University graduate and
software engineer at CERN, came up with the
concept of using a new kind of protocol to exchange
documents and knowledge through the local CERN
network in 1989. He developed a new language
called hypertext markup language instead of
moving standard text-based documents (HTML)
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

HYPERTEXT: WEB 1.0

Berners-Lee used the name hypertext transfer
protocol for this new language because it needed a
new communication protocol for computers to
interpret it by a browser, which turns the HTML files
into readable web pages. The browser that Berners-
Lee created, called World Wide Web, was a
combination browser-editor, allowing users to view
other HTML documents and create their own.
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

HYPERTEXT: WEB 1.0

In 1991, the same year that Berners-Lee created his
web browser, the Internet connection service Q-Link
was renamed America Online, or AOL for short. This
service would eventually grow to employ over 20,000
people, on the basis of making Internet access
available based on just about any subject, and it
only required a dial-up modem, a device that
connects any computer to the Internet via a
telephone line and the telephone line itself.
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

HYPERTEXT: WEB 1.0

AOL incorporated two technologies like chat

rooms and Instant Messenger into a single
program along with a web browser. Chat
rooms allowed many users to type live
messages to a room full of people, while
Instant Messenger allowed two users to
communicate privately via text-based
messages.
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

THE EARLY DAYS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

One of the Internet’s largest and most revolutionary
changes has come about through social
networking. Because of Twitter, we can now see
what all our friends are doing in real time; because
of blogs, we can consider the opinions of complete
strangers who may never write in traditional print;
and because of Facebook, we can find people we
haven’t talked to for decades, all without making a
single awkward telephone call.
 EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

THE EARLY DAYS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Recent years have seen an explosion of new

content and services; although the phrase
“social media” now seems to be
synonymous with websites like Facebook
and Twitter, it is worthwhile to consider all
the ways a social media platform affects
the Internet experience.
THE
INVENTION
OF THE
INTERNET
CONCEPT OF
WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY Nikola Tesla toyed with the idea of a
“world wireless system” in the early
1900s, and visionary thinkers like Paul
Otlet and Vannevar Bush conceived
of mechanized, searchable storage
systems of books and media in the
1930s and 1940s.
CONCEPT OF
WIRELESS Still, the first practical schematics for
the internet would not arrive until the
TECHNOLOGY early 1960s, when MIT’s J.C.R. Licklider
popularized the idea of an
“Intergalactic Network” of computers.
Shortly thereafter, computer scientists
developed the concept of “packet
switching,” a method for effectively
transmitting electronic data that
would later become one of the major
building blocks of the internet.
ARPANET
The first workable prototype of the
Internet came in the late 1960s with
the creation of ARPANET, or the
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network. Originally funded by the U.S.
Department of Defense, ARPANET used
packet switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate on a
single network.
ARPANET On October 29, 1969, ARPAnet
delivered its first message: a “node-
to-node” communication from one
computer to another. (The first
computer was located in a research
lab at UCLA and the second was at
Stanford; each one was the size of a
small house.)

The message—“LOGIN”—was short

and simple, but it crashed the
fledgling ARPA network anyway: The
Stanford computer only received the
note’s first two letters.
ARPANET

After scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton

Cerf introduced Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet Protocol, or
TCP/IP, a communications model that
set standards for how data could be
transmitted between different
networks in the 1970s, the technology
continued to advance.
ARPANET ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1,
1983, and from there researchers
began to assemble the “network of
networks” that became the modern
Internet. The online world then took on
a more recognizable form in 1990,
when computer scientist Tim Berners-
Lee invented the World Wide Web.
While it’s often confused with the
internet itself, the web is actually just
the most common means of
accessing data online in the form of
websites and hyperlinks.
INTERNET OF THINGS
 INTERNET OF THINGS

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an

extension of connectivity into a
broader range of our environment
which enables greater data insights,
analytics and control capabilities of
our world.

IoT, is the idea of connecting any

computer to the Internet and other
connected devices. The IoT is a giant
network of connected things and
people, all of which collect and share
data about the way they are used and
about the environment around them.
 MILESTONES OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS

The term IoT began to be used in

mainstream publications like “The
Guardian” and “Scientific American”
by 2003-2004. In the same period RFID
deployed by the US department of
Defence and by Walmart in its stores.

The United Nations International

Telecommunications Union
acknowledged the impact of IoT in its
report in 2005. It predicted that IoT will
help create an entirely new dynamic
network of networks.
 MILESTONES OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS

In March 2008, the first IoT conference

was held at Zurich. It brought together
researchers and practitioners from
both academia and industry to
facilitate sharing of knowledge. In the
same year, the US National
Intelligence Council included internet
of things as one of the six disruptive
civil technologies.
 MILESTONES OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS

In its 2011 white paper, Cisco Internet

Business Solutions Group (CIBSG) said
that internet of things can truly be said to
be born between 2008 and 2009 when
the number of things connected to the
internet exceeded the number of people
connected to it. CIBSG calculated that
the things to people ratio grew from
approximately 0.8 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.

Together with the white paper, Cisco

released many educational materials on
the topic and started marketing
initiatives to attract clients looking to
adopt IoT.
CHALLENGES FACING THE
INTERNET OF THINGS
 On the Internet, security is a critical
problem, and it is likely the most
significant obstacle for the IoT.

When you increase the number of

connected devices, the number of
opportunities to exploit vulnerabilities
through poorly designed devices can
expose user’s data to theft, especially
when the data streams are left with
inadequate protection.

In certain cases, it may even harm the

safety and health of people.
SECURITY
 When it comes to privacy, the Internet
of Things poses some interesting
problems, many of which go way
beyond the existing data privacy
concerns. Much of this is because of
the trouble integrating devices into
the environments without people
using them consciously.

PRIVACY
 Smart TVs are now equipped with
vision and voice recognition
software. These features can listen
continuously to conversations or look
for activity and transmit data
selectively to cloud services for
processing. Third parties can be
included in these cloud services on
occasion. The collection of all this
information faces a number of
regulatory and legal challenges.

PRIVACY
 The lack of recorded or common best
practices has had a much more
significant effect on Internet of Things
devices than merely restricting their
growth and potential.

STANDARDS
 An absence of standards may well
enable inappropriate behavior by IoT
devices. Developers can design
products that operate in a variety of
disruptive ways online without
regard to their impact if there are no
appropriate standards to direct and
regulate them.

STANDARDS
 If they are configured or designed
poorly, these devices may have
negative consequences for networking
resources they connect to and, in the
broader picture, the Internet itself. Cost
constraints, as well as the need to
produce products and bring them to
market before rivals, are to blame for
all of this.

STANDARDS
 The Internet of Things, including
anonymity, is surrounded by a slew of
legal and regulatory issues. This also
needs some thoughtful consideration.

REGULATIONS
 The potential for civil rights abuses as
a result of law enforcement monitoring
isn't the only legal problem with Internet
of Things devices. Other issues that
must be considered are cross-border
data flow, legal liability when it comes
to unintended use, privacy lapses, and
security breaches.

REGULATIONS
 Furthermore, technology advances at a
much faster rate than regulatory
policies, and the agencies in charge of
establishing and enforcing IoT
regulations are unable to keep up.

REGULATIONS
 The wide spectrum of IoT issues will not
be limited to developed nations. In fact,
the IoT has a lot of promise when it
comes to delivering economic and
social benefits for developing and
emerging economies.

DEVELOPMENT
 To take advantage of the potential of
IoT, less-developed regions would need
to address policy requirements,
technological capability requirements,
and business readiness, just like the
rest of the world.

DEVELOPMENT
HYPERCONNECTIVITY
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

Anabel Quan-Haase and Barry Wellman

coined the phrase "connection to multiple
sources of information across various
devices and online affordances," which is
used here to refer to the connection to
multiple sources of information across
various devices and online affordances.
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

Use of multiple means of communications

such as instant messaging, phones, Web
2.0, Web 3.0, and other communication
methods.
HYPERCONNECTIVITY
IMPACT ON SOCIETY

Within living memory, telephone service has

been disconnected from the overhead
wires. Computers have evolved from being
housed in climate-controlled environments
to being carried in our pockets.
HYPERCONNECTIVITY
IMPACT ON SOCIETY

Video has migrated from our living rooms to

the same computers. Traditional media has
been surpassed by social media. The cloud
has recently emerged practically overhead,
allowing vast quantities of data and
software to be accessed from anywhere
with a broadband link.
 ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

The result of this increasingly accelerated

communications evolution is that today we
are faced with the phenomenon of
hyperconnectivity. The term refers not only
to the myriad means of communication
and interaction, but also to its impact on
both personal and organizational behavior.
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

ALWAYS ON
Broadband and ubiquitous mobile
devices enable people to be connected
to family, work, friends, avocations,
obsessions, and more 24/7.
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

READILY ACCESSIBLE
A universe of mobile devices and
personal computers links people and
organizations together; these
connections are increasingly available
at any time and in any location.
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

INFORMATION RICH
Websites, search engines, social media,
and 24-hour news and entertainment
channels ensure that information is
always on hand, beyond anyone’s
capacity to consume.
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

INTERACTIVE
Hyperconnectivity ensures that
everyone can offer input on just about
everything.
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

NOT JUST
ABOUT PEOPLE
Hyperconnectivity includes
people-to-machine and machine-to-
machine communications, supporting the
development of what has been termed the
Internet of Things.
ATTRIBUTES OF
HYPERCONNECTIVITY

ALWAYS RECORDING
Service records, virtually unlimited
storage capacities, miniaturized video
cameras, global positioning systems,
sensors, and more. Ensure that a large
portion of everyone’s daily activities
and communications are part of a
semi-permanent record.