1.

SCREW GAUGE

AIM
1) To measure the diameter of a wire body and hence calculate its Volume
2) To measure the thickness and area of a glass plate and hence calculate its Volume
APPARATUS
The Screw Gauge, scale, graph paper , the given wire and given glass plate etc.

THEORY
Dimensions Measured = PSR + (Corrected HSR x LC)
Pitch
Where L C =
Total number of divisions on the head scale
The LC of the Screw Gauge is the distance through which the screw advances when
it is rotated through one division of the head scale. The Pitch of the screw is the distance through
which the screw advances in one complete rotation of the head scale

Volume of the wire V= πr2l

d
where radius of the wire r = where d is the diameter of the sphere and l is the
2
length of the wire
Volume of the Glass Plate = area x thickness

OBSERVATIONS

Value of One Pitch Scale Division = mm

Distance Moved
Pitch of the screw P= = mm
Number of Rotations

Number of Divisions on the head scale N=

Pitch
Least Count LC = = mm
N

Zero Coincidence = Divisions Zero Correction = Divisions

Dimensions Sl Pitch Scale Observed Head Corrected Head Total Reading Mean
Measured No Reading Scale Reading Scale Reading PSR +
(PSR) mm (HSR) (Corr. HSR) (Corr. HSR x LC) mm
1
2
Diameter of
the Wire 3
4
5
6
1
Thickness
2
of the Glass
Plate 3
4
5
6

Length of the Wire l= cm = m

Area of the Glass Plate from the graph A = mm2 = m2

CALCULATIONS:

a) To find the Volume of the wire

Length of the Wire l= cm = m

d
Radius of the Wire r= = mm = m
2
Volume of the Wire V= = m3
b) To find the Volume of the Glass Plate
Thickness of the Glass Plate t = cm = m
Area of the Glass Plate A = cm2 = m2
Volume of the Glass Plate V =A x t = m3 = m3

RESULTS:
1. Volume of the given Wire = m3

2. Volume of the given Glass Plate = m3

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2.VOLUME OF A SOLID SPHERE USING VERNIER CALIPER

AIM To determine the VOLUME of a solid sphere of known mass

using Vernier caliper

APPARATUS REQUIRED Vernier caliper, Solid sphere

FORMULA Volume of the sphere = 4/3 ii R3

R → Radius of the sphere in metre

DIAGRAM

15 20
0 5 10 15 20 25 0

0 5 10

Vernier Caliper

Main Scale

0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 0
5 10 5 10 5 10
(a) No error (b) +ve error (c) –ve error
Vernier Scale of +0.03 cm of -0.06 cm

0 1 2 3 4

0 5 10

(d) Vernier reading

A model reading
MSR = 2.2 cm ; VSC = 4 divisions;
Reading = [2.2 cm+(4x0.01cm)] = 2.24 cm

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PROCEDURE
� The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and error if found is to be noted.
� The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main scale reading
(MSR )is noted.
� Vernier scale division which coincides with some main scale division ( VSC ) is noted. Multiply
this VSC by least count (LC) gives Vernier scale reading ( VSR ).
� Add MSR with VSR. This will be the diameter of the sphere.
� Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the average value
of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere R is calculated.
� Using the known value of R Volume of the sphere is calculated.

LEAST COUNT ( LC )
One main scale division (MSD) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm
Number of Vernier scale divisions = ......

Least Count ( LC ) = 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)

Total Vernier scale divisions
= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm

OBSERVATIONS
Zero error =
Zero correction (Z . C) = Zero error × LC
Vernier Diameter of the sphere = 2R
MSR VSR = (VSC × LC) TR = (MSR +VSR)
Sl.No. coincidence correct reading = (TR ± Z.C)
× 10 m
−2
× 10−2m × 10−2m
VSC (div) × 10−2m
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mean diameter 2R = . . . . . . . . . . . . m
Radius of the sphere R = . . . . . . . . . . . . m
R= ........... m

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CALCULATION

RESULT
The Volume of the sphere using
Vernier caliper

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 3.Helical Spring I
Aim:
1. To find the spring constant of the given Helical Spring using Load - Extension method also
to determine the mass of the given body.
2. To draw the load extension graph of a helical spring and determine the spring constant from
graph
Apparatus:
Helical spring Apparatus, weight hanger with slotted
weight, unknown mass etc.

Principle:

(For Aim 1)
According to Hooke's Law, Load is proportional to the Extension.

Load M
Spring Constant K= =( ) g
Extension L

where M is the mass suspended, g is the acceleration due to gravity at the place and L is the
extension.

If l is the extension produced for the unknown mass m,

M
unknown mass = ( )l
L

(For Aim 2)

According to Hooke's Law, Load is proportional to

the Extension.

From the graph

Load AB
Spring Constant K= =( )g
Extension BC
where g is the acceleration due to gravity at
the place
Observations:

Sl Mass Suspended in Reading of the Pointer on (cm) Extension

N the Helical Spring Loading Unloading Mean L= (r-r0) cm
o (gm)
1 m0
2 m0 +50
3 m0 +100
4 m0 +150
5 m0 +200
Calculations:
M AB
From graph ( ) = = g/cm = g/cm
L BC
= kg/m
Spring constant from graph
M
K= g = N/m= N/m
L

Results:
1. Spring Constant of the Helical Spring

2. Spring Constant of the Helical Spring (From graph) =

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4 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDULUM

AIM 
To measure the acceleration due to gravity using a simple
pendulum

APPARATUS REQUIRED Retort stand, pendulum bob, thread, meter scale, stop watch.

 L 
FORMULA Acceleration due to gravity g  4 2  2  (m s-2 )
T 
where T → Time period of simple pendulum (second)

g → Acceleration due to gravity (metre sec-2)



L → Length of the pendulum (metre)



DIAGRAM

º


A C

PROCEDURE
� Attach a small brass bob to the thread.
� Fix this thread on to the stand.
� 
Measure the length of the pendulum from top of the suspension hook to the middle of the
bob of the pendulum. Record the length of the pendulum in the table given below.

� Note down the time (t) taken for 10 oscillations using stop watch.

t
� The period of oscillation T = is calculated.
10
�  the experiment for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’ . Find acceleration due to
Repeat
gravity g using the given formula.

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OBSERVATIONS To find the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’

Time taken for 10 oscillations t (s)

Period of
Length of the oscillation L
pendulum L T2
T2
(metre) Trial 1 Trial 2 Average t
T= (s2)
10 m s-2
(s)

Mean L/T2 =
MODEL GRAPH
Time T2 (sec2)

∆y

∆x
∆y T2
Slope = =
∆x L

Length ‘ L’ (metres)

y T 2
slope   ; 1/slope = L/T2
x L
RESULT
The acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ determined using simple pendulum is found to be
i) By calculation = . . . . . . . . . m s-2
ii) By graph = . . . . . . . . . m s-2

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5. STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A

GIVEN WIRE UNDER CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER
AIM 
To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire
under constant tension using a sonometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED Sonometer, six tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale,
rubber pad, paper rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses,
wooden bridges

FORMULA 
The frequency n of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string

1 T
is given by n = Hz
2l m
a) For a given m and fixed T.
1
nµ (or) nl = constant
l

n → Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of

where 
the string (Hz)

m → Mass per unit length of the string ( kg m–1 )



→ Length of the string between the wedges (m)

l 

T → Tension in the string (including the mass of the


hanger) = Mg ( N )

M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg)



DIAGRAM

Wedge

Steel wire

Mass hanger

Load

SONOMETER - STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH

OF A GIVEN WIRE UNDER CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER

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PROCEDURE
� 
Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure minimum
friction

� 
Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger. Keep a small paper rider over the
wire, between the two bridges.

� 
Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad and place it over the
sonometer,by its stem.

� 
Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the vibrating sound of the
wire is maximum

� 
when the frequency of vibration is in resonance with the frequency of the tuning fork, the
paper rider falls down.

� The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meter scale. It is
called as resonant length.
� 
Repeat the above procedure for tuning forks of different frequencies by keeping the same
load in the hanger.

OBSERVATIONS

Tension (constant) on the wire (mass suspended from the hanger including its own mass)
T = (mass suspended × 9.8) N

Variation of frequency with length

Resonant
Frequency of the tuning fork ‘n ‘ ( Hz ) length ‘l’ nl
× 10−2 m

n1 =

n2 =

n3 =

n4 =

n5 =

n6 =

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GRAPH:

y y

l–1 (m–1)
l (m)

x x
n ( Hz  n ( Hz 
Graph 1: Relation between frequency and length Graph 2: Relation between frequency and inverse of length

Sonometer - study of relation between

length of the given wire and tension for a
consant frequency

CALCULATION
The product nl for all the tuning forks remain constant (last column in the table)

RESULT

• For a given tension, the resonant length of a given stretched string varies as reciprocal of
1
the frequency (i.e., n µ )
l
• The product nl is a constant and found to be _______ (Hz m)

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6. STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF THE GIVEN WIRE AND

TENSION FOR A CONSTANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER
AIM 
To study the relationship between the length of a given wire and
tension for constant frequency using a sonometer

APPARATUS REQUIRED Sonometer, tuning fork of known frequency, meter scale, rubber
pad, paper rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden
bridges.

FORMULA 
The frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is
given by,

1 T
n= Hz
2l m
If n is a constant, for a given wire (m is constant)

T
is constant.
l

n → Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of a

where 
string (Hz)

m → Mass per unit length of string (kg m–1)



T → Tension in the string (including the mass of the


hanger) = Mg (N)

→ Length of the string between the wedges (metre)

l 

M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (kg)



DIAGRAM

Wedge

Steel wire

Mass hanger

Load

STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF THE GIVEN WIRE AND

TENSION FOR A CONSTANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER

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PROCEDURE
� 
Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure that it has
minimum friction.

� 
Keep a small paper rider on the wire,between the bridges.

� Place a mass of 1 kg for initial reading in the mass hanger.

� 
Now, strike the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A and then slowly adjust
the position of the bridge B till the paper rider is agitated violently and might eventually fall
due to resonance.

� 
Measure the length of the wire between wedges at A and B which is the fundamental mode
corresponding to the frequency of the tuning fork.

� Increase the load on the hanger in steps of 0.5 kg and each time find the resonating length
as done before with the same tuning fork.

� Record the observations in the tabular column.

MODEL GRAPH

y
l2 (cm2)

x
T (N)
Relation between tension T (N) and length l2 (cm2)

OBSERVATIONS
Frequency of the tuning fork = ________ Hz

Variation of resonant length with tension

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Mass M Tension T=Mg Vibrating length l

Sl.No. T
(kg) (N) T (m)
l
l

CALCULATION
T
Calculate the value for the tension applied in each case.
l

RESULT
• T he resonating length varies as square root of tension for a given frequency of vibration
of a stretched string.
T
• is found to be a constant.
l

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