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Lecture 2

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Mohamed Soliman
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7 views

Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Mohamed Soliman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

The earth well

works like a battery

E = -K log (aw/amf)
E is in millivolts
aw= water activity
amf= mud filtrate
activity

Ion flow is easier


in permeable
sandstones
Spontaneous Potential
Log Example

Guide to Petrophysical Interpretation


© 1995, 2000, 2003 Daniel A. Krygowski, Austin Texas USA
ESTIMATE OF FORMATION WATER RESISTIVITY (Rw)
SP response equation:

 Rmfe 
SP = − K  log 
 Rwe 
SP = Spontaneous Potential (from the log)
K = temperature-dependent factor
(K=61+ 0.133*T; T in °F).
Rmfe = equivalent mud filtrate resistivity.
Rwe = equivalent formation water resistivity.
The magnitude of the SP is measured from the shale
baseline near the zone of interest. The baseline is
usually assumed to have a value of zero. "Equivalent"
resistivities are required to correct for the non-linear
relationship between resistivity and ionic activity
which exists at high NaCl concentrations, and when
significant amounts of divalent (non-NaCl) ions are
present.
A good estimate of Rw (at formation
temperature) can be obtained from the
following equation:

Rw = 10
( K log( R )+ SSP )
mf K

where Rmf is corrected to formation


temperature.
Spontaneous Potential
ESTIMATE OF SHALE CONTENT
Shale/clay volume equation:

Vshale = Shale volume fraction.


SPlog = SP in the zone of interest (read from the log).
SPclean = maximum SP deflection from a nearby clean
wet zone in the same well.
SPshale = SP value at the shale baseline (often
considered to be zero).
QUALITATIVE INDICATION OF PERMEABILITY

The presence of an SP (positive or negative) opposite a


bed indicates permeability. Only a minimal amount of
permeability is required to develop an SP and
therefore there is no technique to determine the
magnitude of the permeability from the SP. The
permeability may in fact be only ionic and not
hydraulic.
Rweq versus Rw and
Formation
Temperature
Purpose
This chart is used to convert equivalent water
resistivity (Rweq) from Chart SP-1 to actual water
resistivity (Rw). It can also be used to convert the mud
filtrate resistivity (Rmf) to the equivalent mud filtrate
resistivity (Rmfeq) in saline mud. The metric version of
this chart is Chart SP-3 on page 49.

Description
The solid lines are used for predominantly NaCl
waters. The dashed lines are approximations for
“average” fresh formation waters (for which the
effects of salts other than NaCl become significant).
Example

Given: From Chart SP-1, Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250°F in


predominantly NaCl water. Find: Rw at 250°F.

Answer: Enter the chart at the Rweq value on the y-axis


and move horizontally right to intersect the solid 250°F
line. From the intersection point, move down to find the
Rw value on the x-axis. Rw = 0.03 ohm-m at 250°F.
The appropriate chart is selected on the basis of
resistivity, invasion, hole diameter, and bed thickness.
First, select the row of charts with the most appropriate
value of the ratio of the resistivity of shale (Rs) to the
resistivity of mud (Rm).On that row, select a chart for no
invasion or for invasion for which the ratio of the
diameter of invasion to the diameter of the wellbore
(di/dh) is 5. Enter the x-axis with the value of the ratio of
bed thickness to wellbore diameter (h/dh).
Move upward to intersect the appropriate curve of the
ratio of the true formation resistivity to the resistivity of
the mud (Rt/Rm) for no invasion or the ratio of the
resistivity of the flushed zone to the
resistivity of the mud (Rxo/Rm) for invaded zones,
interpolating between the curves as necessary. Read the
ratio of the SP read from the log to the corrected SP
(ESP/ESPcor) on the y-axis for the point of intersection.
Calculate ESPcor = ESP/(ESP/ESPcor). The value of ESPcor
can be used in Chart SP-1 for ESSP.
Bed Thickness Correction—
Open Hole (Empirical)
Bed Thickness
Correction—
Open Hole
(Empirical)
Bed Thickness Correction—
Open Hole (Empirical)

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