CE-6117

Advanced Design of Steel Structures

Credit: 3.0

Engr. Dr. Md. Basir Zisan

Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering
& Technology

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 COURSE CONTENTS
❑ General design consideration of steel structures: types of structures, design
procedures, structural loads, structural design codes;
❑ Tension members: types of tension members, AISC (ASD and LRFD) design criteria
for tension members;
❑ Compression members: buckling of column; residual stress; column strength curves;
AISC (ASD and LRFD) design formulas for compression members;
❑ Design of flexure members: lateral supports of beams. Holes in members, web
crippling, AISC (ASD and LRFD) design criteria for beams and plate girders,
❑ Design of beam columns: general case of beam columns, buckling of frames with
loaded beams, lateral-torsional buckling of beam-columns, first and second order
analysis of beams-columns, AISC (ASD and LRED) design formula for beam-
columns, Connections: welded, bolted and riveted connections,
❑ Design of composite beams: composite design, stress, calculation, shear connections,
continuous composite design, formed steel deck, cover plate, AISC (ASD and LRED)
design,
❑ Methods for composite beams, Design of steel concrete columns: combined
compression, and uniaxial and biaxial bending interaction curves for compression,
and uniaxial and biaxial bending.
❑ AISC (ASD and LRED) design methods of members under combined compression
and biaxial bending
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 Lecture-1

General design consideration of steel structures

Types of structures
Design procedures
Structural loads
Structural design codes

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 WHAT IS STRUCTURAL DESIGN??

Structural design may be defined as-

A mixture of art and science, combining the experienced

engineer’s intuitive feeling for the behaviour of a structure
with a sound knowledge of the principles of STATICS,
DYAMICS, MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, and
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, to produce a safe, economical
structure that will serve its intended purpose.

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 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Basic Design Equation

❑ In design, the applied forces and moments due to
external loads are equated to the maximum resistive
forces and moments with a FOS which is always greater
than or equal to one.
❑ The concept may be summarized by the following design
equation:

Load Effects × F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance

offered by Material of the
Structure

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 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Basic Design Equation
❑ Load effects are defined as the forces, stresses and
deformations produced in a structural component by
the applied loads.

For example-

❑ A simply supported beam of span L subjected to a point

load P can be analyzed to get the maximum bending
moment of PL/4.

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 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Basic Design Equation

❑ However, this bending moment will only be produced if

the material of the beam is strong enough to develop
the required strength.

❑ This means that the answer of analysis may be true

for bigger steel girder but may not be true for small
wooden batten.

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 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Structural Design must provide adequate margin of
Safety irrespective of Design Method.

Why is a Factor of Safety needed?

❑ Factor of safety is required to bring the structure from

the state of collapse to a usable state. It additionally
covers the following aspects:
1. Uncertainties in applied forces or loads.
2. The deflections should be small at service load
conditions.
3. To cover uncertainties in material strength.
4. To cover, in part, poor workmanship. 8
 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Why is a Factor of Safety needed?
3. To cover unexpected behavior in case the theory is
not fully developed.
4. To cover natural disasters.
5. The stresses produced during fabrication and
erection.
6. Presence of residual stresses and stress
concentrations.

In case of allowable stress design, the factor of safety

is applied in the form of safety factor (Ω), while in
case of LRFD, it is applied in the form of overload
factors and the resistance factor (Φ).
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 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
An important goal in design is to prevent LIMIT STATE
from being reached.

Design approach should take into account the probability

of occurrence of failure in the design process. Thus,
it is necessary to establish an acceptable level of risk
or probability of failure of structure components.

Brittle failure should be avoided since it causes sudden

failure of the structure beyond the elastic limit.
Therefore, the ductile behavior of RC is achieved by
limiting the steel reinforcement.

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 TERMINOLOGY
Limit State
a condition in which a structure or component becomes
unfit for service and is judged either to be no longer useful
for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be
unsafe (strength limit state).

The term limit state is preferred compared with failure

because in most cases of limit states, the actual failure
or collapse does not occur.

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 TERMINOLOGY
Limit State: Two classes

❑ Strength or safety limit states means conditions of

loading corresponding to maximum ductile flexural strength
(i.e., plastic strength), ultimate ductile shear strength,
buckling, fatigue, fracture, overturning and sliding, etc.

❑ Serviceability limit states are those concerned with

occupancy of the building, such as the deflection, vibration,
permanent deformation and cracking.

The structure should not cross any strength or serviceability

limit for a perfect design. All the applicable limits are to be
checked by using the available procedures.

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 TERMINOLOGY
Nominal Strength
Nominal strength (Rn) is defined as the strength of a structure or
component to resist load effects determined by using formulas
given in the specifications.
Nominal Load
the magnitudes of the loads specified by the applicable code
(Qi).
Load Factor
a factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual
load from the nominal value and for uncertainties in the
analysis that transforms the load into a load effect (γi).
Factored Load
the product of the nominal load and a load factor (γiQi ).
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 TERMINOLOGY
Resistance
the capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects
of loads, as determined based on material strengths and
sizes. Resistance is a generic term that includes both
strength and serviceability limit states.
Resistance Factor
a factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual
strength from the nominal value and the manner and
consequences of failure (Փ).
Design Strength
resistance (force, moment, stress, as appropriate) provided
by element or connection; the product of the nominal
strength and the resistance factor (Փ Rn ). 14
 TERMINOLOGY
DESIGN STRENGTH
❑ In LRFD, design strength of all elements is obtained
as resistance factor multiplied with maximum stress
that can be developed multiplied with sectional area or
section modulus.
❑ The design strength is also called the load capacity,
or sometimes only capacity, of a member.

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 TERMINOLOGY
DESIGN STRENGTH
❑ An example to explain the difference between the member
capacity and the applied load is that of a bottle.
❑ A bottle may have a fixed liquid retaining capacity of suppose 1
litre.
❑ However, it may be empty at times meaning that the amount of
liquid retained in it is zero litres but the capacity of the bottle still
remains the same.
❑ Any amount of liquid may be poured in this bottle that is not
exceeding 1 litre.
❑ Similarly, load capacity of a member exists with a fixed value.
❑ The applied load may have a different value with only one
condition that the applied load must be lesser than or equal to the
member capacity for stability. 16
 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
Designated by the letter “A” followed by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) designation
number.
The principal types of structural steel include:
A36 carbon structural steel
A572 high-strength low-alloy structural stee
A588 corrosion-resistant high-strength low-alloy
structural steel.
A36 steel is a low-carbon steel that has a minimum yield strength of 36,000 psi
and a minimum tensile strength of 58,000 psi.
ASTM A572 steel is a common high strength, low alloy (HSLA) structural
steel. It has five different grades: 42, 50, 55, 60 and 65

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

The differences between hot

rolled steel and cold rolled steel
relates to the way these metals
are processed at the mill, and
not the product specification or
grade.
Hot rolled steel involves rolling
the steel at high temperatures,
where cold rolled steel is
processed further in cold
reduction mills where the
material is cooled followed
by annealing and/or tempers
rolling. Tighter tolerances: CR>HR.
Strength: CR> HR.
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Surface finish: HR>rougher surface, while CR>smoother surface finish.
 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
Typical Tension Members
Tension members commonly occurs as chord member in
truss, as diagonal bracing in many structures, as cable in
suspended roof or bridges.

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

Typical Compression Members

In compression, strength is a function of cross-sectional area
which is generally spread out as much as possible. Some
chord members in truss, column in building are example of
compression members.

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
Typical Beam Members

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Types of Design

❑ Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), Strength

Design or Limit State Design

❑ Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

❑ Plastic Design

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
❑ Major part of FOS is applied on load actions called
overload factor.

❑ Minor part of FOS is taken on Required Strength (RS)

of design equation called resistance factor or capacity
reduction factor (ø).

❑ Resistance factor (ø) is lesser than or equal to 1.0 and

is applied on material strength.

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

The AISC LRFD Method adopted the ASCE 7-05 factored

load combination.

❑ LRFD Method considered the variability not only in the

load effect but also the resistance.
❑ It provides measure of safety related to probability of
failure.
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 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

❑ The design equation is checked for each strength and
serviceability limit states one-by-one.

❑ Analysis of structures for loads is performed

considering the structure to be within elastic range.

❑ However, inelastic behavior, ultimate failure modes

and redistribution of forces after elastic range are
considered in this method.

❑ This is more realistic design as compared with the old

Allowable Stress Design.
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 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

❑ Nominal strength (Rn) is defined as the strength of
the structure or its component determined by using
formulas given in specifications.
❑ The nominal strength reduced by the resistance factor
(ΦRn) is called the Design Strength.
The design equation in case of LRFD becomes:

Ru ≤ (ø)Rn

❑ Any particular load effect increased by the load factors

is called the Required Strength (Ru).
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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Advantages of Using LRFD
❑ LRFD is another tool for steel design, which provides a
flexibility of options to the designer in selecting the
design methodology.
❑ Economical in case dead loads are larger, compared
with live loads.
❑ Every type of load may be given a different FOS
depending upon its probability of overload, number of
severe occurrences and changes in point of
application.

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Advantages of Using LRFD

❑ Behavior at collapse including ductility, warning before
failure and strain hardening etc.

❑ This is not directly possible in ASD because here the

structure is considered at service stage and not
approaching close to collapse.

❑ More safe structures result due to better awareness of

behavior near collapse.

❑ Plastic design concepts may conveniently be

employed in LRFD Method. 28
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Disadvantages of Using LRFD
❑ Elastic behavior considered for load analysis and
ultimate plastic behavior taken for material strengths
are not compatible, however, percentage difference is
less.

❑ Engineers experienced in ASD have to become familiar

with this technique.

❑ Old books and design aids become ineffective.

❑ Validity of previous designs is still to be checked

according to ASD.
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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
❑ FOS is taken on right side of the basic design
equation. This is denoted by Ω.

Material Resistive Forces

Loads Effects =
FOS

❑ Allowable strength (Rn/Ω) is defined as the nominal

strength divided by the safety factor.

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
The effect of the load should produce stresses that is a
fraction of the yield strength.
This is equivalent to:
Resistance, R
FOS=
Effect of Load, Q
fy
FOS=
fy/0.5
FOS= 2.0

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

❑ Required ASD Strength (Ra) is the load effect
obtained from the service loads without any additional
factor.
❑ The design equation for ASD becomes:

Ra ≤ Rn/Ω
❑ This method is now gradually replaced by LRFD for the
structures, where behavior near collapse is fully
understood.

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Advantages of ASD
❑ Elastic analysis for loads and elastic material behavior
compatible for the design.
❑ Senior engineers are used to this method.
❑ Old famous books are according to this method.
❑ Was the only design method in past.
❑ Is included as alternate design method in AISC-05
Specifications.

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Disadvantage of ASD
❑ Latest research and literature is very much limited.
❑ Same factor of safety is used for different loads.
❑ The failure mode is not directly predicted.
❑ With some overloading, the material stresses
increases but do not go to collapse. (The failure mode
cannot be observed).

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LRFD AND ASD
❑ ASD method treated lived load and dead load in the
same way while the LRFD method requires the use of
higher load factors for loads with higher variance,
such as live or snow loads.

❑ Change in the load factors and resistance factors are

much easier to make in LRFD compared to changing
in the ASD.

❑ LRFD considered variability not only in the resistance

but also in the effect of load while ASD considered
variability in the resistance only.

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LRFD AND ASD
❑ ASD uses a constant factor of safety for all designs,
while LRFD requires a higher factor of safety for loads
with higher variability.

❑ ASD is more conservative design method than the

LRFD method.

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Plastic Design
❑ It is somewhat similar to the LRFD but here the
analysis for loads is performed considering the
collapse mechanism of the structure.
❑ Full reserve strength due to indeterminacy of the
structure and inner elastic portion of the structure is
utilized.
❑ Inelastic material behavior is considered in the
analysis and design.
❑ Deflections and other serviceability conditions become
more important along with the strength requirements.
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 STRUCTURAL LOAD
❑ Dead Load
❑ Live Load
❑ Highway Live Load
❑ Impact Load
❑ Snow Load
❑ Wind Load
❑ Earthquake Load

For details refers to BNBC-2020

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 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CODE

❑ EN 1993 Eurocode 3, which applies to the design of

buildings and other civil engineering works in steel.

❑ Eurocode 4, which refers to Eurocode 3 for the design of

steel elements in steel and concrete composite
structures.

❑ The AISC Specification, which provides the generally

applicable requirements for the design and construction
of structural steel buildings and other structures.

❑ GB 50017-2003 Code for design of steel structures,

which is a Chinese standard.
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CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Knowing the material properties and dimensions of the
member, finding the maximum loads that can be applied on
the member using the design equation is called Capacity
Analysis or Analysis of Structures.

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DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
❑ Knowing the expected loads and span lengths of the members
in the basic design equation, finding the required material
properties and cross-sectional dimensions is called Design of
Structures.
❑ In steel structures, the design mainly consists of a selection
out of already available sections in the market.
❑ Structural Design may be defined as “a mixture of art and
science, combining the experience and intuitive feeling for the
behavior of the structure with a sound knowledge of the
principles of statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, and
structural analysis, to produce a safe economical structure
which will serve its intended purpose.”

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 OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ Design is a process by which an optimum solution is
obtained satisfying certain criteria.
i. Minimum cost
ii. Minimum weight
iii. Minimum construction time
iv. Minimum labour
v. Maximum efficiency of operation
❑ The structural designer must learn to arrange and
proportion the parts of his structures so that they can
be practically erected and will have sufficient strength
and reasonable economy.
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 OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ These important items, called safety, cost and
practicability.

❑ The structure must safely support the loads to which

it is subjected.

❑ The deflections and vibrations should not be so

excessive as to frighten the occupants.

❑ The designer must keep the construction, operation

and maintenance costs at the lowest levels without
sacrificing the strength.

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 OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ Designers need to understand fabrication methods and should
try to fit their work to the available fabrication facilities, available
materials and the general construction practices.

❑ Designer should learn everything possible about the detailing,

the fabrication and the field erection of steel besides the loads,
mechanics, and the expected material strengths.

❑ The designer must have information concerning the

transportation of the materials to site, labor conditions,
equipment for erection problems at site, field tolerances and
the required clearances at the site.
This knowledge helps to produce reasonable, practical and
economical designs.

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 PROCEDURE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ The structural framework design is the selection of
the arrangement and sizes of structural elements
so that service loads may be safely carried.
❑ Structural designer has to complete the following steps
to get a successful design:
i. The general layout of the structures.
ii. Studies of the possible structural forms that can
be used.
iii. Consideration of loading conditions.
iv. Analysis of stresses and deflections, etc.
v. Design of parts.
vi. Design of assembly and connections.
vii. Preparation of design drawings.
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 PROCEDURE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The above design procedure for a whole structure requires
iterations and the main steps are listed below:
❑ The functions to be performed by the structure and the
criteria for optimum solution of the resulting design must be
established. This is referred to as the planning stage.
❑ The general layout of the structure is decided.
❑ Different arrangements of various elements to serve the
functions in step 1 are considered.
❑ The possible structural forms that can be used are studied
and an arrangement appearing to be best is selected for
the first trial, called preliminary structural configuration.
Only in very rare cases, it has to be revised later on.

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 PROCEDURE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ Loading should be considered as per Code, and it
should be carried by the structure are estimated.

❑ Based on the decisions of the earlier steps, trial

selection of member sizes is carried out depending
to satisfy an objective criterion, such as least weight
and cost.
❑ Structural analysis involving modeling the loads and
the structural framework to obtain internal forces,
stresses and deflections is carried out.
❑ All strength and serviceability requirements for
optimum are checked. If any check is not satisfied, the
member sizes are revised. This stage is called
evaluation of the trial member sizes. 47
 PROCEDURE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ Repetition of any part of the above sequence found
necessary or desirable as a result of evaluation is
performed in this stage called redesign.

❑ The rivets, bolts and welds along with other joining

plates and elements are designed. The process is
termed as the design of assembly and connections.

❑ It is determined whether or not an optimum design has

been achieved, and the final decision is made.

❑ Drawings are prepared to show all design details. An

estimate for the required quantities is also made. This
stage is called preparation of design documents. 48
PROCEDURE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN

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THANK YOU

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