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Lecture 3 EEE 4381

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16 views

Lecture 3 EEE 4381

Uploaded by

Sazid Mubeen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEE 4381

Electronics and Digitization Techniques

Lecture-3
Ref: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky (11th edition)
Article: 1.7, 1.9, 1.13

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Ideal Vs Practical Diode

• p – n junction will permit a generous flow of charge when


forward-biased and a very small level of current when
reverse-biased.
• Similar to a mechanical switch.
• Ideally, if the semiconductor diode is to behave like a
closed switch in the forward-bias region, the resistance of
the diode should be 0 Ω.
• In the reverse-bias region its resistance should be infinite
to represent the open-circuit equivalent.
Ideal Vs Practical Diode

• When the switch is closed, resistance between the


contacts is assumed to be zero.

• At any current level on the vertical line, the voltage across


the ideal diode is 0 V and the resistance is 0 Ω.
• For the horizontal section,

• Because the current is 0 mA anywhere on the horizontal


line, the resistance is considered to be infinite ohms (an
open-circuit) at any point on the axis.
Diode Equivalent Circuits

• An equivalent circuit is a combination of elements properly chosen to best represent the


actual terminal characteristics of a device or system in a particular operating region.
• Once the equivalent circuit is defined, the device symbol can be removed from a schematic
and the equivalent circuit inserted in its place without severely affecting the actual
behaviour of the system.
• The result is often a network that can be solved using traditional circuit analysis techniques.
• Diode Equivalent Circuits:
• Piecewise-Linear Equivalent Circuit
• Simplified Equivalent Circuit
• Ideal Equivalent Circuit
Piecewise-Linear Equivalent Circuit
• Approximate the characteristics of the device by
straight-line segments.
• Straight-line segments do not result in an exact
duplication of the actual characteristics, especially in
the knee region
• Forward voltage drop (VK): A constant voltage that the
diode needs to start conducting (e.g., 0.7V for silicon).
• Small resistor (rav): A small resistance in the forward
direction, accounting for a slight increase in voltage as
current increases.
• Ideal Diode: Device only allows current to flow in one
direction, and when reverse-biased, it behaves like an
open circuit with no current flow.
In summary:
• Forward bias: Diode is like a small resistor + voltage
drop (ON state).
• Reverse bias: Diode is an open circuit (OFF state).
Simplified Equivalent Circuit
• For most applications, the resistance rav is sufficiently small
to be ignored in comparison to the other elements of the
network.
• Forward Voltage Source (VK): Represents the forward
voltage drop across the diode when it's conducting. For a
typical silicon diode, this is approximately 0.7V.
• Ideal Diode: Allows current to flow in one direction (forward
bias) and blocks current in the opposite direction (reverse
bias).
In summary,
• In the forward bias region, the diode will conduct current
after the forward voltage (VK, usually 0.7V) is reached.
• In the reverse bias region, the diode blocks current
completely and acts like an open circuit.
Ideal Equivalent Circuit

• A 0.7-V level can often be ignored in


comparison to the applied voltage level.
• The equivalent circuit will be reduced to that of
an ideal diode.
Summary of Diode Equivalent Circuits
Semiconductor Diode Notation
Zener Diode

• Allows current to flow in reverse when a


specific reverse voltage is reached (Zener
breakdown voltage).
• There is a level of resistance to be associated
with the Zener diode in the conduction mode.
• The location of the Zener region can be
controlled by varying the doping levels. An
increase in doping that produces an increase in
the number of added impurities, will decrease
the Zener potential.
Zener Diode
a.
b.
a. Reverse Bias below VZ
• A Zener diode in the reverse-bias
region below VZ is a very large resistor.
• Acts like an open circuit.
b. Forward Bias:
• Piecewise equivalent circuit of the c.
semiconductor diode.
c. Zener Region:
• The Zener diode acts like a voltage
source (VZ) in series with a small
resistor (rZ).

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